tugas morphosyntax

The Formation of English Nouns

Through Derivation

THE FORMATION OF ENGLISH NOUNS THROUGH DERIVATION

The formation of English Nouns with suffix –ion

Example :

(a) [declare]v

(q) [reserve]v

(s) [immunize]v

(NFR- I) [X]v [[X]v + [-ion]suf]N

Semantics: “ The act of X + ing”

The (NFR- 1) state that english nouns can be formed by

adding the suffix –ion to the base consisting of verbs as

found in the Example (3- 1) with the meaning “ the act of X +

ing”

Underlying Representation

By applying (NFR- 1), the following anderlying

representations can be generated:

*[#[declare]v + [- ion]suf#]N

*[#[reserve]v + [ -ion]suf#]N

*[#[immunize]v + [ -ion]suf#]N

Readjustment Rule

*[#[declare/diklær/]v + [- ion]suf#]N

*[#[immunize/imyunaiz/]v + [ -ion]suf #]N

*[#[reserve / rizₔrv/]v + [ -ion]suf #]N

(RR-1) [[base]v + [ -ion]suf]N

1 2

1+at 2

Surface Representation

By applying (RR- 1), the follwing surface representations can

be generated:

*[#[declare+at]v + [- ion]suf#]N

*[#[immunize+ at]v + [ -ion]suf#]N

*[[reserve + at]v + [-ion]suf#]N

Phonological Rules

The following unacceptable surface representation:

*[#[immunize + at]v + [- ion ]suf #]N

Must go through two phonological processes, namely,

monophthongization in which the diphthong /ai/ becomes the

monophthong /ₔ/; and assimilation in which the stop consonant

phoneme /t/ of the formative at changes to the fricative

consonant phoneme /Š/ when the suffix –ion is added to the

base. The phonological rule can formulated as follows:

(PR- 1) C C

-sonorant -sonorant

+anterior -anterior

+coronal +coronal /.....+

[-ion]

-strident +strident

-voice -voice

This phonological rule states that the stop consonant phoneme

/t/ of the formative at becomes the tricative consonants

phoneme /s/ due to the addition of the suffix –ion

The whole process of derivation can be described in the

following:

UR : *[#[immune / immuniz]v + [-

ion]suf#]N

RR-1 insertion of at : *[#[immuni+at/immuniz/]v +

[-ion]suf#]N

PR-1 /t/ /s/ : [#[immuniseis/]v + [-ion ]suf#]N

Output : [immunization /immuniseisen/]

The follwing unacceptable surface representation:

*[reserve + at]v + [ -ion]suf#]N

The phonological rule that handles the second phonological

process is (PRR- 1), and can be formulated as follow:

(PR-2) V V

+syllabic +syllabic

+high +high / CVC

C

-back -back

+long -long

This phonological rule state that the long vowel phoneme i:/

inthe last sillable becomes the short vowel phoneme /i/ when

the formative at is added to the base.

Thus, the whole process of derivation can be described

as follows:

SR *[#[reserve + at /reser:veit]v + [-

ion]suf #]N

PR- 2 /I:/ /I/ : *[#reserveit/]v + [- ion]suf #]N

PR- 1 /t/ /s/ :[#[/rerveis/]v + [-ion]suf# ]N

Output :[resevervation /resevesion/]

The Formation Of English Nouns With The Suffix –ty

Example :

[mature] Adj

[possible] Adj

[noble] Adj

Word Formation Rule

(NFR-2) [X] V / Adj [ [X] Adj + [-ty] Suf ] N

Semantics: “the quality, state, or condition of X”


[# [able] Adj + [-ty] suf #] N

[# [mature] Adj + [-ty] suf #] N

[# [noble] Adj + [-ty] suf #] N

Phonological Rule

The following unacceptable underlying representations:

[# [mature] Adj + [-ty] suf #] N

Must go through one phonological process called syllable

structure process in which the vowel phoneme / ә / is

inserted at the end of the base when the suffix –ty is added

to the base.

The phonological rule for this process can be formulated as

follows:(PR)

V

Ø

[+

syllabic

]

[-high]

[+back]

[-low]

/ …

#

This rule states that the vowel phoneme / ә / is inserted at

the end of the base when the suffix –ty is added to the base.

The process of derivation can be illustrated as follows:

UR : [#[mature/mәture/]Adj + [-ty] suf # ] N

PR Insertion of / ә / : [#[matur+ ә + / ] Adj + [-ty] suf

# ] N

Output : [maturity / mәturәty ]


[# [noble] Adj + [-ty] suf #] N

Must go through two phonological processes, namely,

strengthening in which the vowel phoneme / ә / in the third

syllable changes to the vowel phoneme / i / when the suffix –

ty is added to the base; and vowel insertion in which the

vowel phoneme / ә / is inserted at the end of the base.

The phonological rules for strengthening and vowel insertion

can be formulate as follows:

PR FOR STRENGTHENING:

V V+ syllabic

- high

- back

- low

- round

+

syllab

ic

+ high

- back

/ # … CVCV

The rule states that the vowel phoneme / ә / of the base

changes to the vowel phoneme / i / when the suffix –ty is

added to the base.

PR FOR VOWEL INSERTION

V

Ø +

syllabic/ CVCVCVC … CV

- high

+ back

- low

- roundThe rule states hat the vowel phoneme / ә / at the end of the

the base is added when the suffix –ty is added to the base.

The whole process of derivation can be shown in the

following:

UR : *[#[noble/noubәl/]Adj + [-ty] suf # ] N

PR / ә / / i / : *[#[/noubil/] Adj + [-ty] suf # ] N

PR Insertion of / ә / : [#[/noubil + ә + / ] Adj

Output : [noubilty / noubiliti / ]

The formation of English nouns with the suffix-ment

Example :

(a) [impair]v (f) [treat]v

(b) [judge]v (g) [assess]v

(c) [reinforce]v (h) [commence]v

(d) [impeach]v (i) [consign]v

(e) [pay]v (j) [engage]v

Word Formation Rule

(NFR-3) [X] [[X]v + [-ment] suf] N


The application of (NFR-3) can generate the following

underlying representations:

[ #[ impair]v + [ment]

suf#]N

[ #[ judge]v + [ment]

suf#]N

[ #[ reinforce]v + [ment]

suf#]N

[ #[ impeach]v + [ment]

suf#]N

[ #[pay]v + [ment] suf#]N

[ #[ assess]v + [ment]

suf#]N

[ #[ commence]v + [ment]

suf#]N

[ #[ consign]v + [ment]

suf#]N

[ #[ engage]v + [ment]

suf#]N

[ #[ entangle]v + [ment]

suf#]N All of the underlying representations above are

acceptable, so that they can directly become output without

going through the readjustment rule and the phonological rule

as follows:

[ impairment]

[ judgement]

[ reinforcement]

[ impeachment]

[payment]

[ assessment]

[ commencement]

[ consignment]

[ engagement]

[ entanglement]

The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix-ness

Example :

[awkward] Adj

[careless]Adj

Word Formation

(NFR-4) [X]Adj [[X]Adj + [ness]Suf #]N

Semantic: “the state or condition of X”

This rule states that English nouns can be formed by

adding the suffix-ness to the base consisting of adjectives

as listed in the Example with the meaning “the state or

condition of X”



underlying representation:

[#[awkward]Adj + [-ness]Suf #]N

[#[careless]Adj+ [-ness]Suf #]N

All of the underlying representation above are already

acceptable, so that they can directly become the output

without going through the readjustment rule and the

phonological rule as follows:

[awkwardness]

[happiness]

[carelessness] [haughtiness]

The Formation of English Nouns with the suffix –hood

Example :[adult]N

[friend]N

[man]N

Word Formation Rule(NFR-5) [X]N [[X]N + [-hood]Suf]N

Semantics: 1. The status or condition of the sex of X

2. The quality or rank of X

Underlying Representation[#[adult]N + [-hood]Suf #]N

[#[friend]N + [-hood]Suf #]N [#[man]N + [-hood]Suf #]N

All of the underlying representations above are acceptableand do not need any readjustment and phonological process.Therefore, the output as follows:

[adulthood][friendhood][manhood]

The Formation of English Nouns with the suffix -anceExample :

a. [apply] (c) [connive] b. [assure] (d) [deliver]

Word Formation Rule

(NFR- ) [X]v----[[X]v + [-ance]suf]N

Semantics : “the act or the

result of X+ ing”

This rule states that English Nouns can be formed by adding

the suffix -ance to the base consisting of verbs as indicated

in the Example ( - ) with the meaning “the act or result of

X+ing”.


