copyright © allyn & bacon 2007 chapter 1 introduction and history of psychology
Post on 19-Jan-2016
213 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Chapter 1Chapter 1
Introduction and History of
Psychology
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What Is Psychology – What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not?and What Is It Not?
Psychology is a broad field, with many specialties, but fundamentally, psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What Is Psychology?What Is Psychology?
Psychology – The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.• Must use an empirical approach
Psychology is Not:• Mere speculation about human nature.• A body of folk wisdom about people
that “everybody knows” to be true.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Pseudopsychology –
Erroneous assertions or practices set forth as being scientific psychology.
Confirmation bias –The tendency to attend to evidence that confirms our beliefs or expectations, while ignoring evidence that does not.
What Is Psychology – What Is Psychology – and What Is It Not? and What Is It Not?
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What DoWhat DoPsychologists Do?Psychologists Do?
Psychology is a broad field with many specialties, grouped
in three major categories: experimental psychology,
teaching of psychology, and applied psychology.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What DoWhat DoPsychologists Do?Psychologists Do?
Experimental psychologists:• Conduct most research across psychological
spectrum.• May work in private industry or for the
government. • Often teach at colleges
and universities.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
I/OI/O SportsSports
School School
CounselingCounseling
EngineeringEngineering
RehabilitationRehabilitation
Use knowledge developed by experimental psychologists to solve human problems.
ClinicalClinical
What DoWhat DoPsychologists Do?Psychologists Do?
Applied psychologists
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What Are Psychology’s What Are Psychology’s Historical Roots?Historical Roots?
Modern psychology developed from several
conflicting traditions, including structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt
psychology, behaviorism, and psychoanalysis.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Devoted to uncovering Devoted to uncovering basic basic structuresstructures that make that make
up mind and thought.up mind and thought.
-Wilhelm Wundt-Wilhelm Wundt
TraditionTradition
StructuralismStructuralism
Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Gestalt psychology
Behaviorism
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Believed mental processes could best be understood in
terms of their adaptive purpose and function.
-William James
TraditionTradition
Structuralism
Functionalism Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Gestalt psychology
Behaviorism
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Interested in how we construct “perceptual
wholes.”
TraditionTradition
Structuralism
Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Gestalt Gestalt psychologypsychology
Behaviorism
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Argued psychology should deal solely with
observable events.
-John Watson
TraditionTradition
Structuralism
Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Gestalt psychology
BehaviorismBehaviorism
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Asserted mental disorders arise from conflicts in the
unconscious mind.
-Sigmund Freud
TraditionTradition
Structuralism
Functionalism
PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis
Gestalt psychology
Behaviorism
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What are the Perspectives What are the Perspectives Psychologists Use Today?Psychologists Use Today?
Seven main perspectives characterize modern
psychology: the biological, developmental, cognitive,
clinical, behavioral, trait, and socio-cultural views.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
BiologicalBiological
DevelopmentalDevelopmental
PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
SocioculturalSociocultural
CognitiveCognitive
BehavioralBehavioral
TraitTrait
Nine Modern Perspectives of PsychologyNine Modern Perspectives of Psychology
HumanisticHumanistic
Evolutionary/Evolutionary/SociobiologicalSociobiological
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
We are complex systems that We are complex systems that respond to hereditary and respond to hereditary and environmental influencesenvironmental influences
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Neural structures, Neural structures, biochemistry, and inborn biochemistry, and inborn
responses to external cuesresponses to external cues
Question for Study:Question for Study:
How do heredity, the nervous How do heredity, the nervous system, and the endocrine system, and the endocrine
system produce behavior and system produce behavior and mental processes?mental processes?
PerspectivePerspective
BiologicalBiological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
We undergo predictable patterns We undergo predictable patterns of change throughout our livesof change throughout our lives
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Interaction between Interaction between heredity heredity and and environmentenvironment
Questions for Study:Questions for Study:
What are the patterns that What are the patterns that characterize developmental characterize developmental
change?change?
What are the genetic and What are the genetic and environmental influences environmental influences
underlying these patterns?underlying these patterns?
PerspectivePerspective
Biological
DevelopmentalDevelopmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
People are information-People are information-processing systemsprocessing systems
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Mental interpretation of our Mental interpretation of our experienceexperience
Question for Study:Question for Study:
How do mental processes, How do mental processes, including sensation, perception, including sensation, perception,
learning, memory, and language, learning, memory, and language, influence behavior?influence behavior?
PerspectivePerspective
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
CognitiveCognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
We are driven by dark forces of We are driven by dark forces of the unconsciousthe unconscious
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Unconscious needs, conflicts, Unconscious needs, conflicts, repressed memories, and repressed memories, and
childhood experienceschildhood experiences
Question for Study:Question for Study:
How does the energy generated in How does the energy generated in the unconscious mind motivate the unconscious mind motivate
our actions and account for our actions and account for mental disorders?mental disorders?
Biological
Developmental
PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
Emphasizes human growth and Emphasizes human growth and potentialpotential
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
The influence of self-concept, The influence of self-concept, perceptions, and interpersonal perceptions, and interpersonal relationships, and our need for relationships, and our need for
personal growthpersonal growth
Question for Study:Question for Study:
How can humanistic theory be How can humanistic theory be applied to enhance mental health applied to enhance mental health through counseling and therapy?through counseling and therapy?
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
HumanisticHumanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
Behavior is primarily shaped by Behavior is primarily shaped by learninglearning
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Our history of rewards and Our history of rewards and punishmentspunishments
Questions for Study:Questions for Study:
What are the “laws” that associate What are the “laws” that associate our responses with stimulus our responses with stimulus
conditions?conditions?
How can they be applied to How can they be applied to improve the human condition?improve the human condition?
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
BehavioralBehavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
People are social animals, so People are social animals, so human behavior must be human behavior must be
interpreted in social contextinterpreted in social context
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Cultures, social norms and Cultures, social norms and expectations, social learning expectations, social learning
Questions for Study:Questions for Study:
Under what conditions is the Under what conditions is the social and cultural situation social and cultural situation
predictive of behavior?predictive of behavior?
How are social influences different How are social influences different across cultures?across cultures?
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
SocioculturalSociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
Behavior is developed and Behavior is developed and adapted over timeadapted over time
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Natural selection Natural selection
Question for Study:Question for Study:
How do behavior and individual How do behavior and individual differences develop and change?differences develop and change?
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
Trait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Evolutionary/SociobiologicalSociobiological
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
View of Human Nature:View of Human Nature:
Individual differences result from Individual differences result from differences in our underlying differences in our underlying
patterns of stable characteristicspatterns of stable characteristics
PerspectivePerspective
What Determines Behavior:What Determines Behavior:
Each person’s unique combination Each person’s unique combination of traits of traits
Question for Study:Question for Study:
How many fundamental traits are How many fundamental traits are there?there?
How can we use trait patterns to How can we use trait patterns to predict behavior?predict behavior?
Biological
Developmental
Psychodynamic
Sociocultural
Cognitive
Behavioral
TraitTrait
Humanistic
Evolutionary/Sociobiological
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Changing Face of PsychologyThe Changing Face of Psychology
• In 1906 – 12% of psychologists were women
• By 1921 – 20% of psychologists were women
• Now – women receive 2/3 of the doctorates awarded in psychology each year
Video
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Psychology as a Major
• Bachelor’s degree• 4 years
• Master’s degree• Additional 2 years (6 years)
• Doctorate • Additional 4 years + internship (8-10 years)• PhD• EdD• PsyD• MD
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
End of Chapter 1End of Chapter 1
top related