FCAT Review (grades 6-7-8) 2014

YOU WILL NEED TO CHECK OUT A BOOK AT SCHOOL TO DO THIS ASSIGNMENT!

(ASK YOUR TEACHER)

Each Assignment will be used with the ScienceSaurus Book as seen above.

Each topic is a low scoring area on the 8th Grade FCAT tests due to the fact that the material is

not taught in the 8th grade.

These assignments should be review for your child and bring up knowledge gained in past

academic years.

Answer keys are available upon parent written inquiry.

FCAT Review (grades 6-7-8) 2014

Name:___________________________

Read sections 213, 214, and 215. Fill in the blanks below.

Earth’s Atmoshphere The __________________________ is a mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth. The two major elements in Earth’s atmosphere are ____________________ and ________________________. The most abundant element in the atmosphere is ___________________________ at 78%. High in the atmosphere, a form of oxygen called ___________________ shields living things from much of the harmful radiation given off by the sun. The _________________ is where all of the Earth’s weather happens. This is the layer of the atmosphere where the ozone layer is located. Read section 216. Fill in the blanks and diagram below. Water Cycle The ________________ ____________________ is the continuous movement of water between the surface of Earth and the troposphere. The water cycle happens because of three repeating processes:________________________, _______________________________,and ________________________. ___________________________ is the process in which liquid water changes into invisible water vapor. Transpirations is a special type of evaporation where water vapor is released to the air from the leaves of plants. ____________________________ is the process in which water vapor changes into liquid water. ______________ are evidence of _______________________________. ___________________________ occurs when water or a form of ice falls from the atmosphere to Earth’s surface. Read section 218 and 227 and fill in the Venn diagram below. Weather & Climate

The Atmosphere

FCAT Review (grades 6-7-8) 2014 Read sections 203, 204, 205, & 224. Fill in the blanks below. Ocean Currents & Air Pressure _________________ ___________________ flow through the world’s oceans. _________________ ___________________ are rivers of water that move through the ocean’s surface. The paths of the currents are determined by winds and the Coriolis effect. The paths of winds and ocean currents curve because of Earth’s shape and rotations. The effect of Earth’s rotationon winds and currents is called the ________________________ ________________________. ___________________ ___________________ is a measure of the weight of air pressing down on afiven area of Earht’s surface. Changes in air pressure tell you that changes in weather are on the way. Generally, ______________ _______________ _______________ means that stormy weather is coming, When air pressure rises, _____________ _____________ is coming. Bill Nye: Atmosphere Station #1

FCAT Review (grades 6-7-8) 2014 Define each word below and draw a picture that represents that sphere. Biosphere -____________________________________________________________________ Geosphere - __________________________________________________________________ Cryosphere - ___________________________________________________________________ Atmosphere - __________________________________________________________________ Hydrosphere - ________________________________________________________________ Station #2 Draw and label the water cycle here based on the information provided.

Name:________________________ The Cell Review

FCAT Review (grades 6-7-8) 2014

Complete the following using section 076, 077, & 078. Cells A feature shared by all organisms is that they are made up of one of more cells. A ___________________ is the basic unit of structure and function of life. A cell is a living unit. New cells can only come from ________________________ cells. There are many different kinds of cells, but all cells can be broken down into two basic categories. Cells that do not have membrane-bound structures are called _________________________. Cells that have membrane bound structures are called __________________________________. Many organisms are __________________________, or made of only _____________ cell. Other organisms like earthworms, trees, mushrooms, and humans are ________________________________. They are made up of many clls that work together to keep the organism alive and help it reproduce. Label the animal cell below and define the labeled organelles. Cytoplasm – a ____________________________ fluid that takes up most of the space inside a cell. Nucleus – a structure usually located near the ________________ of an _______________________ ________________. The home to the cell’s __________________________. Mitochondria – use ___________________ to transform the _________________ in food to a form the cell can use to carry out its activities. Cell membrane – encloses the cell. Acts as a ___________________________. Found in both plant and animal cells. Label the Animal cell below and define the labled organelles: Label the plant cell below and define the labeled organelles.

