The Field Trip Paper This will be a 2-page discussion, analysis, summary, review, or introduction (depending upon the topic you have chosen), designed for a general interdisciplinary medievalist audience. Since you will deliver a 10- to-15-minute report orally (NOT reading it!) think of being a tour guide for an intellectual audience. Include interesting points that the audience will see on the building or monument or landscape; you can point them out on the spot. Do not use footnotes for this assignment; rather, use the name of the scholar or book when introducing ideas or summarized information and assume that your reader will consult the bibliography to get further information. For direct quotations from non-English sources, provide a translation into English and follow with the original placed in parentheses.

This paper must be accompanied by some visual support, that is, maps, drawings, ground plans, charts, etc. (again, this depends on your topic). All materials must be scanned and available in electronic form. All captions to the visual sources must be in English or with an English translation and the bibliographic reference for the illustration must be on the same page as the illustration. See Annabella about getting an appointment for scanning. Do not wait until the last day to prepare your illustration. It will take time and perhaps some experimentation.

The Annotated or Structured Bibliography: You are free to choose either one of these formats for your field trip bibliography. The bibliography will be assessed for its documentation accuracy and correct English usage.

An annotated bibliography provides complete bibliographic information and one or two sentences (or sentence fragments) that describe the content and value of the source. An annotated bibliography is arranged in alphabetical order by the author’s last name (or the equivalent), with an annotation (in a block indent) following each bibliographic entry. An annotated bibliography should consist of six (6) to ten (10) items. The annotations should show that the works were read or examined closely.

Examples of annotated bibliographic entries:

Dotson, John E. “Foundation of Venetian Naval Strategy from Pietro II Orselo to the Battle of Zonchio: 100-1500.” Viator 32 (2001): http://www.deremilitari.org/ dotson1.htm. Accessed February 14, 2003.

This article outlines the main events and factors that contributed to the rise of Venice as a maritime power. The author analyses the position of Venice in relation to its conquered territories, commercial, political, and maritime rivalries, commercial routes and the state of the Venetian fleet: types of ships, navigation techniques, and so on.

Il tresoro di San Marco. Vol. 1. Pala d’Oro. Ed. Hans R. Hohnloser. Florence: Sansoni, 1965.

The book presents a detailed art historical description. It gives various answers to the whole development of the altar, stressing the problematic issues, seeking connections between historical events such as the Fourth Crusade and the history of the Pala d’Oro. It is the most frequently quoted work in the secondary literature.

A structured bibliography organizes the sources into groups that indicate their content. These groups are not primary sources and secondary sources as in a thesis bibliography, but headings related to the subject. For instance, if the general subject is “The Mendicants in Northern Italy,” the sub-categories could include: “Mendicant Orders in Medieval Venice,” “The History of the Dominican Friary in Venice,” “The Problem of the Late Medieval Fresco Decoration of the XXXX Church,” and so on. A structured bibliography should consist of ten (10) to fifteen (15) items. The arrangement by sub-category shows that the works were at least browsed through and some of them were read; it is possible to include an important work frequently cited in the secondary literature but not available in Budapest.

A brief example of a structured bibliography:

Topic of the field trip paper: “A Venetian Martyr in Hungary: Saint Gerard”Examples from the bibliography (more than one work should be listed under each heading):

Saint Gerard’s life

Szegfü, László. “La missione politica ed ideologica di San Gerardo in Ungheria.” In Venezia e Ungheria nel Rinascimento, ed. Vittore Branca, 23-26. Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 1973.

Saint Gerard’s works

Macartney, C. A. The Medieval Hungarian Historians. A Critical and Analytical Guide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1953.

and so on with different topics: Saint Gerard’s Deliberatio; The San Giorgio Maggiore church, etc.

Because the materials will be gathered into the Field Trip Booklet, both types of bibliographies will have these particular formatting requirements:

1. Use 1 inch (2.54 cm) margins on all sides.2. Use full justification for the alignment of the data.3. But CENTER the “title” (MANUALLY, not using the FONT menu): use the heading

BIBLIOGRAPHY for the overall heading and center it above the first entry, typing it in bold and in CAPITALS.

4. Do not use page numbering.5. Use 12 point font, GARAMOND. If for some reason your dorm computer does not

have Garamond (very unlikely!) use Times New Roman.6. For the bibliographic data (including subheadings but not the main heading), create a

hanging indent format: this can be found in the SPECIAL setting on the FORMAT menu in the top right-hand corner. The hanging indent should be at 0.55”. There

should also be indentation on the left, at 0.12”. Use the INDENTATION setting in the top left-hand corner. Do not indent the bibliographic entry on the right – leave it at zero! Indent the annotations from both right and left.