The application of (NFR - ) can generate the following


[#[apply]v + [-ance]suf #]N [#[rely]v + [-

ance]suf #]N

[#[assure]v + [-ance]suf #]N [#[connive]v +

[-ance]suf #]N

[#[convey]v + [-ance]suf #]N [#[discord]v + [-

ance]suf #]N

[#[deliver]v + [-ance]suf #]N [#[reappear]v +

[-ance]suf #]N

All of the underlying representations above are already

acceptable, so that they automatically become the output

without going through the readjustment process

The Formation of English Nouns with the suffix -ence

Example :

(a) [adherence]

(b) [condolence]

(c ) [revere]

Word Formation Rule

(NFR- ) [X]v---- [[X]v + [-ence]suf]N

Semantics: “the act or the result of X= ing”

This rule states that English Nouns can be formed by adding

the suffix -ence to the base consisting of verbs as indicated

in the Example (-) with the meaning “the act or result of

X=ing”.


The application of (NFR - ) can generate the following


[#[adhere]v + [-ence]suf #]N

[#[condole]v + [-ence]suf #]N

Phonological Rule

The following unacceptable underlying representation:

*[#[revere]v + [-ence]suf # ]N

must go through two phonological processes, namely, lowering

in which the high vowel phoneme /i/ in the first syllable

changes to the mid vowel phoneme /e/ and weakening in which

the vowel phoneme /i/ in the second syllable changes to the

phoneme /ә/.

(PR-3) V

V

+syllabic

+syllabic

+high →

-high / C ... CVC

-back

-back -low

that the vowel phoneme /i/ in the first syllable of the base

changes to the vowel phoneme /e/ when the suffix -ence is

added to the base.

(PR-57) V

V

+syllabic

+syllabic

+high →

-high

-back

+back /CVC ...C -low

-round

This rule states that the vowel phoneme /i/ in the first

syllable of the base changes to the vowel phoneme /ә/ when

the suffix -ence is added to the base.

The whole process of derivation can be described

as follows:

UR :*[#[revere/rivir/]v+[-ence]suf#]N

PR -3 /i/→/e/ :*[#[/revir/]v+[-ence]suf#]N

PR -57/i/→/ә/ :*[#[/revәr/]v+[-ence]suf#]N

Output : [reverence/revәrәns/]

The Formation of English Nouns with the suffix –er/or

Example :

[lecture]V

[manage]V

[mediate]V

[motivate]V

[train]V

Word Formation Rule

(NFR-8) [X]V [[X]V + [-er/or]Suf]N

Semantics: “one who X+(e)s”

This rule states that English nouns can be formed by addingthe suffix –er/or to the base consisting of verbs as listedin the Example

Underlying RepresentationThe application of {NFR-8) can generate the followingunderlying representation:

[#[lecture]V + [-er]Suf #]N

[#[manage]V + [-er]Suf #]N

[#[mediate]V + [-or]Suf #]N

[#[motivate}V + [-or]Suf #]N

[#[train]V + [-er]Suf #]N

All the above underlying representations are alreadyacceptable, so that they do not need any phonological orreadjustment process. The output as follows:

[lecturer][manager][mediator][motivator][trainer]

The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix –ce

Example :[persistent]Adj

[silent]Adj

[violent]Adj

Word Formation Rule(NFR-9) [X]Adj [[X]Adj + [-ce]Suf]N

Semantics: “the state of being X”

The rule states that English nouns can be formed by addingthe suffix –ce to the base consisting of adjectives as listedin the Example.

Underlying RepresentationWhen (NFR-9) is applied, the underlying representation can begenerated as follows:

*[#[persistent]Adj + [-ce]Suf #]N

*[#[silent]Adj + [-ce]Suf #]N

*[#[violent]Adj + [-ce]Suf #]N

All of the underlying representations above arephonologically unacceptable. In order to be acceptable, theymust go through a phonological process called syllablestructure process in which the stop consonant phoneme /t/ atthe end of the base is deleted.

Phonological RuleThe process of derivation can be described by giving someexamples below:UR : *[#[silent]Adj + [-ce]Suf #]N

PR-14 deletion of /t/ : [#[silen]Adj + [-ce]Suf #]N

Output : [silence]

UR : *[#[violent]Adj + [-ce]Suf #]N

PR-14 deletion of /t/ : [#[violen]Adj + [-ce]Suf

#]N

Output : [violence]

The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix –cyExample :(a) [Aristocrat]N(b)[Ascendant]N(c)[Autocrat]N

Word Formation Rule(NFR-) [X]Adj/N→[[X]Adj/N + [-cy]Suf]N

Semantics: 1. “the state of being X”

2. “the office or term of office of an X”

3. “place of bussiness of an X”

4. “profession of an X”

5. “use of land, etc. As an X; length of time

during which an X uses land.

The rule states that English nouns can be formed by adding

the suffix –cy to the base consisting of nouns or adjectives

as listed in the Example with the meanings as indicated in

the rule above.


The application of (NFR) can generate the following


*[#[Aristocrat]N + [-cy]Suf#]N

*[#[Ascendant]N + [-cy]Suf#]N

*[#[Autocrat]N + [-cy]Suf#]N

All the underlying representations above are phonologically

unacceptable, so that they must go through one phonological

process called syllable structure process in which the stop

consonant phoneme /t/ at the end of the base is deleted.

The phonological rule that handles this process is (PR-14).

To describe the process of derivation, some examples are

given below:

UR : *[#[Ascendant]N + [-cy]Suf#]N

PR-14 Deletion of /t/ : [#[Ascendan]N + [-cy]Suf#]N

Output : [Ascendancy]

The formation of English Adjectives with the Suffix-al

Example : [lyric]N [optic]N[critic]N[logic]N

Word Formation Rule

(AdjR-2) [X]N [[X]N + [-al]]Suf]Adj

Semantics: “related to X”

The rule state that English adjectives can be form by adding

the suffix –al to the base consisting of nouns as listed in

the Example (5-2) with the meaning “related to X”

Underlying representation

With the application of (AdjFR-2), the following underlying

representation can be generated:

*[#[lyric]N + [-al]Suf]Adj

*[#[optic]N + [-al]Suf]Adj

*[#[critic] + [-al]Suf]Adj

*[#[logic] + [-al]Suf]Adj

Phonological Rule


*[#[lyric]N + [-al]Suf]Adj

*[#[optic]N + [-al]Suf]Adj

*[#[critic]N + [-al]Suf]Adj

*[#[logic]N + [-al]Suf]Adj

Must go through one phonological process which the vowel

phoneme /i/ in the last syllable changes to the vowel phoneme

/ə / when the suffix –al added to the base. The rule for the

phonological process can be formulated in the following:

(PR-52) V

V

+syllabic +syllabic

+high -high /CVC…

C/

-back +back

-low

The rule states that the vowel phoneme /i/ in the last

syllable changes to the vowel phoneme /ə / when the suffix –

al added to the base.

