German German and and Italian Italian UnificationUnification

Divided ItalyDivided Italy Following the Revolution of 1848, the Following the Revolution of 1848, the RisorgimentoRisorgimento seemed a distant dream. seemed a distant dream.

Italy remained divided into three main Italy remained divided into three main parts:parts: Kingdom of the Two Sicilies – ruled by Kingdom of the Two Sicilies – ruled by

Bourbon monarch.Bourbon monarch. Pope ruled the Papal States.Pope ruled the Papal States. In the North, Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled In the North, Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled

by the House of Savoy; Tuscany, Modena by the House of Savoy; Tuscany, Modena and Parma were dominated by Austria while and Parma were dominated by Austria while Venice and Lombardy were part of the Venice and Lombardy were part of the Austria Empire. Austria Empire.

Count Camillo Cavour (1810-1861)Count Camillo Cavour (1810-1861) Born of nobility, he Born of nobility, he

became a liberal early in became a liberal early in his career.his career.

In 1848, he was elected to In 1848, he was elected to the new Piedmontese the new Piedmontese Parliament and rose Parliament and rose through the ranks.through the ranks.

King Victor Emmanuel IIKing Victor Emmanuel II (r. 1849-1878) appointed (r. 1849-1878) appointed him premier in 1852. him premier in 1852.

Count Camillo CavourCount Camillo Cavour Cavour quickly instituted a program of Cavour quickly instituted a program of

liberal reforms, hoping to discredit liberal reforms, hoping to discredit Austrian tyranny and creating a united Austrian tyranny and creating a united North Italian state.North Italian state. He reformed the currency and finance He reformed the currency and finance

systems.systems. Balanced the state budget.Balanced the state budget. He modernized railroads and factories.He modernized railroads and factories. He established banks.He established banks.

Piedmont – Austrian WarPiedmont – Austrian War Cavour sought alliance with France to help Cavour sought alliance with France to help

deal with Austria.deal with Austria. Piedmont sends troops to the Crimea.Piedmont sends troops to the Crimea. Napoleon III agrees to deal with Cavour.Napoleon III agrees to deal with Cavour.

Provides French troops to fight against Austria.Provides French troops to fight against Austria. Piedmont would gain Lombardy and Venetia.Piedmont would gain Lombardy and Venetia. France would gain Savoy and Nice. France would gain Savoy and Nice.

Cavour provokes Austria into war in April Cavour provokes Austria into war in April 1859.1859.

Piedmont – Austrian WarPiedmont – Austrian War Austria attacked, but were turned back by Austria attacked, but were turned back by

the Piedmontese and the French at the the Piedmontese and the French at the Battles of Magenta and SolferinoBattles of Magenta and Solferino..

Napoleon III made a separate peace with Napoleon III made a separate peace with Austria (Peace of Villafranca), giving Austria (Peace of Villafranca), giving Lombardy to Piedmont but retaining Lombardy to Piedmont but retaining Venice.Venice.

Cavour resigned in disgust, but returned Cavour resigned in disgust, but returned in 1860 when revolutionary assemblies in 1860 when revolutionary assemblies across northern Italy moved to join with across northern Italy moved to join with Piedmont.Piedmont.

Revolution in Southern Revolution in Southern ItalyItaly

Revolution broke out in Southern Italy in Revolution broke out in Southern Italy in 1860 against Bourbon 1860 against Bourbon Francis IIFrancis II..

Guiseppe Garibaldi sailed south with Guiseppe Garibaldi sailed south with 1000 Red Shirts to Sicily to support the 1000 Red Shirts to Sicily to support the revolt, taking Palermo.revolt, taking Palermo.

In August, they crossed to the Italian In August, they crossed to the Italian mainland, Francis II fled.mainland, Francis II fled.

On Sept. 7, Garibaldi took Naples.On Sept. 7, Garibaldi took Naples.

The Kingdom of ItalyThe Kingdom of Italy Cavour then sent troops to take control of the Papal Cavour then sent troops to take control of the Papal

States before Garibaldi moved against Rome.States before Garibaldi moved against Rome. Garibaldi allowed the annexation of the Kingdom of Garibaldi allowed the annexation of the Kingdom of

the Two Sicilies.the Two Sicilies. On March 17, 1861 an Italian parliament proclaimed On March 17, 1861 an Italian parliament proclaimed

the Kingdom of Italy with Victor Emmanuel II as the Kingdom of Italy with Victor Emmanuel II as king.king.

Wars between Prussia and Austria and France Wars between Prussia and Austria and France allowed Venetia and Rome to be incorporated into allowed Venetia and Rome to be incorporated into Italy by 1870.Italy by 1870.

Divided GermanyDivided Germany After 1848, liberal nationalists were in a After 1848, liberal nationalists were in a

weak position politically.weak position politically. The German Confederation was The German Confederation was

reestablished as a loose union of 39 reestablished as a loose union of 39 states (including the powerful Prussia and states (including the powerful Prussia and Austria).Austria).

The union was dominated by Austria, The union was dominated by Austria, which held the presidency.which held the presidency.

Otto von Bismarck (1815-Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)1898)

Bismarck was born on Bismarck was born on Prussian Junker aristocracy.Prussian Junker aristocracy.

Worked unhappily in civil Worked unhappily in civil service and became a service and became a farmer.farmer.

