The Unification of Italy and GermanyThe Unification of Italy and Germany

GaribaldiGaribaldi BismarckBismarck

What is Nationalism?What is Nationalism? Nationalism is a feeling of belonging and Nationalism is a feeling of belonging and

loyalty that causes people to think of loyalty that causes people to think of themselves as a nation.themselves as a nation.

During the 19During the 19thth and 20 and 20thth centuries, centuries, nationalism was anationalism was a

powerful force that could:powerful force that could: Create one nation from many Create one nation from many separate countries (ex. Italy and separate countries (ex. Italy and Germany)Germany)

Break one nation up into many Break one nation up into many countries (ex. Austria-Hungary, countries (ex. Austria-Hungary, and Turkey)and Turkey)

Nationalism Nationalism

Nationalism can be a cause of war Nationalism can be a cause of war (ex. WWI and WWII)(ex. WWI and WWII)

It has encouraged colonies to seek It has encouraged colonies to seek independence from their colonizers. independence from their colonizers. (ex. India, Indonesia, and countries in (ex. India, Indonesia, and countries in Africa)Africa)

Nationalism can take many different Nationalism can take many different forms but certain factors need to be forms but certain factors need to be present for it to growpresent for it to grow..

The Italian States Unite, 1859-1870The Italian States Unite, 1859-1870

Barriers to Italian NationalismBarriers to Italian Nationalism

Italy was divided into several states.Italy was divided into several states. Italy did not threaten the balance of power Italy did not threaten the balance of power

in Europe.in Europe. After the Congress of Vienna, Italy was After the Congress of Vienna, Italy was

made up of nine different states:made up of nine different states: Piedmont-Sardinia (the largest state)Piedmont-Sardinia (the largest state) Venetia and Lombardy belonged to Venetia and Lombardy belonged to

AustriaAustria the Pope ruled the Papal States in the Pope ruled the Papal States in

central Italycentral Italy the other states were ruled by foreign the other states were ruled by foreign

princes under Austrian control princes under Austrian control

Barriers to Italian NationalismBarriers to Italian Nationalism

Geography - mountains split Italy West and Geography - mountains split Italy West and East; the Po river, North and South East; the Po river, North and South

Illiteracy – as most of the population could Illiteracy – as most of the population could not read and write, nationalistic not read and write, nationalistic propaganda was difficult to spread propaganda was difficult to spread

The Pope - felt a united Italy would lessen The Pope - felt a united Italy would lessen his rights in the papal states his rights in the papal states

Lack of consensus - Italian states disagreed Lack of consensus - Italian states disagreed on a leader and type of government on a leader and type of government

Lack of European support - European Lack of European support - European nations felt a strong Italy would interfere nations felt a strong Italy would interfere with their planswith their plans

Factors That Led to Italian UnificationFactors That Led to Italian Unification

GeographyGeography• Italy is isolatedItaly is isolated• The Alps are to the North, surrounded by The Alps are to the North, surrounded by

oceans.oceans.• Geographic isolation allows Italy to develop Geographic isolation allows Italy to develop

its own ways, customs.its own ways, customs. HistoryHistory

• Italians are very proud of their heritage, Italians are very proud of their heritage, including the Italian Renaissance.including the Italian Renaissance.

• Napoleon’s conquest of Italian states led to a Napoleon’s conquest of Italian states led to a desire not to be conquered again desire not to be conquered again Italian Italian unity.unity.

Efforts of Three Men: Mazzini, Garibaldi, CavourEfforts of Three Men: Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cavour

Giuseppe Mazzini,Giuseppe Mazzini,“Prophet of Italian Unification”“Prophet of Italian Unification”

He was a member He was a member of the of the CarbonariCarbonari..

The Carbonari were The Carbonari were a secret group a secret group which used violence which used violence to obtain what it to obtain what it wanted.wanted.

He formed He formed Young Young ItalyItaly, made up of , made up of young people young people whose job it was to whose job it was to arouse enthusiasm arouse enthusiasm for a united nation.for a united nation.

Tried revolution but Tried revolution but it failedit failed..

Mazzini- Essay on Nationalism Mazzini- Essay on Nationalism (1852)(1852)

• Directions: Read the essay and Directions: Read the essay and answer the following questionsanswer the following questions

1.1. What are the two questions at the What are the two questions at the heart of the revolutions? How are heart of the revolutions? How are the two questions exemplified in the two questions exemplified in the French Revolution?the French Revolution?

2.2. What does consanguinity mean?What does consanguinity mean?

3.3. How can you sum up the second How can you sum up the second argument for unity?argument for unity?

Count Cavour, Count Cavour, “Architect of Italian Unification”“Architect of Italian Unification”

Count Camillo di Cavour was the Count Camillo di Cavour was the “architect” (planner) of “architect” (planner) of Piedmont-Sardinia’s revolt Piedmont-Sardinia’s revolt against Austria.against Austria.