The whole process of derivation can be shown in the

following:

UR : *[#[lyric/’lirik/]N + [-al]Suf#]Adj

PR-52 /i/ /ₔ / : *[#[‘lirə k/]N + [-al]Suf#]Adj

Output : [lyrical/’lirəkəl/]





((PR-52) V V

+syllabic +syllabic

+high -high

/VCC…C/

-back +back

-low

UR : *[#[optic/’aptik/]N + [-al]Suf#]Adj

PR-52 /i/ /ə/ : *[#[‘apt k/]N + [-al]Suf#]Adj

Output : [optical/’aptəkəl/]





(PR-52) V V

+syllable +syllable

+high -high /CCVC…

C/

-back +back

-low

UR : *[#[critic/’kritic]N + [-al]Suf]Adj

PR-52 /i/ /ə/ : *[#[‘kritəc/]N + [-al]Suf#]Adj

Output : [critical/’kritəkəl/]





(PR-52) V V

+syllable +syllable

+high -high /CVC…

C/

-back +back

-low

UR : *[#[logic/’logik]N + [-al]Suf]Adj

PR-52 /i/ /ə/ : *[#[‘lajək/]N + [-al]Suf#]Adj

Output : [logical/’lajəkəl/]

The Formation of English Nouns with the suffix –eeExample:

[address]v[train]v[trust]v

Underlying representation:[#[address]v + [-ee]suf#]N[#[train]v + [-ee]suf#]N[#trust]v + [-ee]suf#]N

(NFR- ) [X]N [X]v + [-ee]suf]NSemantics: one who is X+ed

All of the underlying representation above are acceptable. Sothe output as follow:

[addressee][trainee][trustee]

The Formation of English Nouns with the suffix –anExample:

[electric]N[comedi]N[Europe]N

Underlying representations:*[#]electric]N + [-an]suf#]N*[#[comedi]N + [-an]suf#]N*[#[Europe]N + [-an]suf#]N

(NFR-13) [X]N [[X]N + [-an]suf]NSemantics:

1. One who is expert or skillful in X2. The people or language of X

Phonological rule:*[#[electric]N + [-an]suf]NUR *[#[electric]N + [-an]suf]N

[/ɪˈlek.trɪk/] + [-an]suf]N[/ˌɪl.ekˈtrɪʃ/ + [-an]suf]N

The output [electrician /ˌɪl.ekˈtrɪʃ. ə n/]

*[#[comedi]N + [-an]suf#]NUR *[#[comedi]N + [-an]suf#]N

[/ˈkɒm.ə.di/] + [-an]suf#]N[/kəˈmiː.di./ + [-an]suf#]N

The output [comedian /kəˈmiː.di.ən/]

*[#[Europe]N + [-an]suf#]NUR *[#[Europe]N + [-an]suf#]N

[/ˈjʊə.rəp/] + [-an]suf#]N[/ˌjʊə.rəˈpi/ + [-an]suf#]N

The output [European /ˌjʊə.rəˈpiː.ən/]

The Formation of English Nouns with the suffix –ismExample:

[real]adj[national]adj[patriot]N

The semantics:[X]adj/N [[X]Adj/N + [-ism]suf]N

1. movement related to X2. custom or practice related to X3. theory or belief related to X4. system related to X5. science realated to X6. policy related to X

The underlying representation:[#[real]adj + [-ism]suf#][#[national]adj + [-ism]suf#][#[patriot]N + [-ism]suf#]

All of the underlying representation above are acceptable, sothe output as follow:

[realism][Nationalism][patriotism]

The Formation of English Nouns with the suffix –istExample:

[tour]n[style]n[essay]n

The semantics:[X]n/adj [X]n/adj +[-ist]suf]N

1. one who drives an X2. expert X3. person who controls much X4. player of musical instrument5. supporter of X+ism6. person engaged in X+ism7. person who makes a special study of

animals or plants

The underlying representation:[#[tour]n + [-ist]suf#]N[#[style]n + [-ist]suf#]N[#[essay]n + [-ist]suf#]N

All the underlying representation are acceptable, so theoutput become:

[tourist]

[stylist][essayist]

The Formation of English Nouns with the suffix –acyExample:

[supreme]N[legitimate]N[intimate]N

The semantics:[X]adj [[X]adj + [-acy]suf]N

“state of being X”

The underlying representation:*[#[supreme]N + [-acy]suf#]N*[#[legitimate]N + [-acy]suf#]N*[#[intimate]N + [-acy]suf#]N

Phonological Rule:*[#[supreme]N + [-acy]suf#]N#[/suːˈpriːm/]N + [-acy]suf#]NOutput [supremacy /suːˈprem.ə.si/]

Readjustman rule:UR : *[#[legitimate]N + [-acy]suf#]NDeletion of ate : [#[legitim]N + [-acy]suf#]NOutput : [legitimacy /ləˈdʒɪt.ɪ.mə.si/]

UR : *[#[intimate]N + [-acy]suf#]NDeletion of ate : [#[intim]N + [-acy]suf#]NOutput : [intimacy /ˈɪn.tɪ.mə.si/]

The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix –ageExample :

[cover]V

[marry]V

[store]V

Word Formation Rule

(NFR-17) [X]N/V [[X]N/V + [-age]]N

Semantics: (1). State ofbeing X+ed

(2). Act of X+ing(3). Term used in television, radio,

or newspaper

The rule states that English nouns can be formed by addingthe suffix –age to the base consisting of nouns or verbs aslisted in the Example with the meanings as stated in therule.Underlying Representation

[#[cover]V + [-age]Suf #]N

[#[marry]V + [-age]Suf #]N

[#[store]V + [-age]Suf #]N

All of the underlying representation above are acceptable, sothat they directly become the output as follows:

[coverage][marriage][storage]

The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix –dom

Example :[duke]N

[fan]N

[newspaper]N

Word Formation Rule(NFR-18) [X]N/V/Adj [[X]N/V/Adj + [-dom]Suf]N

Semantics: (1). State of being X+ed(2). Condition of being X

Underlying RepresentationThe application of (NFR-18) can generate the followingunderlying representations:

[#[duke]N + [-dom]Suf #]N

[#[fan]N + [-dom]Suf #]N

[#[newspaper]N + [-dom]Suf #]N

All of the above underlying representation are acceptable, sothe output becomes:

[dukedom][fandom][newspaperdom]

The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix –ry/-eryExample

[midwife]N

[gent]N

[devil]N

Word Formation Rule(NFR-19) [X]N/V/Adj [[X]N/V/Adj + [-ry/-ery]Suf]N

Semantics: (1). The state of being X(2). The science of an X(3). The act of X+ing

Underlying RepresentationThe application of (NFR-19) can generate the followingunderlying representations:

[#[midwife]N + [-ry]Suf #]N

[#[gent]N + [-ry]suf #]N

[#[devil]N + [-ry]Suf #]N

All of the underlying representation above are acceptable, sothat they directly become the output as follows:

[midwifery][gentry][devilry]

The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix –ureExample

[architect]N

[compose]V

[create]V

Word Formation Rule(NFR-20) [X]N/V/Adj [[X]N/V/Adj + [-ure]Suf]N

Semantics: (1). The act of X+ing(2). State of being X

This rule states that English nouns can be formed by addingthe suffix –ure to the base consisting of verbs, nouns, oradjectives as listed in the Example.

Underlying Representation*[#[architect]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

*[#[compose]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

*[#[create]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

All of the underlying representations are unacceptablephonologically.

Phonological RuleThe following unacceptable underlying representations:

*[#[architect]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

*[#[create]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

must go through one phonological process calledassimilation in which the stop consonant phoneme /t/at the end of the base changes to the affricateconsonant phoneme /č/ when the suffix –ure is addedto the base. (PR-30)

The rule for this phonological process can beformulated in the following:

(PR-30)C C

+anterior -anterior+coronal +coronal-voice -voice / ….. #-continuant +del rel-strident-del rel

The process of derivation can be described asfollows:

UR : *[#[architect /’arkıtɛkt/]N + [-ure]Suf #]N

PR-30 /t/ /č/ : [/’arkıtɛkč/]N + [-ure]Suf

#]N

Output : [architecture /’arkıtɛkčə/]

UR : *[#[create /kri’eıt/]N + [-ure]Suf #]N

PR-30 /t/ /č/ : [/kri’eıč/]N + [-ure]Suf #]N

Output : [creature /kri’eıčə/]


*[#[compose]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

must go through one phonological process calledassimilation in which the fricative consonant phoneme/z/ at the end of the base changes to the fricativeconsonant phoneme /ž/ when the suffix –ure is addedto the base (PR-31).

