Zvyšováníkvalityvýuky

technických oborů

Klíčová aktivita II.2

Inovace a zkvalitnění výuky směřující k rozvoji

odborných kompetencí žáků středních škol

Téma II.2.2

English and American Life and Institutions

Kapitola 30

English language

Ing. Martin Fišer

15.12.2012

ObsahÚVOD - ANOTACE ..................................................................................................................................... 1

1 ENGLISH LANGUAGE ................................................................ CHYBA! ZÁLOŽKA NENÍ DEFINOVÁNA.2

1.1 BRITISH VS. AMERICAN ENGLISH ............................................................................................................. 2

1.2 BRITISH - AMERICAN ENGLISH VOCABULARY.............................................................................................. 3

2 POUŽITÁ LITERATURA A ZDROJE .................................................................................................... 10

1

Úvod - anotace

Výukový materiál je primárně určen pro žáky 3. a 4. ročníků čtyřletých oborů zakončených maturitní zkouškou (39-41-L/01 Autotronik, 33-42-M/01 Nábytkářská a dřevařská výroba, 23-45-M/01 Dopravní prostředky, 36-45-M/01 Technická zařízení budov, 39-41-L/002 Mechanik instalatérských a elektrotechnických zařízení budov) a 2. ročníků nástavbového studia (23-43-L/51 Provozní technika, 64-41-L/51 Podnikání). Materiál lze rovněžv nezměněné podobě využít při výuce nadanějších žáků v nižších ročnících uvedených oborů –indidualizaci výuky. V 1. a 2. ročnících čtyřletých oborů zakončených maturitní zkouškou a ve všech ročnících oborů zakončených maturitní zkouškou lze využít ty části výukového materiálu zaměřené na rozšíření a procvičení slovní zásoby.

V rámci seznámení se s problematikou reálií a života v anglicky mluvících zemí je výukový materiál vhodné použít jako podpůrný a doplňkový studijní materiál v předmětu Anglický jazyk. Jednotlivá témata korespondují s tématickými plány vypracovanými v souladu s ŠVP pro dané obory a vycházejí z požadavků RVP. Jazyková úroveň výukového materiálu je v souladu s požadavky úrovně Intermadiate - B1 (středně pokročilý) Společného evropského referenčního rámce pro jazyky. Témata výukového materiálu korespondují s obsahovou náplní a zaměřením běžně používaných učebnic pro výuku anglického jazyka na středních školách.

Výukový materiál je koncipován jako ucelený soubor a lze je tudíž ve výuce i při následném samostudiu používat odděleně. Před použitím výukového materiálu se doporučuje vytisknout jej tak, aby každý žák měl svůj vlastní, jelikož je možno do něj přímo zapisovat a plnit předepsané úkoly.

Kapitola zahrnuje souvislý text, jenž je souhrnným představením daného tématu. Následují cvičení zaměřená na kontrolu porozumění textu nebo na další prohloubení, či rozšíření znalostí, jazykových dovedností nebo slovní zásoby. Součástí kapitoly je rovněž a slovníček amerických a britských výrazů.

Vypracoval – Ing. Martin Fišer

2

1 EnglishLanguage

English is one of Germanic languages and nowadays is the most widespread an the most frequently used language in the world. Books, magazines, and newspapers written in English are available in many countries around the world, and English is the most commonly used language in the sciences (95% of science articles were written in English). English is an official language of the European Union, the United nations, the International Olympic Committee as well as in many world organisations. English is also the language most often taught as a foreign language. It is the official language for aeronautical and maritimecommunications. English has become the major language in the world of computers, business, entertaiment (music, cinema), sport, travelling, politics and with no exaggeration - you can find English everywhere.

It is spoken as a first language in many countries like the United Kingdom, the UnitedStates, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand and many Caribbean nations. It is the third-most-common native language in the world, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish.Approximately 375 million people speak English as their first language. However, when combining native and non-native speakers it is probably the most commonly spoken language in the world. It is very often learned as a second language (it is estimated that up to 1 billion people speak english as the second language). In EU countries, a great proportion of the adult population can speak English – 85% in Sweden, 83% in Denmark, 79% in the Netherlands, 66% in Luxembourg and over 50% in Finland, Slovenia, Austria, Belgium, and Germany.1

1.1 Britishvs.AmericanEnglish

There are many types of English according to the place or country it is spoken or used. There are Canadian, Australian, Indian and many other Englishes that vary in many aspects but the most common and known is of course American English. It was introduced to the Americans through British colonization in the early 17th century and many differences have developed since than. There are more than many differences between American and British English but here some of the most typical.