This revolt encouraged other This revolt encouraged other Italian states to revolt.Italian states to revolt.

Giuseppe Garibaldi, Giuseppe Garibaldi, “The Sword of Italian Unification”“The Sword of Italian Unification”

Garibaldi first invaded Garibaldi first invaded Sicily, then urged them Sicily, then urged them to join Piedmont-to join Piedmont-Sardinia under the Sardinia under the leadership of Victor leadership of Victor Emmanuel.Emmanuel.

Garibaldi handed over Garibaldi handed over all conquered lands to all conquered lands to Victor Emmanuel.Victor Emmanuel.

How Italy was UnitedHow Italy was United

The Addition of the Papal States:The Addition of the Papal States: Victor Emmanuel conquers the Papal States; stops Victor Emmanuel conquers the Papal States; stops Garibaldi’s advance.Garibaldi’s advance. Unification nears completion.Unification nears completion.

1860: elections were held in all of Italy, except 1860: elections were held in all of Italy, except

Venetia and Rome.Venetia and Rome. 1861: in the city of Turin, representatives of a united 1861: in the city of Turin, representatives of a united

nation formed a parliament and proclaimed the nation formed a parliament and proclaimed the

establishment of Italy under Victor Emmanuel II.establishment of Italy under Victor Emmanuel II.

Victor Emmanuel IIVictor Emmanuel II

Problems Faced by a United ItalyProblems Faced by a United Italy

Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy is a Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy is a constitutional constitutional monarch. monarch.

Right to vote is limited to upper and middle class Right to vote is limited to upper and middle class property holders. property holders.

Many Catholics refuse to participate in new nation Many Catholics refuse to participate in new nation (as did the Pope). (as did the Pope).

Bribery and corruption were frequent in poor, Bribery and corruption were frequent in poor, uneducated lower classes. uneducated lower classes.

Some Italian speaking areas were not united with Some Italian speaking areas were not united with the central government. the central government.

Some felt Italy should become a world power and Some felt Italy should become a world power and fight for colonies. fight for colonies.

Italy lacked industrial development, agriculture, and Italy lacked industrial development, agriculture, and natural resources. natural resources.

Prices were high, people could not afford Prices were high, people could not afford manufactured goods. manufactured goods.

A German Nation is ForgedA German Nation is Forged

Background to German UnificationBackground to German Unification

Prior to the French Revolution, there were more than Prior to the French Revolution, there were more than 300 German states.300 German states.

Prussia and Austria were the largest.Prussia and Austria were the largest. The Congress of Vienna reduced the number of The Congress of Vienna reduced the number of

German states to 39.German states to 39. The smaller number of German states encouraged The smaller number of German states encouraged

feelings of nationalism and patriotism among these feelings of nationalism and patriotism among these German states. German states.

Barriers to German UnificationBarriers to German Unification

France preferred 39 weak states to one France preferred 39 weak states to one nation.nation.

Austria knew Prussia was most powerful Austria knew Prussia was most powerful state.state.

Rulers of smaller states feared loss of Rulers of smaller states feared loss of power in a united Germany. power in a united Germany.

Protestant/Catholic hostility (from Thirty Protestant/Catholic hostility (from Thirty Years’ War). Years’ War).

Economic differences between western Economic differences between western industrial states and agricultural eastern industrial states and agricultural eastern states.states.

Factors Encouraging German UnificationFactors Encouraging German Unification

Napoleon encouraged German unification Napoleon encouraged German unification with the with the Confederation of the RhineConfederation of the Rhine under under the Napoleonic Code.the Napoleonic Code.

Intellectuals supported a German Nation:Intellectuals supported a German Nation: Heinrich von Treitschke envisioned a Heinrich von Treitschke envisioned a

German FatherlandGerman Fatherland Goethe and Schiller saw a common Goethe and Schiller saw a common

nationality for all Germansnationality for all Germans Congress of Vienna created a Congress of Vienna created a German German

Confederation Confederation which was made up of 39 which was made up of 39 states. states.

ZollvereinZollverein created to increase trade, reduce created to increase trade, reduce problems of many state governments; problems of many state governments; taxes, coinage and postal system.taxes, coinage and postal system.