(PR-31)C C

+anterior -anterior+coronal +coronal+voice +voice / …. #+continuant +continuant+strident +strident

The process of derivation can be described asfollows:

UR : *[#[compose /kəm’poƱz/]V + [-ure]Suf

#]N

PR-31 /z/ /ž/ : [#[/kəm’poƱž/]V + [-ure]Suf

#]N

Output : [composure /kəm’poƱžə/]

The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix –y

Example[inquire]V

[advisor]N

[modest]Adj

Word Formation Rule(NFR-21) [X]N/V/Adj [[X]N/V/Adj + [-y]Suf #]N

Semantics: (1). The act of X+ing (2). Having a purpose of

giving X (3). Behaving X


[#[inquire]V + [-y]Suf #]N

[#[advisor]N + [-y]Suf #]N

[#[modest]Adj + [-y]Suf #]N

All of the above underlying representations are acceptable.So, they directly become the output as follows:

[inquiry][advisory][modesty]

The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix –thExample

[grow]V

[warm]Adj

[deep]Adj

Word Formation Rule(NFR-22) [X]V/Adj [[X]V/Adj + [-th]Suf]N

Semantics: (1). Become bigger(2). Slightly hot(3). Quality or state of being X


[#[grow]V + [-th]Suf #]N

[#[warm]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N

*[#[deep]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N

One of the underlying representation above isunacceptable. In order to be acceptable, it must gothrough a phonological process. The acceptable onesdirectly become the output:

[growth][warmth]

Phonological Rule


*[#[deep]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N

must go through a phonological process in which the vowelphoneme /i:/ changes to the vowel phoneme /e/. The rule forthis phonological process can be formulated as follows:

(PR-37)V V

+syllabic +syllabic+high -high /C … C+-back -back+long -low

The rule states that the vowel phoneme /i:/ of the basechanges to the vowel phoneme /e/ when the suffix –th is addedto the base.

The process of the derivation can be shown in thefollowing:

UR : *[#[deep /di:p/]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N

PR-37 /i:/ /e/ : [#[dep/]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N

Output : [depth /depθ/]

The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix –ant

Example[attend]V

[assist]V

[immigrate]V

Word Formation Rule(NFR-23) [X]V [X]V + [-ant]Suf #]N

Semantics: (1). Someone whose job to helpcustomers

(2). Someone whose job to help someone elsein their work

(3). Someone who enters to another countryto live there

permanently(4). Someone who is paid to clean someone’s

house.

The rule states that English nouns can be formed by addingthe suffix –ant to the base as listed in the Example.

Underlying Representation[#[attend]V + [-ant]Suf #]N

[#[assist]V + [-ant]Suf #]N

*[#[immigrate]V + [-ant]Suf #]N

One of the underlying representations is unacceptable, and soit must go through a readjustment rule. On the other hand,the acceptable ones can directly become the output asfollows:

[attendant][assistant]

Readjustment RuleThe following unacceptable underlying representation:

*[#[immigrate]V + [-ant]Suf #]N

must go through a readjustment process, namely, truncation inwhich the formative ate is deleted from the base when the

suffix –ant is added to the base. The rule for this processcan be formulated in the following:

(RR-9) [[immigr+ate]V + [-ant]N

1 2 3 1 Ø 3

The process of derivation can be described as follows:

UR : *[#[immigr+ate]V + [-ant]Suf #]N

RR-9 deletion of ate : [#[immigr]V + [-ant]Suf #]N

Sr/Output : [immigrant /’ıməgrənt/]The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix –ing

Example

[sing]v[stand]v[learn]v

Word Formation Rule

(NFR-24) [X]v [[X]v + [-ing]Suf ]N

Semantics: “act of X+ing”

The rule states that English nouns can be formed by adding

the suffix –ing to the base consisting of verbs as listed in

the Example (3-24) with the meaning “act of X+ing”.




[#[sing]v + [-ing]Suf#]N

[#[stand]v + [-ing]Suf#]N

[#[learn]v + [-ing]Suf#]N

All the above underlying representations are already

acceptable, so that they directly become the output as

follows:

[singing]

[standing]

[learning]

The Formation of English Verbs

Through Derivation

THE FORMATION OF ENGLISH VERBS THROUGH DERIVATION

The Formation of English Verbs with the suffix –en

Example

(a) [red]Adj

(k) [tight]Adj

(b)[ripe]Adj

(l) [wide]Adj

(c)[sad]Adj

(m) [worse]Adj

(d)[sharp]Adj

(n) [dark]Adj

(e)[short]Adj

(o) [dead]Adj

(f)[sick]Adj

(p) [fast]Adj : deletion of t

(g)[slack]Adj

(q) [glad]Adj

(h)[stiff]Adj

(r) [light]Adj

(i)[straight]Adj

(s) [moist]Adj : deletion of t

(j)[sweet]Adj

(t) [quick]Adj

a. Word Formation Rule

(WFR) [X]Adj → [[X]Adj + [-en]Suf]V

Semantics:

“make X”

The rule states that English verbs can be formed by adding

the suffix –en to the base consisting of adjectives with the

meaning “make X”.

b. Underlying Representation

When (WFR) is applied, the following underlying


*[#[red]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

[#[tight]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

[#[ripe]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

[#[wide]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

*[#[sad]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

[#[worse]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

[#[sharp]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

[#[dark]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

[#[short]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

[#[dead]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

[#[sick]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

[#[fast]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

[#[slack]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

*[#[glad]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

[#[stiff]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

[#[light]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

[#[straight]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

[#[moist]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

[#[sweet]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

[#[quick]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

Most of the above underlying representations are already

acceptable and only three of them are phonologically

unacceptable, so that they must go through one phonological

process. Those acceptable underlying representations can

directly become the output as follows:

[ripen]

[widen]

[sharpen]

[worsen]

[shorten]

[darken]

[sicken]

[deaden]

[slacken]

[fasten]

[stiffen]

[lighten]

[straighten]

[moisten]

[sweeten]

[quicken]

[tighten]

c. Phonological Rule

The following three unacceptable underlying

representations:

*[#[red]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

*[#[glad]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

*[#[sad]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

must go through one phonological process, that is, consonant

insertion in which the stop consonant phoneme /d/ is inserted

at the end of the base when the suffix –en is added to the

base. The rule for this phonological process can be

formulated as follows:

(PR-46) C

+anterior

+coronal

Ø → -voice / ….. #

-continuant

-del rel

The process of derivation can be shown in the

following:

UR : *[#[red]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

PR-46 Insertion of /d/ : [#[red+d]Adj

+ [-en]Suf#]V

Output :

[redden]

UR : *[#[sad]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

PR-46 Insertion of /d/ : [#[sad+d]Adj + [-

en]Suf#]V

Output : [sadden]

UR : *[#[glad]Adj + [-en]Suf#]V

PR-46 Insertion of /d/ : [#[glad+d]Adj + [-

en]Suf#]V

Output : [gladden]

The Formation of English Verbs suffix– ize

a. Example

The base for the formation of English verbs with the suffix –

ize is listed in the Example as follows:

(a) [alphabet]N (m) [human]N (y)

[personal]Adj

(b) [analogy]N (n) [idol]N (z)

[popular]Adj

(c) [apology]N (o) [immobile]Adj

(d) [special]Adj (p) [immune]Adj

(e) [bastard]Adj (q) [industrial]Adj

(f) [burglar]N (r) [ion]N

(g) [capital]N (s) [jeopardy]N

(h) [critic]N (t) [local]Adj

(i) [deputy]N (u) [mobile]Adj

(j) [drama]N (v) [monopoly]N

(k)[economy]N (w) [moral]N

(l) [glamor]N (x) [social]Adj

b. Word Formation Rule

(VFR-5)[X]N/Adj → [[X]N/Adj + [-ize]Suf]v

Semantics: “make X”

The rule states that English verbs can be formed by adding

the suffix –ize to the base consisting of nouns or adjectives

as listed in the Example with the meaning “make X”.

c. Underlying Representation

With the application of (VFR-5), the following

underlying representations can be generated:

*[#[alphabet]N + [-ize]Suf#]v [#[human]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

*[#[analogy]N + [-ize]Suf#]v [#[idol]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

