•THE CRIMEAN WAR•ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATION

Chapter 22: The Age of Nation-States

THE CRIMEAN WAR 1853-1856 Russia vs. the Ottoman Empire France and Britain side with the

Ottoman Empire in 1854 Russia loses, forced to give up

territories and claims in the Treaty of Paris (1856)

IMPACT OF THE CRIMEAN WAR First “Modern War”? (First covered by

war correspondents and photographers)

Russia no longer seemed “invincible” Period of European instability in the

late 19th century Reforms of the Ottoman Empire

Religious “equity” Western influence

Europe in 1850

ITALIAN UNIFICATION Giuseppe Mazzini—leader of Italian

nationalists after 1848 Mazzini and Garibaldi continued to

fight guerrilla wars for the Republican cause through the 1850’s

Moderate Italian nationalists Wanted independence from Austria Did not want a republic

ITALIAN UNIFICATION Camillo Cavour—politician

responsible for making Italy an independent constitutional monarchy (using Machiavelli’s virtù)

ITALIAN UNIFICATION March 1861—Victor Emmanuel II

was proclaimed king of Italy New Italy government was corrupt

(ruled by bribery and political “favors”)

GERMAN UNIFICATION Germany in the 1850’s—a loose

German Confederation of 39 states who met occasionally as a “diet” in Frankfurt

GERMAN UNIFICATION 1861—William I becomes king of

Prussia 1862—William I appoints Otto von

Bismark Prime Minister

GERMAN UNIFICATION The Danish War

(1864)—Prussia/Austria’s defeat of Denmark increased Bismark’s popularity.

Bismark supported unification of Germany.

Austro-Prussian War (1866)—eliminates Austria from the German states, leaving only Prussia

1867—Bismark becomes Chancellor of the North German Confederation

GERMAN UNIFICATION Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)—

completes German unification. The new German state, created in

1871, was much more powerful than Prussia had been alone.

William I becomes Emperor of Germany Bismark becomes Chancellor, will serve

until 1890