german unification 1213

Italian Unification

Take out your group’s narrative of Italian Unification.

1. You are a liberal nationalist entrepreneur from Venice John, Katie, Will2. You are a poor Roman Marxist Katherine, Conor, Elm3. You are a wealthy conservative landowner from Naples Harry, Summer, Jesse4. You are a Republican Piedmontese émigré’ living in Austria Blake, Dustin, Lila5. You are a poor Tuscan farmer. Nathan, Maiah, ANS6. PICK ONE! Casey, Courtney

Sunday, March 17, 13

Otto von Bismarck

Minister/Chancellor of Prussia (Germany), 1862-1890

German Unification


1. Austro-Prussian War2. King William I appoints Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister.3. Franco-Prussian War4. Frankfurt Assembly tried to achieve the creation of a liberal German state.5. Prussian army captures French Emperor, Napoleon III6. William I is crowned Emperor of the Second German Empire in the palace of Versailles (ceremonial venue)7. Otto von Bismarck governs Prussia with the approval of the king and parliament, increasing the size of the Prussian army.8. Danish-Prussian War9. Prussia governs the territory of Schleswig, Austria governs Holstein


1. Austro-Prussian War2. King William I appoints Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister.3. Franco-Prussian War

4. Fr

ankfu

rt Asse

mbly tr

ied to

achie

ve th

e crea

tion o

f a lib

eral

German

state

.

5. Prussian army captures French Emperor, Napoleon III6. William I is crowned Emperor of the Second German Empire in the palace of Versailles (ceremonial venue)7. Otto von Bismarck governs Prussia with the approval of the king and parliament, increasing the size of the Prussian army.8. Danish-Prussian War9. Prussia governs the territory of Schleswig, Austria governs Holstein


1. Austro-Prussian War2. King William I appoints Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister.3. Franco-Prussian War

4. Fr

ankfu

rt Asse

mbly tr

ied to

achie

ve th

e crea

tion o

f a lib

eral

German

state

.


1848


1. Austro-Prussian War

2. K

ing W

illiam

I app

oints

Otto vo

n

Bismarc

k as P

rime M

iniste

r.

3. Franco-Prussian War

4. Fr

ankfu

rt Asse

mbly tr

ied to

achie

ve th

e crea

tion o

f a lib

eral

German

state

.


1848



2. K

ing W

illiam

I app

oints

Otto vo

n

Bismarc

k as P

rime M

iniste

r.


4. Fr

ankfu

rt Asse

mbly tr

ied to

achie

ve th

e crea

tion o

f a lib

eral

German

state

.


1848 1862



2. K

ing W

illiam

I app

oints

Otto vo

n

Bismarc

k as P

rime M

iniste

r.


4. Fr

ankfu

rt Asse

mbly tr

ied to

achie

ve th

e crea

tion o

f a lib

eral

German

state

.

5. Prussian army captures French Emperor, Napoleon III6. William I is crowned Emperor of the Second German Empire in the palace of Versailles (ceremonial venue)

7. O

tto vo

n Bism

arck g

overn

s Prus

sia w

ith th

e app

roval

of the

king

and

parli

amen

t, inc

reasin

g the

size

of th

e Prus

sian a

rmy.

8. Danish-Prussian War9. Prussia governs the territory of Schleswig, Austria governs Holstein

1848 1862



2. K

ing W

illiam

I app

oints

Otto vo

n

Bismarc

k as P

rime M

iniste

r.


4. Fr

ankfu

rt Asse

mbly tr

ied to

achie

ve th

e crea

tion o

f a lib

eral

German

state

.


7. O

tto vo

n Bism

arck g

overn

s Prus

sia w

ith th

e app

roval

of the

king

and

parli

amen

t, inc

reasin

g the

size

of th

e Prus

sian a

rmy.

8. Danish-Prussian War9. Prussia governs the territory of Schleswig, Austria governs Holstein

1848 1862 1862-1866



2. K

ing W

illiam

I app

oints

Otto vo

n

Bismarc

k as P

rime M

iniste

r.


4. Fr

ankfu

rt Asse

mbly tr

ied to

achie

ve th

e crea

tion o

f a lib

eral

German

state

.


7. O

tto vo

n Bism

arck g

overn

s Prus

sia w

ith th

e app

roval

of the

king

and

parli

amen

t, inc

reasin

g the

size

of th

e Prus

sian a

rmy.