*[#[apology]N + [-ize]Suf#]v [#[immobile]Adj + [-

ize]Suf#]v

[#[special]Adj + [-ize]Suf#]v *[#[immune]Adj + [-

ize]Suf#]v

[#[bastard]Adj + [-ize]Suf#]v [#[industrial]Adj + [-

ize]Suf#]v

[#[burglar]N + [-ize]Suf#]v [#[ion]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

[#[capital]N + [-ize]Suf#]v *[#[jeopardy]N + [-

ize]Suf#]v

*[#[critic]N + [-ize]Suf#]v [#[local]Adj + [-

ize]Suf#]v

*[#[deputy]N + [-ize]Suf#]v [#[mobile]Adj + [-

ize]Suf#]v

*[#[drama]N + [-ize]Suf#]v *[#[monopoly]N + [-

ize]Suf#]v

*[#[economy]N + [-ize]Suf#]v [#[moral]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

[#[glamor]N + [-ize]Suf#]v [#[social]Adj + [-

ize]Suf#]v

[#[personal]Adj + [-ize]Suf#]v [#[popular]Adj + [-

ize]Suf#]v

Ten of the above underlying representations are

phonologically unacceptable, so that they must go through

certain phonological process; the others are already

acceptable, so that they can directly become the output as

follows:

[bastardize] [ionize]

[burglarize] [localize]

[capitalize] [mobilize]

[glamorize] [moralize]

[humanize] [personalize]

[idolize] [popularize]

[immobilize] [socialize]

[industrialize] [specialize]

d. Phonological rules


*[#[analogy]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

*[#[apology]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

*[#[deputy]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

*[#[economy]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

*[#[jeopardy]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

*[#[monopoly]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

must go through one phonological process called vowel

deletion in which the vowel phoneme /i/ at the end of the

base is deleted from the base when the suffix –ize is added to

the base. The rule for this phonological process is (PR-27).

The process of derivation can be shown in the following:

UR : *[#[analogy/ₔnælₔji/]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

PR-27 Deletion of /i/ : *[#[/ₔnælₔj/]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

Output : [analogize/ₔnælₔjaiz/]

UR : *[#[apology/ₔpalₔji/]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

PR-27 Deletion of /i/ : *[#[/ₔpalₔj/]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

Output : [apologize/ₔpalₔjaiz/]

UR : *[#[deputy/depyₔti/]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

PR-27 Deletion of /i/ : *[#[/depyₔt/]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

Output : [deputize/ depyₔtaiz/]

UR : *[#[economy/ikanₔmi/]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

PR-27 Deletion of /i/ : *[#[/ikanₔm/]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

Output : [economize/ikanₔmaiz/]

UR : *[#[jeopardy/jepₔrdi/]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

PR-27 Deletion of /i/ : *[#[/jepₔrd/]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

Output : [jeopardize//jepₔrdaiz/]

UR : *[#[monopoly/mₔnapₔli/]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

PR-27 Deletion of /i/ : *[#[/mₔnapₔl/]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

Output : [monopolize/mₔnapₔlaiz/]


*[#[alphabet]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

must go through one phonological process in which the vowel

phoneme /e/ changes to the vowel phoneme /ₔ/ when the suffix

-ize is added to the base. The rule for this phonological

process can be formulated in the following:

(PR-28) V V

+syllabic +syllabic

-high -high

-back → +back

/VCCCVC…C

-low -low

-round

The rule states that the vowel phoneme /e/ of the base

changes to the vowel phoneme /ₔ/ when the suffix –ize is added

to the base.

The process of derivation can be shown in the following:

UR : *[#[alphabet/ælfₔbet/]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

PR-28 /e/ → /ₔ/ : *[#[/ælfₔbₔt/]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

Output : [alphabetize/ælfₔbₔtaiz/]


*[#[critic]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

must go through two phonological processes, namely, weakening

in which the strong vowel phoneme /i/ in the second syllable

changes to the weak vowel phoneme /ₔ/; and assimilation in

which the stop consonant phoneme /k/ changes to the fricative

consonant phoneme /s/ due to the influence of the vowel

phoneme /ₔ/. The rule for the two phonological processes can

be formulated as follows:

(PR-29) V V

+syllabic

+syllabic

+high → -high

/CCVC…C

-back

+back

-low

-round

This phonological rule states that the strong vowel

phoneme /i/ changes to the weak vowel phoneme /ₔ/ when suffix

–ize is added to the base.

(PR-30) C C

+consonantal +anterior

+high

+coronal

+back → -voice

/….+ [ize]

-voice

+continuant

-continuant

+strident

-strident

This phonological rule states that the stop consonant phoneme

/k/ changes to the fricative consonant phoneme /s/ after the

vowel /ₔ/ when the suffix –ize is added.

The whole process of derivation can be described in the

following:

UR : *[#[critic/kritik/]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

PR-29 /i/ → /ₔ/ : *[#[/kritₔk/]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

PR-30 /k/ → /s/ : *[#[/kritₔs/]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

Output : [criticize/kritₔsaiz/]


*[#[drama]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

must go through one phonological process, that is, consonant

insertion in which consonant phoneme /t/ is inserted at the

end of the base when suffix –ize is added. The rule for the


(PR-31) C

+anterior

+coronal

Ø → -

voice /CCVCV…

-continuant

-strident

The phonological rule states that consonant phoneme /t/ is

inserted at the end of the base when suffix –ize is added.

The process of derivation can be described in the

following:

UR : *[#[drama/dræmₔ/]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

PR-31 insertion of /t/ : *[#[/dræmₔ+t/]N + [-ize]Suf#]v

Output : [dramatize/dræmₔtaiz/]


*[#[immune]Adj + [-ize]Suf#]v

must go through one phonological process, that is, shortening

in which the long vowel phoneme /u:/ changes to the short

vowel phoneme /u/ when suffix –ize is added to the base. The

rule for the phonological process can be formulated in the

following:

(PR-32) V

V

+syllabic

+syllabic

+high →

+high /VCC…CV

+round

+round

+long

-long

This phonological rule states that the long vowel phoneme

/u:/ changes to the short vowel phoneme /u/ when suffix –ize

is added to the base.

The process of derivation can be described in the

following:

UR : *[#[immune/imyu:n/]Adj + [-ize]Suf#]v

PR-32 /u:/ → /u/ : *[#[/imyun/]Adj + [-ize]Suf#]v

Output : [immunize/imyunaiz/]

The Formation of English Verbs with Prefix dis-

a. Example.

The base of the formation of English verbs with prefix dis-

is listed in the Example (4-8) as follows:

(4-8) (a) [charge]v / appoint (l) [trust]v

(b) [claim]v (m)[regard]v

(c) [connect]v (n) [qualify]v

(d) [continue]v (o) [place]v

(e) [courage]n (p) [own]v

(f) [embark]v (q) [organize]v

(g) [enchant]v (r) [obey]v

(h) [engage]v (s) [locate]v

(i) [entangle]v (t) [like]v

(j) [grace]v (u) [integrate]v

(k) [infect]v


(VFR-8) [X]v [[dis-]Pref + [X]v]v

Semantic meaning: “not

X”

The rule states that English verb can be formed by adding

the prefix dis- to the base consisting of verbs as listed in

the Example (4-8) with the meaning “not X”.