FCAT Review (grades 6-7-8) 2014 Cell Wall – Found only in __________________ ___________. Vacuole – Acts as a _______________ ____________________. One large one in a plant cell, many smaller vacuoles In animal cells. Chloroplasts – Only found in ____________ ________________. Responsible for helping plants make food in photosynthesis. Use sections 082 to answer the following questions. Tissues, Organs, and Systems Groups of cells work together to make up ______________________. Blood, for example, is a tissue that includes different kinds of blood _______________ and ______________________ in a liquid. This ____________________ works to mve substances throughout your body and protect you from illness. ________________ have tissue too. Just as ________________________ join together to form _______________________, different tissues join together to from ___________________________. Your ___________________ is an organ that is made from several types of ______________. Roots, _______________, and ___________________ are three __________________ found in many __________________. Organs do not usually work alone. An ___________________ ______________________ is made up of all the _______________ that work together to do a specific job. Label the diagram below.

FCAT Review (grades 6-7-8) 2014 Tissue Organism Cell Organ System Organ

Name:_____________________________ Energy and Force

FCAT Review (grades 6-7-8) 2014 Turn to section 300 and complete the information below. Forms of Energy Law of Conservation of Energy - ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________ __________________ is the energy an object has because it is moving. The _______________ the speed and the mass of the object, the _______________________ its kinetic energy. ___________________________ ______________________ is energy an object has because of its position or shape. There are several forms of energy. Use section 300 and label the diagram with the correct energy transformations.

The energy from the battery = _____________________________ The energy from the battery to the wire = ______________________________________ From the wire to the windmill and tires =______________________________________________ Use section 275 to complete the following. Forces in Nature

A __________________ is a push or ______________________ on an object. Force is measured in a unit called ______________________ ( __).

Use section 278 to describe the following.

What is the picture below showing?_____________________________________________________________________ Explain it.__________________________________________________________________________________________ Use 280, 281, and 282 to complete the following. Balanced and Unbalanced Forces

FCAT Review (grades 6-7-8) 2014 More than one force can act on an object at the same time. The __________________ ___________________ on an object is the ___________________ of the forces acting on it. When the net force on an object is __________________, the forces are said to be ____________________. Look at the examples below and fill in the other number. 10N ______ 60N ______ 50N ___________ When the net force on an object is greater than _______________, the forces are said to be ____________________, ____________________ ______________________ produce a change in the motion of an object. Draw an arrow in the direction that the objects below would move because of their unbalanced force. 155N 100N

124N

100N 75N 45 N 50N 100N

Look at section 284 to help you understand speed, and then look at the graphs below.

FCAT Review (grades 6-7-8) 2014

Evolution & Adaptation

Review

Explain what is happening in the graph to the left.

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

________________________________________________

Look at the graph to the right. What is happening between segment B and C?____________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________

Name:________________________

FCAT Review (grades 6-7-8) 2014

Read sections 126 & 127. Fill in the blanks below. The Theory of Evolution ______________________ are the physical remains of organisms, or an imprint of the physical remains. Fossils also suggest that ________________________ have _____________ __________________ ___________________. The ______________________ ________ ____________________ describes the ________________ __________________ in organisms that occurs over many generations. Natural Selection Darwin defined __________________ _______________________ as the process by which organisms change over time, as those _______________ ___________________ to their _____________________ _______________ to pass their traits to the next generation. Chose two of Darwin’s main ideas about natural selection, and write them below. 1. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Adaptation plays a major role in natural selection. An __________________________ is a ________________________ or trait that helps an organism survive in its environment. Give an example of an adaptation.______________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Read sections 130, 131, & 132. Fill in the blanks below. Populations Fill in the triangle below and write a description for each word: population, species, ecosystem, community. Abiotic factors = non living factors Biotic factors = living factors Factors that Affect Populations

FCAT Review (grades 6-7-8) 2014 For many populations to thrive, there must be enough food, water, and living space. Such factors are called _______________ ____________________ because they limit how many organisms can live in the environment. What else could be considered a limiting factor?________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Relationships Between Populations Competition-___________________________________________________________________________________ ________________is a type of feeding relationship in which one animal captures and eats another animal for food. The animal that is eaten is the ________________. The animal that is eating the prey is the _______________________. __________________________ is a close relationship between two species. There are 3 types: Mutual ism -_________________________________________________________________________________ Commensalism-______________________________________________________________________________ Parasitism - __________________________________________________________________________________ Use sections 134 & 135 to fill in the diagrams below. ______________ show the direction of ____________________ movement in a food chain. _____________ _________________ ___________________ ______________________ A food web is a system of several overlapping food chains. Pond grass dragonfly 1. What are the producers in this food web? Otter flies Heron ________________________________ 2. Who is competing for the frog as a food source? frog _____________________________________________ 3. What is providing the major source of energy for entire food web?_______________________________ water flea algae 4. Who are the two primary consumers in this web?