8. D

anish

-Prus

sian W

ar

1848 1862 1862-1866

9. Prussia governs the territory of Schleswig, Austria governs Holstein



2. K

ing W

illiam

I app

oints

Otto vo

n

Bismarc

k as P

rime M

iniste

r.


4. Fr

ankfu

rt Asse

mbly tr

ied to

achie

ve th

e crea

tion o

f a lib

eral

German

state

.


7. O

tto vo

n Bism

arck g

overn

s Prus

sia w

ith th

e app

roval

of the

king

and

parli

amen

t, inc

reasin

g the

size

of th

e Prus

sian a

rmy.

8. D

anish

-Prus

sian W

ar

1848 18641862 1862-1866

9. Prussia governs the territory of Schleswig, Austria governs Holstein



2. K

ing W

illiam

I app

oints

Otto vo

n

Bismarc

k as P

rime M

iniste

r.


4. Fr

ankfu

rt Asse

mbly tr

ied to

achie

ve th

e crea

tion o

f a lib

eral

German

state

.


7. O

tto vo

n Bism

arck g

overn

s Prus

sia w

ith th

e app

roval

of the

king

and

parli

amen

t, inc

reasin

g the

size

of th

e Prus

sian a

rmy.

8. D

anish

-Prus

sian W

ar

1848 18641862 1862-1866

9. Pr

ussia

gove

rns th

e terr

itory

of Sc

hlesw

ig, A

ustri

a gov

erns H

olstei

n



2. K

ing W

illiam

I app

oints

Otto vo

n

Bismarc

k as P

rime M

iniste

r.


4. Fr

ankfu

rt Asse

mbly tr

ied to

achie

ve th

e crea

tion o

f a lib

eral

German

state

.


7. O

tto vo

n Bism

arck g

overn

s Prus

sia w

ith th

e app

roval

of the

king

and

parli

amen

t, inc

reasin

g the

size

of th

e Prus

sian a

rmy.

8. D

anish

-Prus

sian W

ar

1848 18641862 1862-1866

9. Pr

ussia

gove

rns th

e terr

itory

of Sc

hlesw

ig, A

ustri

a gov

erns H

olstei

n

1864-1866


1.Aus

tro-P

russia

n War

2. K

ing W

illiam

I app

oints

Otto vo

n

Bismarc

k as P

rime M

iniste

r.


4. Fr

ankfu

rt Asse

mbly tr

ied to

achie

ve th

e crea

tion o

f a lib

eral

German

state

.


7. O

tto vo

n Bism

arck g

overn

s Prus

sia w

ith th

e app

roval

of the

king

and

parli

amen

t, inc

reasin

g the

size

of th

e Prus

sian a

rmy.

8. D

anish

-Prus

sian W

ar

1848 18641862 1862-1866

9. Pr

ussia

gove

rns th

e terr

itory

of Sc

hlesw

ig, A

ustri

a gov

erns H

olstei

n

1864-1866


1.Aus

tro-P

russia

n War

2. K

ing W

illiam

I app

oints

Otto vo

n

Bismarc

k as P

rime M

iniste

r.


4. Fr

ankfu

rt Asse

mbly tr

ied to

achie

ve th

e crea

tion o

f a lib

eral

German

state

.


7. O

tto vo

n Bism

arck g

overn

s Prus

sia w

ith th

e app

roval

of the

king

and

parli

amen

t, inc

reasin

g the

size

of th

e Prus

sian a

rmy.

8. D

anish

-Prus

sian W

ar

1848 18641862 1862-1866

9. Pr

ussia

gove

rns th

e terr

itory

of Sc

hlesw

ig, A

ustri

a gov

erns H

olstei

n

1864-1866 1866


1.Aus

tro-P

russia

n War

2. K

ing W

illiam

I app

oints

Otto vo

n

Bismarc

k as P

rime M

iniste

r.

3. Fr

anco

-Prus

sian W

ar

4. Fr

ankfu

rt Asse

mbly tr

ied to

achie

ve th

e crea

tion o

f a lib

eral

German

state

.


7. O

tto vo

n Bism

arck g

overn

s Prus

sia w

ith th

e app

roval

of the

king

and

parli

amen

t, inc

reasin

g the

size

of th

e Prus

sian a

rmy.

