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States of Matter

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Some definitions

• Matter: has mass and volume

• Chemistry is the study of matter– The properties of different types of matter– The way matter changes and behaves when

influenced by other matter and/or energy

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Properties of Matter

• Physical Properties: the inherent characteristics of matter that are directly observable.

– Color

– Melting point

– Boiling point

• Chemical Properties: the characteristics of matter that allow it to form new substances

Alcohol ignites in a flame.

Wood is burned in a fireplace.

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Classify each of the followingas a physical or chemical property:

• Ethyl alcohol boiling at 78°C.

• Hardness of a diamond.

• Sugar fermenting to form ethyl alcohol.

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Changes in Matter

• Physical changes: changes to matter that do not result in a change the inherent make-up of the substance– State changes: boiling, melting, condensing

• Chemical changes: changes that involve a change in the fundamental components of the substance– Chemical reactions: Reactants Products

e.g. propane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

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Classify each of the following as a physical or chemical change:

• Iron metal melting

• Iron combining with oxygen to form rust

• Sugar fermenting to form ethyl alcohol

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Elements and Compounds

• Elements: substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions

• Most substances are chemical combinations of elements. These combinations are called compounds.– Compounds are made of elements.– Compounds can be broken down into elements.

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Classification of Matter

• Homogeneous: uniform composition throughout– Pure substances– Solutions (homogeneous mixtures)

• Heterogeneous: non-uniform; contains regions with different properties than other regions

P u re S ub s ta n ceC o n s tan t C o m p o s it ion

H o m o ge n e o us

M ix tu reV a ria b le C o m p o s it ion

M a tte r

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Pure Substances

• Pure substances– All samples have the same physical and chemical

properties.– Constant composition: All samples have the same

composition.– Homogeneous

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Mixtures

• Mixtures– Different samples may show different

properties.– Variable composition.– Homogeneous or heterogeneous.– Separate into components based on physical

properties• All mixtures are made of pure substances.

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Solutions

• A solution is a homogeneous mixture.

• Phase can be gaseous, liquid, or solid.

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Identity each of the following as a pure substance, homogeneous mixture, or heterogeneous mixture.

• Gasoline

• A stream with gravel on the bottom

• Copper metal

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Gas Chromatogram of Unleaded Gasoline

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Separation of a Mixture

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The organization of matter (Figure 3.10)

Matter

Homogeneousmixtures

Heterogeneousmixtures

Pure substances

Physical methods

Elements CompoundsChemicalmethods