Giuseppe Mazzini – “The Heart”

• Grassroots unification

• Italian Risorgimento

Camillo di Cavour – “The Brain”

• Prime Minister of Sardinia

• A liberal – wanted to make Sardinia a model of progress, efficiency, and fair government for others to admire

• Tried to improve the economy

Camillo di Cavour – “The Brain”

• Didn’t idealize war, but willing to use war to unify Italy – Crimean War (1855-1856) – Reorganized and

strengthened Sardinian army

• Main architect of Italian unification

Guisseppe Garibaldi – “The Sword”

• “Hero of Two Worlds”

• Red Shirts

King Victor Emmanuel II, House of Savoy

• Only native Italian monarch in Italy

Italian Unification Timeline

1870 - Franco-Prussian War, Italy takes RomeITALY UNIFIED

1859 – War With Austria, Italy gets Lombardy with help of Napoleon III

1852 – Cavour becomes Prime Minister of Sardinia

•1861- Victor Emmanuel II Proclaimed “King of Italy”•Cavour dies

1860 – Garibaldi and the “Red Shirt”Land in Sicily

1871: Rome proclaimed capitalof unified Italy

1866: 7 Weeks’ War, Italy sides with Prussia & receives Venice

Revolution of 1848

Otto von Bismarck: The Founding of A German Empire

Nationalism Comes to Germany• France and Russia had long-standing policy of

keeping Germany weak and divided• Nationalism came to Germany, but different from

Italy– Superiority to Slavs– Independent of West – own particular way of life and

political system– Were not widespread ideas of individual liberty –

tended to glorify the state

Revolution of 1848 in Germany

• Series of revolutions in German states

• Frankfurt Parliament of 1848– Offered crown of unified Germany

to Frederick William IV• Turned it down – would not accept

crown “from the gutter”

• German states restored

Path to Unification

• “Blood and Iron”• ZOLLVEREIN a customs union of

German states that did not include Austria.

• REALPOLITIK, which means “realism" – do what is necessary, not what is right or moral

• SCHLESWIG AND HOLSTEIN Seven Weeks' War

Franco-Prussian War• NORTH GERMAN CONFEDERATION

• EMS TELEGRAM: Queen Isabella – France opposed the choice of a Prussian

Hohenzollern prince to replace Isabella.

– Napoleon III demanded in July 1870 that KING WILHELM OF PRUSSIA also oppose it.

– Wilhelm was reluctant to start trouble with France, so he crafted a polite, diplomatic response, which one of his officials conveyed to Bismarck.

– Bismarck edited the king's words to create the impression that the French ambassador and King Wilhelm had traded diplomatic insults. France thus declared war on Prussia on July 19, 1870.

– France quickly defeated, GERMAN EMPIRE PROCLAIMED

German Unification Timeline

1870 - Franco-Prussian War;France losesAlsace-Lorraine

1848 – Revolution & Frankfurt Parliament

1844 – Zollverein includes Almost all German states

1862 – William IBismarck appointedHead of cabinet

1871: GermanEmpire Proclaimed;Bismarck appointed Chancellor

1866- 7 Weeks’ War; German ConfederationDissolved; Prussia takes Schleswig & Holstein

1819 - Carlsbad Decrees

1818 – Prussia eliminates tariffs

1864 – Austria &Germany defeat Denmark: Austria takes Schleswig, Prussia takes Holstein

GOALS METHODS

BISMARCK

CAVOUR

GOALS METHODS

BISMARCK Unification of Germany Increase Prussian Power Decrease Austrian influence in Germany

(drive them out of Germany)

“blood and iron” – war, trickery, etc… (7 Weeks War, tricked Austria; Franco-Prussian War)

Realpolitik – do whatever is necessary to achieve goals, not what is moral or right

CAVOUR Unification of Italy Make Sardinia a model of progress and

efficiency (liberalism)

Did not favor war, but was willing to use it if necessary (got involved in Crimean War to have a place at the peace negotiations in order to bring up the Italian question; joined Prussia in 7 Weeks War to get Venetia)

Used plebiscites and majority opinion to unify

Let the “Red Shirts” and Garibaldi do work for him