8. D

anish

-Prus

sian W

ar

1848 18641862 1862-1866

9. Pr

ussia

gove

rns th

e terr

itory

of Sc

hlesw

ig, A

ustri

a gov

erns H

olstei

n

1864-1866 1866


1.Aus

tro-P

russia

n War

2. K

ing W

illiam

I app

oints

Otto vo

n

Bismarc

k as P

rime M

iniste

r.

3. Fr

anco

-Prus

sian W

ar

4. Fr

ankfu

rt Asse

mbly tr

ied to

achie

ve th

e crea

tion o

f a lib

eral

German

state

.


7. O

tto vo

n Bism

arck g

overn

s Prus

sia w

ith th

e app

roval

of the

king

and

parli

amen

t, inc

reasin

g the

size

of th

e Prus

sian a

rmy.

8. D

anish

-Prus

sian W

ar

1848 18641862 1862-1866

9. Pr

ussia

gove

rns th

e terr

itory

of Sc

hlesw

ig, A

ustri

a gov

erns H

olstei

n

1864-1866 1866 1870-1871


1.Aus

tro-P

russia

n War

2. K

ing W

illiam

I app

oints

Otto vo

n

Bismarc

k as P

rime M

iniste

r.

3. Fr

anco

-Prus

sian W

ar

4. Fr

ankfu

rt Asse

mbly tr

ied to

achie

ve th

e crea

tion o

f a lib

eral

German

state

.

5. Pr

ussia

n arm

y cap

tures

Fren

ch

Emperor

, Nap

oleon

III

6. William I is crowned Emperor of the Second German Empire in the palace of Versailles (ceremonial venue)

7. O

tto vo

n Bism

arck g

overn

s Prus

sia w

ith th

e app

roval

of the

king

and

parli

amen

t, inc

reasin

g the

size

of th

e Prus

sian a

rmy.

8. D

anish

-Prus

sian W

ar

1848 18641862 1862-1866

9. Pr

ussia

gove

rns th

e terr

itory

of Sc

hlesw

ig, A

ustri

a gov

erns H

olstei

n

1864-1866 1866 1870-1871


1.Aus

tro-P

russia

n War

2. K

ing W

illiam

I app

oints

Otto vo

n

Bismarc

k as P

rime M

iniste

r.

3. Fr

anco

-Prus

sian W

ar

4. Fr

ankfu

rt Asse

mbly tr

ied to

achie

ve th

e crea

tion o

f a lib

eral

German

state

.

5. Pr

ussia

n arm

y cap

tures

Fren

ch

Emperor

, Nap

oleon

III

6. W

illiam

I is c

rowne

d Empe

ror of

the S

econ

d Germ

an E

mpire i

n the

palac

e of V

ersail

les (c

eremon

ial ve

nue)

7. O

tto vo

n Bism

arck g

overn

s Prus

sia w

ith th

e app

roval

of the

king

and

parli

amen

t, inc

reasin

g the

size

of th

e Prus

sian a

rmy.

8. D

anish

-Prus

sian W

ar

1848 18641862 1862-1866

9. Pr

ussia

gove

rns th

e terr

itory

of Sc

hlesw

ig, A

ustri

a gov

erns H

olstei

n

1864-1866 1866 1870-1871


1.Aus

tro-P

russia

n War

2. K

ing W

illiam

I app

oints

Otto vo

n

Bismarc

k as P

rime M

iniste

r.

3. Fr

anco

-Prus

sian W

ar

4. Fr

ankfu

rt Asse

mbly tr

ied to

achie

ve th

e crea

tion o

f a lib

eral

German

state

.

5. Pr

ussia

n arm

y cap

tures

Fren

ch

Emperor

, Nap

oleon

III

6. W

illiam

I is c

rowne

d Empe

ror of

the S

econ

d Germ

an E

mpire i

n the

palac

e of V

ersail

les (c

eremon

ial ve

nue)

7. O

tto vo

n Bism

arck g

overn

s Prus

sia w

ith th

e app

roval

of the

king

and

parli

amen

t, inc

reasin

g the

size

of th

e Prus

sian a

rmy.