7. Use single spacing within the bibliographic entry and within the annotation. On the FORMAT menu, you will see, in the bottom left-hand corner, “before” and “after” settings. Set these to 6 points in BOTH cases.

8. Do not use any other kind of spacing (either double spacing or an extra line inserted with “enter”) between the bibliographic entries or between the bibliographic data and the annotation. The “6 points” before and after will take care of this.

9. For the first line of the annotation, use a tab indentation as you would for a new paragraph (the basic tab setting of 1.27 cm or 8 spaces)

10. Type all headings for the structured bibliography in 12 point font and put in bold (but not in CAPITALS, and not centered). They should be flush left with the margin.

You may consult past field trip booklets in the departmental office. The best examples are the more recent ones. See the next page for the format for the paper and bibliography:

Title comes hereYour Name

Insert the text of your field trip paper here. It should not be longer than 2 pages in this format (there are exceptional cases, however). Second paragraph.

If you want to use sub-chapters, use the <Sub-chapter title> style for the title

Text continues.

If you have a quotation from a source that is longer than two lines, you should use a block quotation. A block quotation is indented from both sides and the font size is one point smaller than in the normal text.

Text continues.BIBLIOGRAPHY

Last name, First name. Title of the Book (its English translation if needed: please use CAPITALS for the first letter of each noun, verb, adjective, etc – everything except articles, pronouns and prepositions – even if the original language – e.g. Hungarian – does not use this convention). Place of publication: Publisher, date.

Last name, First name. “Title of the article” (its English translation if needed). Journal no. (Date): page numbers.

Arrange the bibliography under headings by subject, for instance:

The history of the monastery

The history of clan monasteries Wall paintings Social and economic history of the regionOR

Provide an annotation for each entry, for instance:

Briquet, C. M. Les Filigranes: Dictionnaire historique des marques du papier des leur apparition vers 1282 jusqu’en 1600: A facsimile of the 1907 edition with supplementary material contributed by a number of scholars (The New Briquet. Jubilee edition), ed. Allan Stevenson, 4 vols. Amsterdam: Paper Publications Society, 1968.

This large work is the best of the several later editions of Briquet’s monumental Les Filigranes. As the lengthy title states, this four-volume publication includes useful material that is additional to Briquet’s extensive survey of watermarks. Of use as both a work of reference and as the most authoritative history of watermarks and paper production in medieval Europe, Les Filigranes is distinguished by hundreds of illustrations, tracings, and reproductions of original watermarks.

Captions for the illustrations:

The caption describes the illustration in the context of the essay. The caption includes a complete reference (including page and/or figure number) in the footnote format.

Example 1:A Map of the Surroundings of Bishop Szatmári’s villa at Tettye, by György Eisenhut (1780)Péter Farbaky, Szatmári György, a mecénás (György Szatmári as Maecenas) (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2002), fig. 69.

Example 2:Jakovali Hassan Mosque GroundplanGerő Győző, Az Oszmán-Török Építészet Magyarországon (Dzsámik, türbék, fürdők) (Ottoman-Turkish Architecture in Hungary (Mosques, Tombs, Baths) (Budapest: Akdémiai Kiadó, 1980), fig. 27.

Example 3:Excavated remains of the royal center at Kraljeva SutjeskaPavao Anđelić, Bobovac i Kraljelva Sutjeska (Bobovac and Kraljeva Sutjeska) (Sarajevo: Sarajevo Publishing, 2004), 192.

Example 4:An illumination from the “Hvalov zbornik,” f. 69 v. depicting the young St. Luke as he dips his stylus into the inkpot, with a fortified town behind and a six-winged ox, Luke’s symbol, above. Franjo Šanjek, ed., Fenomen “Krstjani” u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni i Humu (The phenomenon of “Krstjani” in medieval Bosnia and Hum) (Sarajevo–Zagreb: Institut za istoriju Sarajevo–Povijesni institut Zagreb, 2005), 544-545.

◄►◄►◄►◄►◄►◄►◄►◄►◄►◄►◄►◄►◄►◄►

EXAMPLE OF A FIELDTRIP PAPER:(excerpted from the Fieldtrip Booklet, Bosnia, 2007)

The Quality of the Evidence for Pyramids in BosniaJudith Rasson (USA)

Near the town of Visoko, a businessman and amateur archaeologist has identified several hills as pyramids. This has caused quite a stir in the public imagination and, for different reasons, in the academic world. One way to evaluate the strength of the claim for pyramids is to examine the evidence. One of the most dispassionate discussions of the quality of evidence was written by Jack Harlan and Jan M. de Wet, plant geneticists and botanists. They point out that the quality every item of evidence can and must be assessed to gauge the strength of a scientific claim. Harlan and de Wet list five qualities of evidence: Authenticity, abundance, kind, interpretation, and integration; other qualities can be added, among them authority. These qualities of evidence will be used to evaluate the claims for pyramids in Bosnia.