_____________________________________________ Gar perch Use sections 151- 157 to answer the questions below.

FCAT Review (grades 6-7-8) 2014 1. What are the three domains in Linnaeus’ system?______________________________________________________ 2. In which domain is each kingdom located? Archaea Bacteria Eukarya 3. List some general characteristics of each Kingdom: Plant (Plantae) _____________________________________________________________________________________ Animal (Anamalia)___________________________________________________________________________________ Fungi _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Protist (Protisita)____________________________________________________________________________________

Name:______________________________

Read sections 177 and fill in the notes.

The four main parts of Earth’s structure are _______________________, _____________________________, _______________________________________, _____________________________________. Label the following and include one fact about each layer.

__________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Skim section 180, and fill in the blanks below.

FCAT Review (grades 6-7-8) 2014

______________ are solid earth materials formed from a mixture of minerals and sometimes other materials. Rocks are classified into one of three groups. These groups are _____________________________, ________________________________, and _______________________________________ ________________ _________________ form deep in Earth’s crust at high temperatures. Igneous rocks form when ________________ or __________________ cools and becomes solid. _________________________ ______________________ are made from pieces of rocks, minerals, remains of living things, and dissolved minerals that come out of water and cemented together. ____________ is moved by _______________ and ____________________ and piles up (is deposited) on land and on riverbeds, lake bottoms and the ocean floors. ___________________ ________________________ develops when, over time, heat and pressure inside Earth squeezes and melts exiting rock. Rock is changed over and over again through the ____________________ __________________. Skim section 182, 183, and 184. Fill in the notes and draw pictures where necessary. The Theory of Continental Drift states ___________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. Today’s ________________ ________ ________________ __________________ is a more complete picture that includes all the evidence that the continents have moved and are still moving. Uneven heating causes materials in the ________________ to constantly and slowly rise and fall in a ______________________ ___________________________. As convection currents move the molten material sideways, large portions of the crust, called ___________________________ ___________________, ride on top across Earth’s surface. There are three main types of plate boundaries. Name all three below and draw arrows representing which way each boundary collides. _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Skim sections 188 and 189 and fill in the blanks below.

FCAT Review (grades 6-7-8) 2014

______________________________ breaks up rock into smaller pieces, much like you might do using a hammer. There are two types of weathering. ___________________________ ________________________ Takes place when rocks are broken apart by a physical force. Ice wedging, release of pressure, __________________, and ______________________ are four types of mechanical weathering. ____________________________ _______________________ changes the chemical makeup of the rocks and minerals. ________________________ (forms when oxygen joins chemically with iron) and rocks dissolving by acids are two types of chemical weathering. Skim 195 and write a definition for the Law of superposition below. Draw a picture to represent the law of superposition. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name:_______________________ Refer to section 114 and fill in the blanks. Sexual Reproduction When cells from two different parents combine, it is called __________________________ ______________________. Special cells, called ___________________ and ________________ _________________, are used in sexual reproduction. These cells form by a type of cell division called _________________________. Refer to section 115 and fill in the blanks. DNA When organisms reproduce, traits are passed from parent to offspring. These traits are carried in _________________, the genetic material found in a cell’s _____________________. _____________ is a very large molecule with a shape similar to a twisted ladder. (a double helix) Look at section 116 and fill in the notes below. Genes A mother cat has a litter of kittens. Each kitten in the litter has __________________ colors, markings, or other features. Each kitten received a different combinations of ___________________ from its parents. ________________ are segments of DNA that carry instructions for the traits of organisms from parent to offspring. Genes are located on ___________________________ in the nuclei, or ______________ of cells. Your ___________________ determine your _____________. You inherited your ____________________ and the traits they carry from your ________________________. Read over section 121 , 122, and 123 and fill in the blanks below.

