copyright 2005 allyn & bacon anthropology experience linguistics
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Anthropology Experience
Linguistics
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Design Features All Systems Share
Mode ofCommunication
Pragmatic Function
Semanticity
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Design Features Some Systems Share
Cultural Transmission
Discreteness
Arbitrariness
Interchangeability
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Design Features UniqueTo Human Speech
Displacement
Stimulus Freedom
Productivity
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Linguistic Competencies
Phonetics
Morphology
Phonology
Syntax
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
PhoneticsPhones: Mouth soundsPhonemes: Phones in a languageAcoustic Phonetics: Study of phonemes as soundwavesAuditory Phonetics: Study of phoneme perceptionArticulatory Phonetics: Study of the physical production of phonemes.
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Phonology
Rules of Phoneme Combination
Limits possible phoneme combinations
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Morphology
Bound Morphemes
Only have meaning in context
/s/
/z/
Free Morphemes
Have meaning out of context
Words
/bus/
Assigning meaning to phonemes and phoneme combinations
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Syntax
The woman hit the man with the lamp
Did she hit with a lamp?
Was the man holding the lamp?
The meaningful arrangement of morphemes and morpheme classes
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Language and the BrainWernicke’s Area
Manages morphemes, their phonemes, and their meanings
Broca’s AreaApplies syntax and sends information to the motor cortex.
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Language AcquisitionFirst Stage (Neonate – 6 mos.)
Involuntary, uncreative performance
Phonetic competency present
Babbling Stage (6 mos. – 1yr.)
Phoneme production
Focus on surrounding phonemes
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Language AcquisitionHolophrastic Stage (1yr. –2yrs.)
Morphemes produced
Generalized utterances
Two Word Stage (by 2 yrs.)
Two word sentences
Less generalization of morphemes
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Language AcquisitionTelegraphic Speech and Beyond
Utterances become longer but may lack function words (‘telegraphic speech’)• “ball roll down hill”
Generalization continues to decrease
By 3 ½ years or so, child is more or less a fluent speaker
Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Dialects
What varies?PhonemesMorphemesSyntax
What determines dialect?
GeographySubcultureAgeClassGender
Mutually intelligible variations of the same language