copyright © allyn & bacon 2007 chapter 12 psychological disorders

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Chapter 12Chapter 12

Psychological Disorders


The medical model takes a “disease” view, while

psychology sees psychological disorders as an interaction of biological,

cognitive, social, and behavioral factors.

What are What are Psychological Disorders?Psychological Disorders?


What are Psychological Disorders?What are Psychological Disorders?

Psychopathology –Any pattern of emotions, behaviors, or thoughts inappropriate to the situation and leading to personal distress or the inability to achieve important goals.

Also referred to as:• Mental illness• Mental disorder• Psychological disorder


What are Psychological Disorders?What are Psychological Disorders?

Three classic signs suggest severe psychopathology:

1. Hallucinations-false sensory experiences that may suggest

mental disorder.

2. Delusions

-persistent false beliefs.

3. Severe affective disturbances

-emotion or mood.


The Medical Model The Medical Model

• The view that mental disorders are diseases that, like ordinary physical diseases, have objective physical causes and require specific treatments.• Mental disorders are best

treated with drug therapy.


The Cognitive-Behavioral ApproachThe Cognitive-Behavioral Approach

Behavioral perspective – Abnormal behaviors can be acquired through behavioral learning – operant and classical conditioning.

Cognitive perspective – Abnormal behaviors are influenced by mental processes – how people perceive themselves and their relations with others.


The Social-Cognitive-Behavioral The Social-Cognitive-Behavioral ApproachApproach

• A psychological alternative to the medical model that views psychological disorder through a combination of the social, cognitive, and behavioral perspectives.

Cognition

Environment

Behavior


Distress Maladaptiveness

Irrationality Unpredictability

Unconventionality and undesirable

behavior

Indicators of AbnormalityIndicators of Abnormality

• Other signs of a disorder are more subtle, and a diagnosis depends heavily on clinical judgment.


How are PsychologicalHow are PsychologicalDisorders Classified?Disorders Classified?

The most widely used system, found in the

DSM-IV, classifies disorders by their mental and

behavioral symptoms.


Overview of DSM-IV Overview of DSM-IV

DSM-IV –Fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the most widely accepted classification system in the United States.

• In multiaxial diagnosis, professionals look at the entire person, not just their “abnormal” behavior.


DSM - IVDSM - IV

Axis I Clinical disorders

Axis II Personality disorders and

Mental retardation

Axis III General medical conditions

Axis IV Psychosocial and environmental factors

Axis V Global assessment of functioning


Axis I – Clinical DisordersAxis I – Clinical Disorders

Anxiety Disorders

Eating Disorders

Bipolar Disorder

Depression

Schizophrenia

Phobias

ADHD

Substance abuse


Axis II – Personality Disorders & Mental Axis II – Personality Disorders & Mental Retardation Retardation

Paranoid

Antisocial

Avoidant

Borderline

Narcissistic

MR (mild, moderate, severe, profound)


Axis III – General Medical ConditionsAxis III – General Medical Conditions

Infectious diseases

Complications of pregnancy

Diabetes

Brain injury

Poisoning

Alcohol cirrhosis


Axis IV – Psychosocial & Environmental Axis IV – Psychosocial & Environmental FactorsFactors

Legal difficulties

Occupational problems

Educational problems

Economic problems

Divorce

Unemployment

Crime


Axis V – Global Assessment of Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)Functioning (GAF)

• Measures patients overall levels of functioning.

100 point scale

GAF scale:- Plan treatment- Measure its impact- Predict outcomes


Mood DisordersMood Disorders

Major Depression

• A condition lasting most of the day, day after day, with a loss of interest and pleasure and a lack of productive activity.

Symptoms:

-Trouble concentrating-Lack of appetite -Sleep abnormalities-Feelings of worthlessness


Causes:Causes:

• Genetic predisposition

• Biological basis

• Environment

• Low self-esteem

• Gender differences

• Cognitive aspects



Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

•A condition in which people become seriously depressed in one season of the year; usually winter.

Causes:

Deprivation of sunlight



Bipolar Disorder

•A condition in which a person alternates between periods of depression and periods of mania (excessive elation or manic excitement).

Causes:

Genetic component


Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders

• Mental problems characterized mainly by anxiety.

Anxiety Disorders



Generalized anxiety disorder – Characterized by persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety, without any external cause.

Panic disorder – Marked by panic attacks that have no connection to events in a person’s present experience.

Agoraphobia – Fear of public places/open spaces.



Phobias– A group of anxiety disorders involving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation.

Preparedness hypothesis – Notion that we have an innate tendency, acquired through natural selection, to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors.



Obsessive-compulsive disorder – Condition characterized by patterns of persistent, unwanted thoughts and behaviors.

The 3 C’s


Somatoform DisordersSomatoform Disorders

Somatoform disorders – Psychological problems appearing in the form of bodily symptoms or physical complaints.

Conversion disorder – Somatoform disorder marked by paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation, but with no discernable physical cause.


Somatoform DisordersSomatoform Disorders

Hypochondriasis – Somatoform disorder involving excessive concern about health and disease.