Elected to the Elected to the LandtagLandtag (Prussian Parliament) in (Prussian Parliament) in 1847.1847.

Here he would begin his Here he would begin his practice of practice of “realpolitik”“realpolitik”

Otto von BismarckOtto von Bismarck In 1852, he became Prussia’s In 1852, he became Prussia’s

rep. at the Confederation (later rep. at the Confederation (later he became ambassador to he became ambassador to Russia and France).Russia and France).

Wilhelm IWilhelm I (r. 1861-1888) named (r. 1861-1888) named him minister-president to push him minister-president to push forward expansion of the military.forward expansion of the military.

Despite liberal opposition, he Despite liberal opposition, he raised taxes to do so, claiming raised taxes to do so, claiming change would come through change would come through “blood and iron.”“blood and iron.”

Wilhelm I

The Schleswig-Holstein The Schleswig-Holstein AffairAffair 1863 annexation by Denmark infuriated 1863 annexation by Denmark infuriated

German nationalists.German nationalists. Prussia and Austria allied to defeat Prussia and Austria allied to defeat

Demark in 1864.Demark in 1864. The The Convention of GasteinConvention of Gastein provided for provided for

joint Austrian-Prussian rule of the duchies.joint Austrian-Prussian rule of the duchies. Bismarck began making deals with Bismarck began making deals with

France, Italy and Russia for neutrality in France, Italy and Russia for neutrality in dealing with Austria.dealing with Austria.

The Seven Weeks WarThe Seven Weeks War In 1866, Prussia accused Austria of In 1866, Prussia accused Austria of

violating the Convention of Gastein.violating the Convention of Gastein. In June, they went to war.In June, they went to war. Austrians were soundly defeated at the Austrians were soundly defeated at the

Battle of Königgrätz Battle of Königgrätz (Sadowa) on July 3.(Sadowa) on July 3. In the Treaty of Prague, Prussia gained In the Treaty of Prague, Prussia gained

several states in northern Germany, the several states in northern Germany, the German Conf. dissolved and Italy German Conf. dissolved and Italy received Venetia.received Venetia.

The North German The North German ConfederationConfederation

Prussia established the Prussia established the North German North German ConfederationConfederation in 1867. in 1867.

South German states of Bavaria, South German states of Bavaria, Wurttemburg, Baden, and Hesse Wurttemburg, Baden, and Hesse remained independent.remained independent.

Bismarck wanted to absorb them, but Bismarck wanted to absorb them, but differences (south was Catholic and differences (south was Catholic and liberal) and French opposition made this liberal) and French opposition made this difficult.difficult.

The Hohenzollern The Hohenzollern CandidacyCandidacy

An 1868 Spanish revolution resulted in the An 1868 Spanish revolution resulted in the nomination of Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern as nomination of Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern as king.king.

The French protested and the Prussians acquiesced.The French protested and the Prussians acquiesced. At Elms, French Count Benedetti demanded further At Elms, French Count Benedetti demanded further

Prussian concessions, Wilhelm I refused.Prussian concessions, Wilhelm I refused. Bismarck had notes of the meeting (known as the Bismarck had notes of the meeting (known as the

Elms DispatchElms Dispatch) released. Napoleon III was enraged ) released. Napoleon III was enraged and declared war on July 19, 1870.and declared war on July 19, 1870.

The South German states allied with Prussia.The South German states allied with Prussia.

The Franco-Prussian WarThe Franco-Prussian War The German armies quickly mobilized and The German armies quickly mobilized and

invaded France.invaded France. On Sept. 2, the Napoleon III was captured and a On Sept. 2, the Napoleon III was captured and a

large part of the French Army surrendered at large part of the French Army surrendered at Sedan.Sedan.

In Paris, rebels proclaimed the In Paris, rebels proclaimed the Third French Third French RepublicRepublic and continued the war. and continued the war.

On May 10, the Treaty of Frankfurt ended the war.On May 10, the Treaty of Frankfurt ended the war. Germany got the provinces of Germany got the provinces of Alsace and LorraineAlsace and Lorraine

and 5 billion francs.and 5 billion francs. The French greatly resented their defeat.The French greatly resented their defeat.

TheTheGerman Reich German Reich During the war negotiations continued in During the war negotiations continued in

Germany.Germany. As a result, on Jan. 18, 1871 Wilhelm I As a result, on Jan. 18, 1871 Wilhelm I

was proclaimed Kaiser before an was proclaimed Kaiser before an assembly of German princes in the Hall assembly of German princes in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles.of Mirrors at Versailles.

The unification of Germany was The unification of Germany was complete, Bismarck became Chancellor.complete, Bismarck became Chancellor.

Lessons and ImpactLessons and Impact Liberal nationalists had failed to unify Germany Liberal nationalists had failed to unify Germany

and Italy from below in 1848 .and Italy from below in 1848 . Where they failed, conservative nationalists Where they failed, conservative nationalists

were able to succeed from above in the 1860s.were able to succeed from above in the 1860s. The unification of Germany and Italy changed The unification of Germany and Italy changed

the balance of power established at the the balance of power established at the Congress of Vienna (1815) at the expense of Congress of Vienna (1815) at the expense of Austria and France.Austria and France.

Immediately, Germany became the most Immediately, Germany became the most powerful nation on the European continent.powerful nation on the European continent.