By applying (VFR-8), the following underlying

representations can be generated as follows:

[#[dis-]pref +[charge]#]v [#[dis-]pref +

[integrate] #]v

[#[dis-]pref + [claim] #]v [#[dis-]pref +

[like] #]v

[#[dis-]pref + [connect] #]v [#[dis-]pref +

[locate] #]v

[#[dis-]pref + [continue] #]v [#[dis-]pref +

[obey] #]v

[#[dis-]pref + [courage] #]n [#[dis-]pref +

[organize] #]v

[#[dis-]pref + [embark] #]v [#[dis-]pref +

[own] #]v

[#[dis-]pref + [enchant] #]v [#[dis-]pref +

[place] #]v

[#[dis-]pref + [engage] #]v [#[dis-]pref +

[qualify] #]v

[#[dis-]pref + [entangle] #]v [#[dis-]pref +

[regard] #]v

[#[dis-]pref + [grace] #]v [#[dis-]pref +

[trust] #]v

[#[dis-]pref + [infect] #]v

All of the above underlying representations are already

acceptable, so that they can directly become the output as

follows:

[discharge]v [disintegrate]v

[disclaim]v [dislike]v

[disconnect]v [dislocate]v

[discontinue]v [disobey]v

[discourage]v [disorganize]v

[disembark]v [disown]v

[disenchant]v [displace]v

[disengage]v [disqualify]v

[disentangle]v [disregard]v

[disgrace]v [distrust]v

[disinfect]v

The Formation of English verbs with the Prefix fore-

a. Example

The base for the formation of English verbs with the

prefix fore- is listed in Example as follows:

1. [arm]

2. [bode]

3. [cast]

4. [close]

5. [go]

6. [see]

7. [shadow]

8. [shorten]

9. [stall]

10. [swear]

11. [warn]

12. [gather]

13. [ground]

14. [tell]


(VFR-11) [X]v → [[fore-] pref + [X]v] v

Semantics: “X before”

The rule states that English verbs can be formed by

adding the prefix fore- to the base consisting of verbs

as listed in the Example with the meaning “X before”.




1. [#[fore-]Pref + [arm]v#]v 8.

[#[fore-]Pref + [shorten]v#]v

2. [#[fore-]Pref + [bode]v#]v 9. [#[fore-]Pref

+ [stall]v#]v

3. [#[fore-]Pref + [cast]v#]v 10.

[#[fore-]Pref + [swearl]v#]v

4. [#[fore-]Pref + [close]v#]v 11.

[#[fore-]Pref + [warn]v#]v

52

5. [#[fore-]Pref + [go]v#]v 12.

[#[fore-]Pref + [gather]v#]v

6. [#[fore-]Pref + [see]v#]v 13.

[#[fore-]Pref + [ground]v#]v

7. [#[fore-]Pref + [shadow]v#]v 14.

[#[fore-]Pref + [tell]v#]v

All the above underlying representations are already

acceptable, so that they can directly become output as

follows:

1. [forearm] 8. [forestall]

2. [forebode] 9. [foreswear]

3. [forecast] 10. [forewarn]

4. [foreclose] 11. [foregather]

5. [forego] 12. [foreground]

6. [foresee] 13. [foretell]

7. [foreshadow] 14. [foreshorten]

The Formation of English Verbs with The Prefix inter-

a. Example

53


prefix inter- is listed in the Dic tionary (4-10) as

follows:

(4-10) (a) [act] (b) [cede]

(c) [cept] (d) [change]

(e) [lace] (f) [lard]

(g) [lord] (h) [marry]

(i) [mingle] (j) [pose]

(k) [weave] (l) [dict]

(m) [communicate] (n) [fere]

(o) [ject] (p) [leave]

(q) [link] (r) [mix]

(s) [polate] (t) [relate]


(VFR-10) [X]v [[inter]pref + [X]v]v

Semantics: ”X reciprocally”

The rule states that English Verbs can be formed by

adding the prefix inter- to the base consisting of verbs

as listed in the Example (4-10) with the meaning ”X

reciprocally”

54


[#[inter-]pref + [act]v#]v

[#[inter-]pref + [cede]v#]v

[#[inter-]pref + [cept]v#]v

[#[inter-]pref + [change]v#]v

[#[inter-]pref + [lace]v#]v

[#[inter-]pref + [lard]v#]v

[#[inter-]pref + [lord]v#]v

[#[inter-]pref + [marry]v#]v

[#[inter-]pref + [mingle]v#]v

[#[inter-]pref + [pose]v#]v

[#[inter-]pref + [weave]v#]v

[#[inter-]pref + [dict]v#]v

[#[inter-]pref + [communicate]v#]v

[#[inter-]pref + [fere]v#]v

[#[inter-]pref + [ject]v#]v

[#[inter-]pref + [leave]v#]v

[#[inter-]pref + [link]v#]v

[#[inter-]pref + [mix]v#]v

[#[inter-]pref + [polate]v#]v

[#[inter-]pref + [relate]v#]v

55

All of the above underlying representations are already


as follows:

[interact] [intercede]

[intercept] [interchange]

[interlace] [interlard]

[interlord] [intermarry]

[intermingle] [interpose]

[interweave] [interdict]

[intercommunicate] [interfere]

[interject] [interleave]

[interlink] [intermix]

[interpolate] [interrelate]

The Formation of English verbs with the Prefix mis-

a. Example


prefix mis- is listed in Example as follows:

[appropriate] [speak]

[handle] [spell]

[lay] [translate]

[lead] [advice]

56

[pronounce] [manage]

[quote] [name]

[read] [place]

[represent] [understand]


(VFR-11) [X]v → [[mis-]pref + [X]v]v

Semantics : “X Wrongly”

The rule states that English verbs can be formed by

adding the prefix mis- to the base consisting of verbs

as listed in the Example with the meaning “X Wrongly”.




[#[mis-]Pref + [approriate]v#]v [#[mis-]Pref

+ [spell]v#]v

[#[mis-]Pref + [handle]v#]v [#[mis-]Pref +

[translate]v#]v

57

[#[mis-]Pref + [lay]v#]v [#[mis-]Pref

+ [advise]v#]v

[#[mis-]Pref + [lead]v#]v [#[mis-]Pref

+ [manage]v#]v

[#[mis-]Pref + [pronounce]v#]v [#[mis-]Pref

+ [name]v#]v

[#[mis-]Pref + [quote]v#]v [#[mis-]Pref +

[place]v#]v

[#[mis-]Pref + [read]v#]v [#[mis-]Pref

+ [understand]v#]v

[#[mis-]Pref + [represent]v#]v [#[mis-]Pref

+ [speak]v#]v

The Formation of English Verbs with the Prefix re-

a. Example

The base for the formation of English verbs

with the prefix re- is listed in the Example (

) as follows:

(a) [adjust]v (m)

[assure]v

(b) [affirm]v (n)

[assume]v

(c) [align]v (o)

[awaken]v

58

(d) [animate]v (p)

[bind]v

(e) [appear]v (q)

[cant]v

(f) [appoint]v (r)

[cap]v

(g) [appraise]v (s)

[cast]v

(h) [arm]v (t)

[cede]v

(i) [assemble]v (u)

[christen]v

(j) [assert]v (v)

[commence]v

(k) [assess]v (w)

[convene]v

(l) [assign]v (r)

[convert]v


(VFR- ) [X]v [[re-]pref +

[X]v]v

Semantics: “X again”

59

The rule states that English verbs can be

formed by adding the prefix re- to the base

consisting of verbs as listed in the Example (

) with the meaning “X again”.


By applying (VFR- ), we can generate the following


[#[re-]Pref + [adjust]v#]v [#[re-]Pref

+ [assure]v#]v

[#[re-]Pref + [affirm]v#]v [#[re-]Pref

+ [assume]v#]v

[#[re-]Pref + [align]v#]v [#[re-]Pref

+[awaken]v#]v

[#[re-]Pref + [animate]v#]v [#[re-]Pref +

[bind]v#]v

[#[re-]Pref + [appear]v#]v [#[re-]Pref

+ [cant]v#]v

[#[re-]Pref + [appoint]v#]v [#[re-]Pref

+ [capped]v#]v

[#[re-]Pref + [appraise]v#]v [#[re-]Pref +

[cast]v#]v

[#[re-]Pref + [arm]v#]v [#[re-]Pref +

[cede]v#]v

60

[#[re-]Pref + [assemble]v#]v [#[re-]Pref +

[christen]v#]v

[#[re-]Pref + [assert]v#]v [#[re-]Pref

+ [commence]v#]v

[#[re-]Pref + [assess]v#]v [#[re-]Pref

+ [convene]v#]v

[#[re-]Pref + [assign]v#]v [#[re-]Pref

+ [convert]v#]v

All of he above underlying representations are

already acceptable, so that they can directly become the

output as follows:

[readjust]v [reassure]v

[reaffirm]v [reassume]v

[realign]v [reawaken]v

[reanimate]v [rebind]v

[reappear]v [recant]v

[reappoint]v [recapped]v

[reappraise]v [recast]v

[rearm]v [recede]v

[reassemble]v

[rechristen]v

[reassert]v

[recommence]v

[reassess]v reconvene]v

61

[reassign]v [reconvert]v

The Formation of English Adjectives with the Suffix –ed

a. Example

The base for the formation of English adjectives with the

suffix –ed is listed as follows:


The rule states that English

adjectives can be formed by adding the

suffix –ed to the base consisting of

a.