Pronunciation - Americans pronounce „R“ but British do not. Inner „O“ in words like Hot dog is pronounced by Americans as „A“ (Hat Dag). There are more differences but they are not as important as the following ones.

Tenses – American use past simple tense where the British strictly use present perfect. (I´ve bought a car just now. X I bought a car just now.)

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language

3

Vocabulary - While some words may mean something in British English, the same word might be something else in American English and vice versa. For example, Rubber in British English is tool to erase pencil markings, however Rubber in American English: condom.There are also some words like AC, Airplane, bro, cell phone etc. which are common in American English and not used very often in British English.

Spelling - There are many words that are spelt differently. The spelling differences between American and British English are:

-our (British) and -or (American). e.g. colour vs color

-re (British) and -er (American). e.g. centre vs center

-ce (British) and -se (American). e.g. defence vs defense

-ise (British) and -ize (American). e.g. centralise vs centralize

-yse (British) and -yze (American). e.g. analyse vs analyze

-ogue (British) and -og (American). e.g. dialogue vs dialog

Simplification of ae and oe in American English. e.g. gynaecology vs gynecology

Prepositions - For example: While the British would play in a team, Americans would play on a team. Another example: While the British would go out at the weekend, Americans would go out on the weekend.

Time telling - The British would say for 10:15 - quarter past ten, but Americans say -quarter after or even a quarter after ten. Americans always write digital times with a colon(6:00) whereas Britons often use a point (6.00).

Punctuation - While the British would write Mr, Mrs, Dr, the Americans would write Mr., Mrs., Dr.

1.2 British- American LanguageVocabulary

In the table 2 below there are words used in American and British English that look differently but their meaning is the same. Without knowing differencies you do not often know the true meaning and it can also lead to misunderstanding.

2 http://oxforddictionaries.com/words/british-and-american-terms

British English American English

aeroplane airplaneanticlockwise counterclockwisearticulated lorry tractor-traileraubergine eggplantbaking tray cookie sheet

4

bank holiday legal holidaybill checkbiscuit cookie; crackerblack economy underground economyblind (window) shadeblock of flats apartment buildingbonnet (of a car) hoodboot (of a car) trunkbraces suspendersbreakdown van tow truckcar park parking lotcasualty emergency roomcatapult slingshotcentral reservation median stripchemist drugstorechips French friescinema movie theater; the moviesconsumer durables durable goodscourgette zucchinicrash barrier guardrailcrisps chips; potato chipsdanger money hazard paydialling tone dial tonediamante rhinestonedressing gown robe; bathrobedrink-driving drunk drivingdrinks party cocktail partydriving licence driver’s licensedual carriageway divided highwaydummy (for a baby) pacifierdustbin garbage canengaged (of a phone) busyestate agent real estate agent, realtor (trademark)estate car station wagonfinancial year fiscal yearfire brigade/service fire company/departmentfirst floor second floorfish finger fish stickfitted carpet wall-to-wall carpetingflannel washclothflat apartmentflick knife switchbladeflyover overpassfootball soccer

footway sidewalkfringe (hair) bangsfull board (in hotels) American planfull stop (punctuation) periodgarden yard; lawngear lever gearshiftgoods train freight trainground floor first floor

5

hoarding billboardholiday vacationholidaymaker vacationerhosepipe (garden) hosein hospital in the hospitalhousing estate housing developmentindicator (on a car) turn signaljumper sweaterjunior school elementary schoolkennel doghouseladybird ladybuglevel crossing grade crossinglift elevatorlollipop lady (or man) crossing guardloo (toilet) johnlorry truckluggage van baggage carmaize cornmaths mathmetalled road paved roadmilometer odometermobile phone cell phonemotorway expressway; highwaymum/mummy mom/mommynappy diapernewsreader newscasternoughts and crosses tic-tac-toenumber plate license plateoff-licence liquor store; package storeparacetamol acetaminophenpavement sidewalkpedestrian crossing crosswalkpeg clothespinpetrol gas; gasolineplain chocolate dark chocolatepolo neck turtleneckpositive discrimination reverse discriminationpostbox mailboxpostcode zip codepram baby carriage; strollerpublic school private schoolpublic transport public transportationpushchair strollerqueue linerailway railroadreversing lights back-up lightsring road beltwayroundabout (in road) traffic circle

saloon (car) sedanshopping trolley shopping cartsilencer (on a car) mufflerskipping rope jump rope

6

TASK 1 – In the sentences below is used the word typical for American English.