Authenticity: This is the most important and basic qualification of an item of evidence. The questions here are: Is it real? Is the item correctly identified? Is the dating accurate?

This is the main problem with the Bosnian pyramids. Variously dated between over the huge span of time between 12,000 and 27,000 BC, they are not authentic based on analogies to either Central America (the Maya, the Toltecs, and others) or Egypt. A pyramid is a structure built for various reasons, usually connected to the supernatural. A number of cultural pre-conditions are necessary for pyramid-building, such as agriculture, settled village life, a political power structure, and a concentration of wealth. In every case of real pyramids there is real cultural evidence of their construction. Such evidence includes the artifacts (tools, food remains) of the people who built the structures, in some cases auxiliary structures and quarry sites where the stone came from.

No artifacts have been found associated with the Bosnian pyramids. No tools have been found in association with the geological deposits and no cut marks or other working traces of tools on the stone slabs that are asserted to have been laid by humans. There is no evidence of the living spaces of the hypothetical builders. No food remains or waste stone or ceramics have been found in association. People always need to eat and universally need something to eat out of. Even if some containers were made of perishable materials such as wood or fiber (trenchers, baskets), ceramics are to be expected and traces of fire for cooking. Furthermore, where did the

stone come from to build the Bosnian pyramids? The Egyptian quarries that supplied the stone for the pyramids have themselves been identified and studied (and shown in the documentary film “This Old Pyramid).

The items (the pyramids) are not identified correctly; they are natural formations. They seem to have been identified on the basis of analogies of form alone, not on structure or cultural use. Although assertions are made about the geometry and mathematical relations (numerology) of these hills, they still meet only a single point of comparison with authentic pyramids: form.

Abundance: More evidence is more convincing and less subject to error than scant evidence. Interlocking categories of evidence (artifacts, ecofacts [food remains], associated traces of living areas, source areas for the stone) have not been identified.

Identifying five hills as pyramids does not meet the qualification of abundance because each pyramid needs the same type of supporting evidence, which has not been found at any of them. Adducing numerical formulae purporting to show the relations among pyramids in different parts of the world, adding references to stone balls that are found in Europe and North America, and following voids (tunnels) under the Bosnian hills is more evidence, but not for pyramids. Each of these interpretations must be examined critically and shown to be linked incontrovertibly to a pyramid.

Kind: Evidence may be primary, circumstantial, or hearsay. Primary evidence is direct or eyewitness. Circumstantial evidence is suggested by the data or logically deduced; the data strongly suggest a conclusion but do not prove it. Hearsay is evidence or rumors filtered through the reports of others that may or may not be true.

The primary evidence for these “pyramids” themselves is all geological. The geology shows natural sedimentary stratigraphy without evidence of human intervention more than a few cm below the surface. Patterns on the stone are consistent with water-laid sediments (as in a lake). All the layers are horizontal, as they would be if they had been formed in an aquatic environment. The layers have consistent grain sizes, as happens when sediment settles through water. Hard layers of coarse sediment in the stratigraphy have turned to stone, a process that can take thousands of years, supporting the idea that these are geological, not cultural, formations. The geology of Bosnia and adjoining Croatia and Montenegro is all sedimentary rock deposited in the Miocene era of the Tertiary geological period. It has been mapped and discussed thoroughly in the Bosnian secondary literature.

The evidence for pyramids is circumstantial. They were identified based on analogies to pyramids that in other locations are supported by better-quality cultural and geological evidence.

Interpretation: A number of interpretations (which may be cast as hypotheses) may be made for any given body of authentic evidence, but the level of confidence may not be the same for each alternative interpretation.

1. Are the Bosnian hills pyramids? No authentic evidence (and little evidence at all) supports this idea. More evidence supports the hypothesis that they are geological formations.

2. Are the stone structures on top of the first hill (identified as the Pyramid of the Sun) connected to a pyramid? No claim is made for this by the Pyramid Foundation. These structures fit the pattern of medieval fortifications, for which there is abundant authentic evidence that also integrates with other historical information.

Integration: Evidence should be evaluated to see how well it fits with other sources of information. If it integrates well, it has a higher level of confidence. If different sources of information agree, each one is strengthened. This is the case for the medieval fortifications, for which the architecture, artifacts, documentary sources, and locational pattern all integrate with what else is known of medieval Bosnian society.

The Bosnian pyramid hills do not integrate well with other pyramid sizes. They are too large for the period they are ascribed to. They are well outside the size range of attested pyramids in both the Old and New Worlds. Furthermore, the idea of pyramid construction does not integrate with the large quantity of information already known archaeologically about the prehistory of Bosnia. This material does not attest the level of social complexity at the proposed date that would have been sufficient to mobilize the resources and labor necessary to build pyramids, No pyramids or other monumental architecture is known from Europe at this early date, when any local residents would have been hunting and gathering food in a nomadic lifestyle.