How Bismarck United GermanyHow Bismarck United Germany

Otto von BismarckOtto von Bismarck

How Bismarck United GermanyHow Bismarck United Germany

Prussia led German unification.Prussia led German unification. Otto von Bismarck led PrussiaOtto von Bismarck led Prussia

Conservative chosen as Prime Minister Conservative chosen as Prime Minister stood for absolutism, Divine Right Monarchy stood for absolutism, Divine Right Monarchy

and the Protestant Lutheran churchand the Protestant Lutheran church did not trust people or democracydid not trust people or democracy

Master of RealpolitickMaster of Realpolitick Politics of realityPolitics of reality

Tough power politics Tough power politics No idealism No idealism

William I, King of Prussia appointed William I, King of Prussia appointed Bismarck chief minister in the Prussian Bismarck chief minister in the Prussian Parliament ,1848Parliament ,1848

Bismarck’s Policy of “Blood and Iron”Bismarck’s Policy of “Blood and Iron”

““Not by speeches and Not by speeches and resolutions of majorities resolutions of majorities are the great questions are the great questions of the time decided upon of the time decided upon

– but by blood and iron”.– but by blood and iron”.

German UnificationGerman Unification

• Could not persuade parliamentCould not persuade parliament• Declared he would rule without Declared he would rule without

the consent of parliament and the consent of parliament and without a legal budget without a legal budget

• Aligned with Austria to attack Aligned with Austria to attack Denmark for Schleswig and Denmark for Schleswig and Holstein Holstein

• Quick victory increases Prussian Quick victory increases Prussian nationalism nationalism

German UnificationGerman Unification

• Prussia controls Schleswig and Austria Prussia controls Schleswig and Austria HolsteinHolstein

• Hoping this will lead to turmoil he can Hoping this will lead to turmoil he can use Border conflicts with Austria use Border conflicts with Austria between Schleswig and Holstein between Schleswig and Holstein

• Austria declares war on Prussia in Austria declares war on Prussia in 18661866

• Seven Weeks’ war Seven Weeks’ war • Prussia Annexes more territory Prussia Annexes more territory • Eastern and Western Prussia united Eastern and Western Prussia united

for first timefor first time

France: Bismarck’s France: Bismarck’s StrategyStrategy

Spanish throne is offered to a relative of the Spanish throne is offered to a relative of the King of Prussia after leaders of the Spanish King of Prussia after leaders of the Spanish revolution removed their leader. revolution removed their leader.

Louis Napoleon (Napoleon Bonaparte’s Louis Napoleon (Napoleon Bonaparte’s nephew), Emperor of France convinces nephew), Emperor of France convinces German prince to refuse crown then sends German prince to refuse crown then sends an envoy to convince William I of Prussia an envoy to convince William I of Prussia not to accept the crown.not to accept the crown.

From the City of Ems, William I sends a From the City of Ems, William I sends a telegram to Bismarck about the request, telegram to Bismarck about the request, this is called the Ems Dispatch. this is called the Ems Dispatch.

Bismarck, seizing his opportunity, rewords Bismarck, seizing his opportunity, rewords the telegram and publishes it in the the telegram and publishes it in the newspapers.newspapers.

Bismarck’s Plan Pays OffBismarck’s Plan Pays Off

Prussians become upset about unfair Prussians become upset about unfair demands to their king; French are insulted by demands to their king; French are insulted by Prussia.Prussia.

France declares war though unprepared – Prussia thus acquires: – French provinces of Alsace & Lorraine – money to cover the cost of war

The Franco-Prussian War completes the The Franco-Prussian War completes the unification of Germany. unification of Germany.

South German states unite with north to fight France

1871: German Empire is formed, William I of Prussia as Emperor.

Kaiser Wilhelm IKaiser Wilhelm I

Problems Faced by a United GermanyProblems Faced by a United Germany

Germany was far from democratic: Germany was far from democratic: – The Government of the German Empire The Government of the German Empire

was a federal union of states with the was a federal union of states with the King of Prussia as ruler and a two house King of Prussia as ruler and a two house legislature with: legislature with:

– A powerful 61 member appointed upper A powerful 61 member appointed upper house house

– A 400 member lower house chosen by A 400 member lower house chosen by universal male suffrage (all men could universal male suffrage (all men could vote) vote)

– Strong king who made government Strong king who made government appointments, strong upper house had appointments, strong upper house had power power

– strong army, soldiers prominent in societystrong army, soldiers prominent in society

Bismarck’s PoliciesBismarck’s Policies

Made socialism illegal Made socialism illegal Improved working conditions Improved working conditions Persecuted national and religious Persecuted national and religious

minorities, especially Catholics minorities, especially Catholics In foreign affairs, tried to isolate France by In foreign affairs, tried to isolate France by

making friendships with Austria and Russiamaking friendships with Austria and Russia Use of Use of RealpolitikRealpolitik Realpolitik Realpolitik was Bismarck’s foreign policy was Bismarck’s foreign policy

decisions are not based on ideological or decisions are not based on ideological or moral considerations; decisions should be moral considerations; decisions should be based on self-interest. based on self-interest.

Comparing Revolutions, Revolts, and Unifications

• What is one factor that has been present in all of the conflicts we have studied so far? Why do you think this factor repeatedly shows up?