Choose its alternative in British English.

1) He bought some chips on his way from school.

biscuits crackers crisps French fries

2) A large truck was parked in front of the building.

coach double-decker ferry lorry

3) I saw the children playing in the yard.

field garden lane playground

4) I'm too lazy so I always take the elevator.

chair lift underground van

5) Can you lend me a flashlight? It's too dark outside.

solicitor lawyerstarter appetizersweet(s) candytakeaway (food) takeout; to gotaxi rank taxi standtea towel dish towelterrace house row housetights pantyhosetimber lumbertouch wood knock on woodtrade union labor uniontrainers sneakerstram streetcar; cable carunderground subwayvacuum flask thermos bottleverge (of a road) shouldervest undershirtveterinary surgeon veterinarian

wagon (on a train) carwaistcoat vestwardrobe closetwhite coffee coffee with creamwholemeal bread wholewheat breadwindscreen windshieldwing (of a car) fenderYale lock cylinder lockzebra crossing crosswalkzed (letter Z) zeezip zipper

7

lantern lighter match torch

6) Honey, can you take out the trash?

Garbage knives and forks rubbish shopping

7) The car pulled up at the stop lights.

emergency lights headlights highlights traffic lights

8) She bought a packet of cookies.

biscuits candy sweets wooden spoons

9) Have you seen my new apartment?

cottage flat room suite

10) A drunken man was lying on the sidewalk.

driveway path pavement pedestrian crossing

11) „Can I help you?“ – „Yes, I'm looking for some sneakers.“

binoculars trainers trousers underpants

12) My son starts school this fall.

autumn fortnight semester term

13) His office is on the first floor.

in the basement on the first storey on the ground floor on the second floor

14) Black smoke was coming from under the hood.

bonnet boot exhaust pipe roof

15) There was a hole in his pants.

knickers panties trousers underpants

16) I love canned fruit!

candied jarred eeled tinned

17) Excuse me, where is the restroom?

are the toilets is the cloakroom is the restaurant is the waiting room

18) The room was dirty and the faucet was broken.

door handle light switch radiator tap

19) Gas is getting more and more expensive.

Fare Gasoline Oil Petrol

20) He was in the school soccer team a few years ago.

cricket football rugby wrestling

8

TASK 2 – Match these halves of conversations in American English

1. Did you check the mail yet?

2. Do you have change for $20?

3. Hi. What can I get you?

4. What do you want to do tonight?

5. We don't have much gas left.

6. I need some new sneakers.

7. Did you put the bags in the car?

8. May I have some candy?

9. What are you doing with those old boxes?

10. Where are you going?

................................................................................

A I need to get some aspirin from the drugstore.

B I'll have a hamburger and some trench fries, please.

C Not until you've eaten your meal.

D No, it hasn't arrived.

E I'm taking out the trash.

F Why don't we watch a movie?

G They're in the trunk already. Let's go.

H Let's stop at the next gas station.

I What's wrong with the pair you're wearing?

J Sorry, I only have a $5 bill.

TASK 3 – Now replace the words in italic with their British English equivalents.

You can use the vocabulary table if needed.

1. Tina is going to start college this fall. She's studying modern languages.

2. When Brad's car broke down on the freeway, he opened the hood and tried to fix the engine.

3. Do you think these pants look good with this T-shirt?

4. Can I help you? • I'll have a bar of chocolate and a packet of chips, please.

5. If you're going camping, you should take a flashlight.

6. Could I borrow your eraser? I've written my answers in the wrong place.

9

7. I can't find my glasses! • Have you looked in your purse?

8. Where's Matt? • He's playing handball in the yard.

10

2 Použitáliteraturaazdroje

Wikipedia. English Language. Dostupné z http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language

Oxford Dictionaries. British and American terms.[citace 22.10.2012]. Dostupné z http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/words/british-and-american-terms