Dissociative Dissociative amnesiaamnesia

DissociativeDissociativefuguefugue

Depersonalization Depersonalization disorderdisorder

Dissociative Dissociative identity disorderidentity disorder

Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders

Dissociative disorders – Group of pathologies involving “fragmentation” of the personality.


• A psychologically induced loss of memory for personal information.

Dissociative Dissociative amnesiaamnesia

Dissociative fugue

Depersonalization disorder

Dissociative identity disorder



• Dissociative amnesia with the addition of “flight” from one’s home, family, and job.

Dissociative amnesia

Dissociative fugueDissociative fugue





• Abnormality involving the sensation of mind and body having separated.


Dissociative Fugue

Depersonalization Depersonalization disorderdisorder




• Condition in which the individual displays multiple identities.


Dissociative Fugue


Dissociative Dissociative identity disorderidentity disorder



Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Anorexia nervosa – Eating disorder involving persistent loss of appetite that endangers an individual’s health – stemming from psychological reasons.

Bulimia – Eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by “purges,” induced by vomiting or laxatives.


Schizophrenic DisordersSchizophrenic Disorders

Schizophrenia – Psychotic disorder involving distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions.• Hallucinations• Delusions


Major Types of SchizophreniaMajor Types of Schizophrenia

DisorganizedDisorganized

CatatonicCatatonic

ParanoidParanoid

UndifferentiatedUndifferentiated

ResidualResidual

PositivePositive

NegativeNegative


DisorganizedDisorganized

Catatonic

Paranoid

Undifferentiated


• Features incoherent speech, hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior.

Residual Type


Disorganized

CatatonicCatatonic

Paranoid

Undifferentiated


• Involves a spectrum of motor dysfunctions: catatonic stupor and catatonic excitement.Residual Type


Disorganized

Catatonic

ParanoidParanoid

Undifferentiated


• Prominent feature: delusions of persecution and grandiosity.Residual Type


Disorganized

Catatonic

Paranoid

UndifferentiatedUndifferentiated


• Persons displaying a combination of symptoms that do not clearly fit in one of the other categories.

Residual Type


Disorganized

Catatonic

Paranoid

Undifferentiated


• Individuals who have had a past episode of schizophrenia but are free of symptoms.

Residual TypeResidual Type


PositivePositiveSchizophreniaSchizophrenia

NegativeSchizophrenia


• Any form in which the person displays active symptoms.(e.g. delusions, hallucinations)


PositiveSchizophrenia

NegativeNegativeSchizophreniaSchizophrenia


• Any form distinguished by deficits, such as withdrawal and poverty of thought processes.


Possible Causes of SchizophreniaPossible Causes of Schizophrenia

• Evidence for the causes of schizophrenia has been found in a variety of factors including genetics, abnormal brain structure, and biochemistry.

Diathesis-stress hypothesis –Genetic factors place the individual at risk, but environmental stress factors transform this potential into an actual schizophrenic disorder.


Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders

Personality disorders – Conditions involving a chronic, pervasive, inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, social relationships, or impulse control.



Narcissistic personality disorder Characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success and power, and a need for constant attention.



Antisocial personality disorder – Characterized by a long-standing pattern of irresponsible behavior indicating a lack of conscience and a diminished sense of responsibility to others.

Video Clip



Borderline personality disorder – An unstable personality given to impulsive behavior.


Developmental DisordersDevelopmental Disorders

Autism – A developmental disorder marked by disabilities in language, social interaction, and the ability to understand another person’s state of mind.

Dyslexia – A reading disability, thought by some experts to involve a brain disorder.


Developmental DisordersDevelopmental Disorders

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder –

A developmental disability involving short attention span, distractibility, and extreme difficulty in remaining inactive for any period.


Adjustment Disorders and Other Adjustment Disorders and Other Conditions That May Be a Focus Conditions That May Be a Focus

of Clinical Attentionof Clinical Attention

Mild depressionMild depression

Physical Physical complaintscomplaints

Marital Marital problemsproblems

Academic Academic problemsproblems

Parent-child Parent-child problemsproblems

BereavementBereavement MalingeringMalingering

Job problemsJob problems


Ideally, accurate diagnoses lead to proper treatments, but diagnoses may also become

labels that depersonalize individuals and ignore the

social and cultural contexts in which their problems arise.

What are the ConsequencesWhat are the Consequencesof Labeling People?of Labeling People?


M’Naghten RuleM’Naghten Rule

• A defendant is not criminally responsible if, at the time of committing an unlawful act, the person was laboring under such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing; or if he did know it, that he did not know he was doing wrong.

Daniel M‘Naghten Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel Edward Drummond


The Plea of Insanity The Plea of Insanity

“Not guilty by reason of insanity”

Insanity –A legal term, not a psychological one, referring to a person who is unable, because of a mental disorder or defect, to confirm his or her behavior to the law.


End of Chapter 12End of Chapter 12

copyright © allyn & bacon 2007 chapter 12 psychological disorders

Documents

profoundcopyright allyn

mental processes

medical model

behavioral perspectives

severe psychopathology

behavioral learning

overview of dsm

ordinary physical diseases