Heredity

FCAT Review (grades 6-7-8) 2014 Heredity The passing of traits from _______________________ to ___________________ is called ________________________. Many easily observable ________________________ are inherited, including _______________ and eye color, skin type and _______________________________. Every organism has a set of genes that determines its _______________________. These genes occur in ___________________. Each gene in a pair is known as an _____________________________. If one of the alleles masks the effect of the other allele, is called a ______________________ allele. The allele that is masked by the _____________________ allele is called a _________________________ allele. Alleles are often written using _________________. A dominant allele is shown with a ___________________ _____________________, such as “T” for tallness. The recessive allele for the same trait is shown with a _____________________ version of the same letter. A table called a ______________________ ________________________ can be used to predict what traits ____________________ will have based on what traits the ______________________ have. In a __________________ ________________________, the top f the table shows the alleles contributed by the male. Along the side are the ______________ alleles that the female contributes. A _________________________ is the set of alleles an organism has for a trait. A _______________________ is the appearance the trait takes on. Fill in the blanks

1) For each of the genotypes (AA, Aa or aa) below determine what the phenotype would be.

Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers. PP_____________ Pp____________ pp_______________ Hairy knuckles are dominant to non-hairy knuckles in humans. HH_____________ Hh ___________ hh _________________ Bobtails in cats are recessive. Normal tails are dominant. TT _____________ Tt _________ tt _____________ Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled seeds in pea plants. RR______________ Rr _____________ rr ____________ No-cleft chin is dominant. Cleft chin is recessive. CC ___________ Cc __________ cc _____________

2) For each of the following write whether it is homozygous dominant, heterozygous or homozygous recessive.

FCAT Review (grades 6-7-8) 2014

AA____________ Ff____________ Aa______________ gg______________

GG____________ Pp____________ Ii_______________ tt_______________

TT____________ Tt____________ aa______________ Oo______________

Use the following information for questions 3-5:

In dogs, the gene for fur color has two alleles. The dominant allele (F) codes for grey fur and the recessive allele (f)

codes for black fur.

3) The female dog is heterozygous. The male dog is homozygous recessive. Figure out the phenotypes and genotypes of their possible puppies by using a Punnett Square.

Genotypes:

FF: Ff: ff:

Phenotypes:

Black fur: Grey fur:

4) The female dog has black fur. The male dog has black fur. Figure out the phenotypes and genotypes of their

possible puppies by using a Punnett Square.

Genotypes: Phenotypes:

FF: Black fur:

Ff: Grey fur:

ff:

Name: _____________________

FCAT Review (grades 6-7-8) 2014 Heat and Waves Review Section 301. Read the section. Write the definition of each of the following words.

Thermal Energy

Heat

Temperature

Q: What has more thermal energy? A giant, frozen iceberg or a swimming pool filled with boiling water? Explain. _____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ Section 303. Read and fill in the blank. Equalization of Temperatures: Whenever two objects come into contact with each other, heat will flow from the object with the __________ ____________________ to the object with the ____________ ___________________. The heat will continue to flow until the temperature of the two objects has equalized or reached the same temperature. Q: Draw an arrow indicating where heat would flow. If the ice is at 0ºC, and the lemonade is about 50 ºC, estimate the temperature of the lemonade after it equalizes Section 304: Read the section. Write the definition of each word.

FCAT Review (grades 6-7-8) 2014

Label each method of heat transfer in the picture above.

Section 305. Read and fill in the blank. One way that energy is transported is through waves. A wave is an ___________________ (A back-and-forth or up-and-down motion) that travels from one place to another with a certain __________________ (speed and direction). Some waves, like sound waves and water waves, travel through matter. Waves that travel through matter are called __________________________ waves. Other waves, like visible light, microwaves, X-rays, and radio waves travel through empty space (as well as though matter). Waves that can travel though empty space are called ____________________________ _________. Section 306-307: Read and label all the parts of each type of wave. Label each type of wave below

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

FCAT Review (grades 6-7-8) 2014

Section 308-310: Read the sections. Label the electromagnetic spectrum. Label the colors of the

visible light spectrum.

Section 311. Read the section. Find the definition of each word and give an example.

Word Definition Example

Translucent

Transparent

Reflection

Refraction