[abridge]vb.

[absorb]vc.

[confuse]vd.

[constipat

e]ve.

[emboss]vf.

[engross]v

g.

[excite]v

h.

[expose]vi.

[illuminat

e]v

62

verbs as listed in the Example with the meaning “having

the quality or condition as stated by X”.


We can generate the following representations:

- (confuse) v + [-ed]suf#]Adj - (please)v

+ [-ed]suf#]Adj

- (abridge) v + [-ed]suf#]Adj - (absorb)v

+ [-ed]suf#]Adj

- (constipate) v + [-ed]suf#]Adj - (emboss)v

+ [-ed]suf#]Adj

- (engross) v + [-ed]suf#]Adj - (excite)v

+ [-ed]suf#]Adj

- (expose) v + [-ed]suf#]Adj -

(illuminate)v + [-ed]suf#]Adj

All of the above underlying representations are


output as follows:

[confused] [pleased]

[abridged] [absorbed]

[constipated] [embossed]

[engrossed] [excited]

63

[exposed] [illuminate]

The Formation of English Adjectives with the Suffix –able

a. Example

The base for the formation of English adjectives with the

suffix –able is listed as follows:

[comfort]v[destroy]v[employ]v[enjoy]v[fashion]v[favor]v[govern]v[knowledge

]v[notice]v

: i:ₔ[obtain]v


The rule states that English adjectives can be

formed by adding the suffix –able to the base consisting

64

of verbs as listed in the Example with the meaning

“capable of being X+ed”.


We can generate the following representations:

[#[comfort) v + [-able]suf#]Adj

[#[destroy) v + [-able]suf#]Adj

[#[employ) v + [-able]suf#]Adj

[#[enjoy) v + [-able]suf#]Adj

[#[fashion) v + [-able]suf#]Adj

[#[reason)v + [-able]suf#]Adj

[#[govern)v + [-able]suf#]Adj

[#[knowledge)v + [-able]suf#]Adj

[#[notice)v + [-able]suf#]Adj

[#[obtain)v + [-able]suf#]Adj

65

All of the above underlying representations are


output as follows:

[comfortabl

e][destroyabl

e][employable

][enjoyable][fashionabl

e][favorable][governable

][knowledgea

ble][noticeable

][obtainable

]

The formulation of English Adjective with the suffix –

ful

a. Example

66

the base for the formulation of English

adjective with the suffix-ful is listed in Example (5-8)

as follow:

(1) [beauty]n: i:ₔ (11) [play]n

(2) [delight]n (12) [power]n

(3) [disgrace]n (13) [remorse]n

(4) [disdain]n (14) [reproach]n

(5) [ fit]n (15) [resent]n

(6) [gain]n (16) [respect]n

(7) [health]n (17) [scorn]n

(8) [lust]n (18) [sin]n

(9) [mind]n (19) [skill]n

(10) [peace]n (20) [spite]n

b. Word Formulation Rule

(adjFR-8) : [X]n →

{[X]n+[-ful]suf}adj

Semantics:”full of X”

67

The rule states that English adjective can

be formed by adding the suffix-ful to the base consisting

of nouns as listed in the Example (5-8) with the meaning

“full of X”


With the application of (AdjFR-8), the following

underlaying representations can be generated:

[# [beauty]n + [-ful]surf#]adj [#

[power]n+ [-ful]surf#]adj

[# [delight]n+ [-ful]surf#]adj [# [lust]n+

[-ful]surf#]adj [# [disgrace]n + [-

ful]surf#]adj [# [mind]n+ [-ful]surf#]adj

[# [disdain]n + [-ful]surf#]adj [#

[peace]n+ [-ful]surf#]adj [# [gain]n+ [-

ful]surf#]adj [# [play]n+ [-ful]surf#]adj

[# [health]n + [-ful]surf#]adj [#

[remorse]n+ [-ful]surf#]adj

[# [reproach]n+ [-ful]surf#]adj [# [sin]n+

[-ful]surf#]adj

[# [resent]n+ [-ful]surf#]adj [#

[skill]n+ [-ful]surf#]adj

68

[# [respect]n+ [-ful]surf#]adj [#

[spite]n+ [-ful]surf#]adj

[# [scorn]n+ [-ful]surf#]adj

All of the above underlying representations

are already acceptable, so that they can directly become

the output as follows:

(1) [beautyfu] (11) [playful]

(2) [delightful] (12) [powerful]

(3) [disgraceful] (13) [remorseful]

(4) [disdainful] (14)

[reproachful]

(5) [ fitful] (15) [resentful]

(6) [gainful] (16) [respectful]

(7) [healthful] (17) [scornful]

(8) [lustful] (18) [sinful]

(9) [mindful] (19) [skillful]

(10) [peaceful] (20) [spiteful]

The formation of English adjectives with suffix –“ive”

a. Example

The base for the formation of English adjectives with

the suffix –ive is listed in the Example as follows:

69

(5 - 11)

a) [communicate]v;e

i:ₔ

b) [comprehend]v

c) [conduce]v

d) [defect]v

e) [defend]v

f) [deliberate]v

g) [demonstrate]v:e

:i,ₔ:a,ei:ₔ

h) [distribute]v

i) [effect]v

j) [execute]v

k) [explode]v

l) [imagine

]v

m) [legisla

te]v

n) [narrate

]v:ei:ₔ

o) [pass]v

p) [persuad

e]v

q) [preserv

e]v

r) [relate]v

s) [respect

]v

t) [restric

t]v

u) [sense]v

v) [talk]v


(Adj Fr - 11) [x]v [[x]v + [-ive]suf#] Adj

Semantics: “having the quality of x”

70

The rule states that english adjectives can be formed

can be by adding the suffix –ive to the base

consisting of verbs as listed in the Example

(s - 11) with the meaning “having the quality of x”


The application of (AdjFR - 11) can generate the

following underlying representation:

[#[communicate]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

*[#[comprehend]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

[#[conduce]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

[#[defect]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

*[#[defend]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

[#[deliberate]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

[#[demonstrate]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

[#[distribute]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

*[#[imagine]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

[#[legislate]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

[#[narrate]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

[#[pass]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

*[#[persuade]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

*[#[preserve]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

[#[relate]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

[#[respect]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

71

[#[effect]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

[#[execute]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

*[#[explode]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

[#[restrict]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

[#[sense]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

*[#[talk]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

Four of the above underlying representative are

phonologically unacceptable; three of them is

morphologically unacceptable; and the others are

already acceptable; so that they can directly become

the output as follows:

[communicative]

v

[conducive]v

[defective]v

[defensive]v

[deliberative]v

[demonstrative]

v

[distributive]v

[effective]v

[executive]v

[legislative]v

[narrative]v

[passive]v

[relative]v

[respective]v

[restrictive]v

[sensive]v

72

d. Readjustmen Rule


*[#[imagine]v + [-ive]suf#]adj

*[#[preserve]v + [-ive]suf#]adj

*[#[talk]v + [-ive]suf#]adj

Must go through one readjustment process, that is

allomorphy process in wihich the formative at is

inserted at the end of the base when the

suffix –ive is added to the base. The rule that

handles this process

is (RR-1).

e. Surface Representation

With the application of (RR - 1), we can generate the

following surface representation which already

acceptable, so that it can directly become the output:

UR : *[#[imagine]v] + [-ive]suf#]adj

RR – 1 insertion of at : [#[imagine + at]v] +

[-ive]suf#]adj

SR/ output : [imaginative/I’medinativ/]

UR : *[#[preserve]v] + [-ive]suf#]adj

RR – 1 insertion of at : [#[preserve + at]v] +

[-ive]suf#]adj

SR/ output : [preservative/pri’z : vativ/]

73

UR : *[#[talk]v] + [-ive]suf#]adj

RR – 1 insertion of at : [#[talk + ad]v] + [-

ive]suf#]adj

SR/ output : [talktive/’ta:kativ/]

f. Phonological Rule


*[#[comprehend]v] + [-ive]suf#]adj

*[#[defend]v] + [-ive]suf#]adj

*[#[explode]v] + [-ive]suf#]adj

*[#[persuade]v] + [-ive]suf#]adj

Must go through one phonological process, that is

assimilation in which the stop consonant phoneme/d/ at

the end of the end of the base changes to the

fricative consonant phoneme /s/ when the suffix –ive

is added to the base. The rule for this phological

process can be formulated as follows:

The rule states that the stop consonant phoneme /d/ at

the end of the bease changes to the fricative

consonant phoneme /s/ when the

suffix –ive is added to the base.