Authority: The authority of the person(s) who identified the source also has an impact on the quality of the evidence because a qualified person’s authority tends to be more reliable. The qualifications of the authority can be assessed. As Wauchope points out, some arguments for or against different interpretations turn on the expertise of the person making the argument. Many non-professional archaeologists (and others) feel that scientists (Ph.D.s or Phuddy Duddies) hide the truth in interpretations so as to monopolize it. Reflecting this attitude, Aca, an avatar, said in Bosnian:

But all this negativity from “real” Bosnian archaeologists over the existence of a pyramid upsets me. Why are they entering into such politics? Do they have to talk like that or is it only from pure jealousy because world fame is passing under their noses?

I don’t know whether you have read the letter that Mr. Osmanagić sent to Imamovic? There Osmanagić puts several questions, to which Dr. Imamović certainly has no answer. Imamović holds that it is only fortifications from an old Bosnian fort … but, *#@, how is it that they have not taken care of an important feature but have let it fall apart into atoms? What have you been doing the whole time? #%&*.

Many people have raised the question of what will happen to Semir’s “amateur” archeological career when it is seen that there is nothing there. What worries me is what will happen with the “professionals” if it is discovered that something is there (and not yet discovered) and they said there’s nothing? (Posted Mon. May

08,2006;http://www.bosnianpyramids.org/forum/viewtopic.php?t=2&start=0&sid= 075521c 7973faf1723e18396cd75570e [last accessed March 25, 2007]).

The organizer of the Bosnian Pyramid project has bolstered his authority with that of others. He has used the names of various trained archaeologists, most of whom have repudiated his claims. In 2006, an Australian archaeologist, Royce Richards, was quite frank:

I never gave any media organisation permission to put my name in print. For the record I am an archaeologist. For the record I am not involved in the Bosnian pyramid project. For the record I’m pretty annoyed with finding my name given to the media in relation to Bosnian pyramids (quoted at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki /Talk: Bosnianpyramids, last accessed September 25, 2007).

The pyramids were identified through the authority of a person without qualifications in field archaeology. He based his identification on form alone. He has not provided an explanation of the cultural context that would have led to construction of pyramids in this place and time (variously dated).

A study may amass a great many items of dubious evidence that are hearsay, poorly interpreted, and not well integrated with other studies, but this will not strengthen the argument. More is not better in such a case because of the universally low quality of each item.

BibliographyScience and Pseudoscience

Feder, Kenneth L. Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries; Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology. 2d ed. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Co., 1996.

Harlan, Jack R. and J. M. J. de Wet. “On the Quality of Evidence for Origin andDispersal of Cultivated Plants.” Current Anthropology 14, no. 1-2 (1973):51-62. (Available on Jstor)

“This Old Pyramid.” Nova program. Boston: WGBH television, 1993 (copy available from Rasson, CEU).

Wauchope, Robert. Lost Tribes and Sunken Continents. Myth and Method in the Study of American Indians. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.

Bosnian Pyramids—Pro

Osmanagić, Semir. Bosanska piramida Sunca (The Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun). Sarajevo: Klepsidra, 2005.

www.bosnian-pyramid.com. Bosnian Pyramid – Bosanska Piramida – Bosnische Pyramide.  Last accessed: September 26, 2007.

Bosnian Pyramids—Anti

Harding, Anthony. “Bosnia’s Rich Heritage.” Letter to The Times of London. 25 April 2006. Reprinted: Bosnia Report, New Series 51-52 (2006). http://www.bosnia.org.uk/ bosrep/report_format.cfm?articleid=3117&reportid=171. Last accessed: September 26, 2007. 

Harris, Lucian. “Archaeologists Astonished at State Support for Bizarre Project.” The Art

Newspaper (London), no. 169, (May 2006). Reprinted: Bosnia Report, New Series 51-52 (2006). http://www.bosnia.org.uk/bosrep/report_format.cfm?articleid=3117&reported=171. Last accessed: September 26, 2007. 

Lautre, Irna. http://irna.lautre.net/. Last accessed March 26, 2007.

Markey, Sean. “Pyramid in Bosnia -- Huge Hoax or Colossal Find?” National Geographic News. May 12, 2006. Last accessed: September 26, 2007.

Rose, Mark. “The Bosnia-Atlantis Connection.” Archaeology Magazine Online, April 27, 2006. Reprinted: Bosnia Report, New Series 51-52 (2006). http://www. bosnia. org.uk/bosrep/ report_format.cfm?articleid=3117& reported=171. Last accessed: September 26, 2007.