copyright © allyn & bacon 2004 chapter 4 responding to speeches this multimedia product and its...

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Chapter 4Responding to Speeches

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Listening

. . . is intermittent.

. . . is a learned skill.

. . . is active.

. . . implies using the message received.


The Process of Listening

You get the

stimuli

You focus

on stimuli

You attach meanings to stimuli

You integrate the message

into your frame of reference

You judge the merits of the information

You decide what to do with the information

Receive Select Interpret Understand Evaluate Resolve


Obstacles to Effective Listening

• Physical distractions• Physiological distractions• Psychological distractions• Factual distractions• Semantic distractions


Promoting Better Listening

• Desire to listen.• Focus on the

message.• Listen for main ideas.• Understand the

speaker’s point of view.


Promoting Better Listening cont.

• Withhold judgment.• Reinforce the message.• Provide feedback.• Listen with the body.• Listen critically.


A Model of Criticism

This model of criticism is adapted from Beverly Whitaker Long, “Evaluating Performed Literature,” Studies in Interpretation, vol.2, eds. Esther M. Doyle and Virginia Hastings Floyd (Amsterdam: Podopi, 1977) 267-81. See also her earlier article: Beverly Whitaker, “Critical Reasons and Literature in Performance,” The Speech Teacher 18 (November 1969): 191-93. Long attributes this three-part model of criticism to Arnold Isenberg, “Critical Communication,” The Philosophical Review (July 1949): 330-44.

Judgments:statements of approval or disapproval,

like or dislike

Reasons:Justifications offered

for judgments

Norms:Standards of relative worth

or goodness


Guidelines forCritiquing Speeches

• Begin with a positive statement.• Target a few key areas for

improvement.• Organize your comments.• Be specific.• Be honest but tactful.


Guidelines forCritiquing Speeches cont.

• Personalize your comments.

• Reinforce the positive.• Problem-solve the

negative.• Provide the speaker with

a plan of action.• End with a positive

statement.


Guidelines forActing on Criticism

• Focus on what your critics say, not how they say it.

• Seek clear and specific feedback.• Evaluate the feedback you

receive.• Develop a plan of action.

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