8. D

anish

-Prus

sian W

ar

1848 18641862 1862-1866

9. Pr

ussia

gove

rns th

e terr

itory

of Sc

hlesw

ig, A

ustri

a gov

erns H

olstei

n

1864-1866 1866 1870-1871 1871


Realpolitik


Otto von Bismarck: Letter to Minister von Manteuffel, 1856

Because of the policy of Vienna [the Congress of Vienna, 1815], Germany is clearly too small for us both [Prussia and Austria]; as long as an honorable arrangement concerning the influence of each in Germany cannot be concluded and carried out, we will both plough the same disputed acre, and Austria will remain the only state to whom we can permanently lose or from whom we can permanently gain. . . .I wish only to express my conviction that, in the not too distant future, we shall have to fight for our existence against Austria and that it is not within our power to avoid that, since the course of events in Germany has no other solution.


“The position of Prussia in Germany will not be determined by its liberalism but by its power ... Prussia must concentrate its strength and hold it for the favourable moment, which has already come and gone several times. Since the treaties of Vienna, our frontiers have been ill-designed for a healthy body politic. Not through speeches and majority decisions will the great questions of the day be decided - that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849 - but by iron and blood.”

From a speech delivered to the Prussian legislature- September 29, 1862


Johann Gustav Droysen: Speech to the Frankfurt Assembly, 1848

We cannot conceal the fact that the whole German question is a simple alternative between Prussia and Austria. In these states German life has its positive and negative poles--in the former, all the interests which are national and reformative, in the latter, all that are dynastic and destructive. The German question is not a constitutional question, but a question of power; and the Prussian monarchy is now wholly German, while that of Austria cannot be. . . .We need a powerful ruling house. Austria's power meant lack of power for us, whereas Prussia desired German unity in order to supply the deficiencies of her own power. Already Prussia is Germany in embryo. She will "merge" with Germany. . .


Field Marshal Helmuth von Moltke: 1866

The war of 1866 [between Prussia and Austria] was entered on not because the existence of Prussia was threatened, nor was it caused by public opinion and the voice of the people; it was a struggle, long foreseen and calmly prepared for, recognized as a necessity by the Cabinet, not for territorial aggrandizement, for an extension of our domain, or for material advantage, but for an ideal end--the establishment of power... Its center of gravity lay out of Germany; Prussia's lay within it. Prussia felt itself called upon and strong enough to assume the leadership of the German races.


Otto von Bismarck: 1866

We had to avoid wounding Austria too severely; we had to avoid leaving behind in her any unnecessary bitterness of feeling or desire for revenge; we ought rather to reserve the possibility of becoming friends again with our adversary of the moment, and in any case to regard the Austrian state as a piece on the European chessboard. If Austria were severely injured, she would become the ally of France and of every other opponent of ours; she would even sacrifice her anti-Russian interests for the sake of revenge on Prussia. . . .The acquisition of provinces like Austria Silesia and portions of Bohemia could not strengthen the Prussian state; it would not lead to an amalgamation of German Austria with Prussia, and Vienna could not be governed from Berlin as a mere dependency. . . .Austria's conflict and rivalry with us was no more culpable than ours with her; our task was the establishment or foundation of German national unity under the leadership of the King of Prussia.


Disagreement in the Germanic Confederation In a single paragraph, synthesize the below sources the state of the Germanic Confederation on the eve of Unification.

“Describe and analyze the views of those who were concerned about the problems of the political, economic, and social order in the German states before the revolutions of 1848.”

***“In the wake of the Revolution of 1848, the upper classes were wary of any change that might threaten the status quo. They particularly feared the strong nationalist feeling unleashed by revolution, the extension of which might become, they reasoned, the proclamation of the equality of all citizens.”

***“In both Prussia and Austria, the 1850s were an extremely repressive period that made it clear to most nationalists that German unification would not come under liberal auspices. The repression following the Revolutions of 1848 had scattered thousands of German democrats and nationalists across Europe and as far as the United States.”


Bismarck then drew Italy into a secret alliance, [against Austria] signed in April 1866, by promising it Venetia in the event of a Habsburg defeat. Italy promised Prussia assistance if there was war with Austria, knowing that a Prussian victory would add the last large chunk of the Italian peninsula to Italy.

Hoping to win the support of the other German states, Bismarck sent a plan for reform to the parliament, calling for the establishment of a national parliament to be elected by universal manhood suffrage. That the famous Junker conservative would suggest that manhood suffrage might form a foundation for the creation of a unified German state surprised liberals...