The process of derivation can be shown in the

following:

74

UR : *[#[comprehend/,kmpri’hend/]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

Pr – 70/d/ - /s/ : [#[kmpri’hens/]v + [-

ive]suf#]adj

Output : [#[comprehensive/,kmpri’hensiv/]

UR : *[#[defend/,di’fend/]v + [-ive]suf#]adj

Pr – 70/d/ - /s/ : [#[di’fens/]v + [-ive]suf#]adj

Output : [#[defensive/,di’fensiv/]

UR : *[#[explode/iks’ploud/]v + [-ive]suf#]adj

Pr – 70/d/ - /s/ : [#[iks’plous/]v + [-ive]suf#]adj

Output : [#[defensive/di’fensiv/]

UR : *[#[persuade/p’sweid/]v + [-ive]suf#]adj

Pr – 70/d/ - /s/ : [#[p’sweis/]v + [-ive]suf#]adj

Output : [#[persuasive/p’sweisiv/]

The Formation of English Adjectives with the Suffix - Ly

a. Example

75

The base for the formation of English adverbs with

the suffix – ly is listed in the Example. (6-2) as

follows:

a. Acoustical (Adj) g. Agreeable(Adj)

b. Active (Adj) h. Beautiful(Adj

c. Acute (Adj) i. Bare (Adj)

d. Adequate(Adj) j. Biological

(Adj)

e. Affectionate (Adj) k.

Deductive (Adj)


(AdvFR-2) [X]Adj [[X]Adj + [ly]suf]Adv

Semantics: “in an X manner”

The rule states that English adverbs can be formed by

adding the suffix – ly to tha base consisting of

adjectives as listed in the Example ( 6-2) with the

meaning “in an X manner”.

c. Underlying Representations

76

By applying (AdvFR-2), the following underlying


[#[Acoustical]Adj + [ly]Suf#]Adv

[#[Active]Adj + [ly]Suf#]Adv

[#[Acute]Adj + [ly]Suf#]Adv

[#[Adequate]Adj + [ly]Suf#]Adv

[#[Affectionate]Adj + [ly]Suf#]Adv

[#[Agreeable]Adj + [ly]Suf#]Adv

[#[Beautiful]Adj + [ly]Suf#]Adv

[#[Bare]Adj + [ly]Suf#]Adv

[#[Biological]Adj + [ly]Suf#]Adv

[#[Deductive]Adj + [ly]Suf#]Adv

All of the above underlying representations are ready


as follows:

[Acoustically] [Agreeably]

[Actively] [Beautifully]

[Acutely] [Barely]

[Adequately] [Biologically]

[Affectionately] [Deductively]

77

The Formation of English Adverbs with the Suffix - Ly

a. Example

The base for the formation of English adverbs with

the suffix – ly is listed in the Example. (6-3) as

follows:

a. [Actual]N f. [Positive]N

b. [Broad ]N g.

[Sound ]N

c. [Clear ]N h. [Love]N

d. [Common]N i. [Large]N

e. [Day]N j. [Man ]N


(AdvFR-3) [X]N [[X]N + [ly]suf]Adv

Semantics: “in an X manner”

The rule states that English adverbs can be formed by

adding the suffix – ly to tha base consisting of nouns as

listed in the Example ( 6-3) with the meaning “in an X

manner”.

c. Underlying Representations

78

By applying (AdvFR-3), the following underlying


[#[Actual]N + [ly]Suf#]Adv

[#[Broad]N + [ly]Suf#]Adv

[#[Clear]N + [ly]Suf#]Adv

[#[Common]N + [ly]Suf#]Adv

[#[Day]N + [ly]Suf#]Adv

[#[Positive]N + [ly]Suf#]Adv

[#[Sound]N + [ly]Suf#]Adv

[#[Love]N + [ly]Suf#]Adv

[#[Large]N + [ly]Suf#]Adv

[#[Man]N + [ly]Suf#]Adv

All of the above underlying representations are ready


as follows:

[Actually]

[Broadly]

[Clearly]

[Commonly]

[Daily]

[Positively]

[Soundly]

[Lovely]

79

[Largely]

[Manly]

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions

Based on the research findings and discussion in the

previous chapter, the researcher concludes that there are

two kinds of suffixes, namely:

(1) Suffixes which turn nouns into adjectives are -

al, -ar, -ed, -ful, -ic/-ical, -ish, -less, -like, -y, -

ous, -an/-ese, and –ly; (2) suffixes which turn the verbs

into adjectives are –ive, -ing, -ent, and –able. All the

suffixes which are through the process of derivation

produce lexemes which belong to a form class other than

the form class of the base. So the extablishment of form

classes it is class-changing.

The phonological process than occur in the formation

of English adjective consist of (1) weakening and

strengthening (2) insertion, and (3) syllabic structure

processes which include deletion, addition of vowel and

addition of consonant.

The formation of English words by applying generative

morphology of Aronoff’s model must proceed through the

80

following steps: (a) the making of Example consisting of

the sets of words that become the bases for word

formation rules, (b) the formulation of word formation

rules consisting of the noun formation rules, the verb

formulation rules, the adjective formation rules and the

adverb formation rules, (c) the formulation of

readjusment rules consisting of the truncation rules and

the allomorphy rules handling the underlying

representations which are morphologically unacceptable,

(d) the formulation of the phonological rules handling

the underlying representations which are phonological

unacceptable, and (e) the determination of the output in

the form of English derived words that can be used

readily in the formation of English sentences.

B. Suggestions

Referring to the conclusions, the writer suggests to

further researcher to find other suffixes which can turn

the form-noun class and the form-class verbs to the form-

class adjectives either a class-changing or a class-

maintaning. By finding all the suffixes which can change

or not, adjective derivation in English will become the

comparison for the linguistic and other language studies

and will also give the contribution to the English

81

teaching particular for English morphology which uses the

generative phonology wich is theory of modern structure

which takes as its input the output of the syntactic

component.

The writer also suggests to further researchers to

find the suffixes which are used to form normalizations

of English verbs by using other models. Because of

finding the whole processes, which occur in the adjective

and noun derivations with many kinds alternations, the

people who study English will be easier to understand the

processes, which will be a guidance in developing

vocabulary.

82

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aronoff, M. 1976. “Word Formation in Generatif Grammar”.In Scalise, Sergio. 1984. Generative Morphology.Dordrech-Holland: Foris Publications.

Ba’dulu, Muis. 2008. The Formation of English Words ThroughDerivation. Makassar. Program Pascasarjana UniversitasNegeri Makassar.

Bauer, Laurie. 1983. English Word Formation. London: CambridgeUniversity Press.

Bickford, J Albert et. Al. 1991. A Course in Basic GrammaticalAnalysis. Tucson, USA.: Summer Institute ofLinguistics.

Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge,Massachusetts: The M.I.T. Press.

Crystal, David. 1980. A First Example of Linguistics and Phonetics.London: Andrew Deutch.

Halle, Morris. 1973. “Prolegomena to a Theory of WordFormation”. In Scalise, Sergio. 1984. GenerativeMorphology. Dordrech-Holland: Foris Publication

83

Publications.

O’Grady, William & Michael Dobrovolsky. 1989. ContemporaryLinguistics. New York: St.Martin Press.

Scalise, Sergio. 1984. Generative Morphology. Dordrech-Hollad: Foris Publication

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