“The Austrian War was a turning point in Prussian domestic affairs. After the war, Bismarck asked the Prussian parliament to pass a bill…retroactively legalizing the taxes he had collected illegally since 1862. Even most of the liberals voted in favor of the bill because they had been won over by Bismarck’s successful use of military power…In using nationalism to win support from the liberals … Bismarck showed that liberalism and nationalism…could be separated.

Realpolitik

“In January 18, 1871…in Louis XIV’s palace at Versailles, William I, with Bismarck standing at the foot of the throne, was proclaimed Kaiser of the Second German Empire. German unity had been achieved by the Prussian monarchy and the Prussian army…German liberals also rejoiced. They had dreamed of unity and freedom, but the achievement of unity seemed much more important.”


Bismarck then drew Italy into a secret alliance, [against Austria] signed in April 1866, by promising it Venetia in the event of a Habsburg defeat. Italy promised Prussia assistance if there was war with Austria, knowing that a Prussian victory would add the last large chunk of the Italian peninsula to Italy.

Hoping to win the support of the other German states, Bismarck sent a plan for reform to the parliament, calling for the establishment of a national parliament to be elected by universal manhood suffrage. That the famous Junker conservative would suggest that manhood suffrage might form a foundation for the creation of a unified German state surprised liberals...

“The Austrian War was a turning point in Prussian domestic affairs. After the war, Bismarck asked the Prussian parliament to pass a bill…retroactively legalizing the taxes he had collected illegally since 1862. Even most of the liberals voted in favor of the bill because they had been won over by Bismarck’s successful use of military power…In using nationalism to win support from the liberals … Bismarck showed that liberalism and nationalism…could be separated.

Realpolitik

“In January 18, 1871…in Louis XIV’s palace at Versailles, William I, with Bismarck standing at the foot of the throne, was proclaimed Kaiser of the Second German Empire. German unity had been achieved by the Prussian monarchy and the Prussian army…German liberals also rejoiced. They had dreamed of unity and freedom, but the achievement of unity seemed much more important.”

What is realpolitik and why would Otto von Bismarck have been considered a practitioner?


Nationalism, Liberalism, and Conservatism Raymond Grew

In order to achieve unification, the liberal Prussian parliament threw its support behind William I and Bismarck’s authoritarian government. The liberals were willing to dispense with their calls for limited constitutional government. Meanwhile, Otto von Bismarck, the consummate conservative aristocrat, was willing to push for universal manhood suffrage in the Reichstag. Based on the reading below by Raymond Grew, a historian at the University of Michigan, why/how were Realpolitik, Bismarck’s conservatism and German nationalism the perfect combination to achieve German Unification?

Insofar as politics was the public battle of ideas and interests, then nationalism was a denial of politics. For in stressing the values of unity, loyalty, and duty, nationalism saw political dispute as a source of weakness. It denied that there was conflict in the true interests of classes, groups or regions. The effect of nationalism was therefore inherently conservative in that it provided reason for supporting anyone thought to wield the power of the state effectively in behalf of national unity and strength, Disraeli or Gladstone, Napoleon III or Bismarck. Since order and unity, the cry of the political conservative, are essential to a strong state, and since, to the nationalist, most worthy ends required that strength, the nationalist was always tempted under pressure to move toward the political right, to sacrifice liberty to unity, discussion to authority, ends to means.

Yet the origins of nationalism were usually liberal and reformist; for everywhere it was a demand for change, the doctrine of the modernizers who, while they had too much to lose to want a social revolution, were self-consciously aware that theirs was an "underdeveloped" country. Nationalism could make its denial of politic[al] differences effective because its goals were so clear…an efficient bureaucracy, a responsible government, a progressive economic structure, all based on accepted and universally applied laws. Nationalism was a program to obtain these things quickly, not to evolve toward...The hurry to achieve these goals…made a doctrinaire concern for means appear irrelevant and unrealistic. Italian nationalists wanted nothing so brutal as cynicism or controversy over the choice of practical means to justify "postponement"; however, often this meant whittling away at the practices necessary to viable liberalism. 3. How did a conservative like Bismarck use a seemingly liberal cause (nationalism) to achieve conservative ends?Sunday, March 17, 13

german unification 1213

Documents

famous junker conservative

universal manhood suffrage

prussian domestic affairs

liberals bismarck showed

prussian armygerman liberals

austria governs holstein

otto von bismarck

manhood suffrage