WELCOME to Seminar 4:Using Research to Paraphrase and Quote with APA!

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Welcome to Seminar #4: Using Research to Paraphrase

and Quote with APA!How is everyone today?

How was your week?

What is Plagiarism?What is Plagiarism?

Plagiarism is taking someone else's Plagiarism is taking someone else's workwork, , words, or ideas and presenting them as if words, or ideas and presenting them as if they were your own.they were your own.WorkWork includes original ideas, strategies, and includes original ideas, strategies, and research, art, graphics, computer programs, research, art, graphics, computer programs, music, and other creative expression. The work music, and other creative expression. The work may consist of writing, charts, pictures, graphs, may consist of writing, charts, pictures, graphs, diagrams, data, websites, or other diagrams, data, websites, or other communication or recording media, and may communication or recording media, and may include sentences, phrases, and innovative include sentences, phrases, and innovative terminology, formatting, or other representations.terminology, formatting, or other representations.

Is Plagiarism Wrong?Is Plagiarism Wrong?

Why or why not?Why or why not?

Consequences of PlagiarismConsequences of Plagiarism

1. Job loss1. Job loss* Reporters for the * Reporters for the New York TimesNew York Times have lost their jobs because they have lost their jobs because they

plagiarized articles. plagiarized articles. * A professor at the University of Colorado is being investigated for * A professor at the University of Colorado is being investigated for

plagiarism and could lose his job.plagiarism and could lose his job.• A Florida judge plagiarized on a military exam and could lose his A Florida judge plagiarized on a military exam and could lose his

military rank.military rank.

2. Legal Problems2. Legal Problems* Dan Brown, the author of the * Dan Brown, the author of the DaVinci CodeDaVinci Code, was sued by the authors , was sued by the authors

of of Holy Blood, Holy GrailHoly Blood, Holy Grail, who claim Brown took ideas from their , who claim Brown took ideas from their book. Brown, however, was cleared of the plagiarism charge.book. Brown, however, was cleared of the plagiarism charge.

* Actor Michael Douglas sued a Florida company for using his image to * Actor Michael Douglas sued a Florida company for using his image to make money. He asked that all profits from the use of his picture be make money. He asked that all profits from the use of his picture be given to him.given to him.

3. Failing a class or being expelled3. Failing a class or being expelled Academic writing in American institutions is filled with Academic writing in American institutions is filled with

rules that writers often don't know how to follow. A rules that writers often don't know how to follow. A working knowledge of these rules, however, is critically working knowledge of these rules, however, is critically important; inadvertent mistakes can lead to charges of important; inadvertent mistakes can lead to charges of plagiarismplagiarism or the unacknowledged use of somebody or the unacknowledged use of somebody else's words or ideas. While other cultures may not insist else's words or ideas. While other cultures may not insist so heavily on documenting sources, American so heavily on documenting sources, American institutions do. A charge of plagiarism can have severe institutions do. A charge of plagiarism can have severe consequences, including expulsion from a university. consequences, including expulsion from a university.

How Can You Avoid Plagiarism?How Can You Avoid Plagiarism?

There are two ways to avoid plagiarism:There are two ways to avoid plagiarism:

Follow the rules of documentation. This Follow the rules of documentation. This means to put means to put quotation marksquotation marks around around any quoted material and any quoted material and citecite..

To avoid plagiarism, To avoid plagiarism, use mostly your use mostly your words and ideas.words and ideas.

When you are writing an essay, most of When you are writing an essay, most of the words in the essay should be the words in the essay should be your your own wordsown words, and most of the ideas in the , and most of the ideas in the essay should also be your own. essay should also be your own.

You do research to support or "prove" You do research to support or "prove" youryour ideas. You borrow an author's words ideas. You borrow an author's words sparingly, using only enough to prove sparingly, using only enough to prove youryour point. point.

When I say this, students usually ask, "But this is a When I say this, students usually ask, "But this is a research paper, so how can I use my own words and research paper, so how can I use my own words and ideas?" The best way to do that is by ideas?" The best way to do that is by discussing the discussing the information that you find. information that you find. Give the reader your ideas Give the reader your ideas about the information; don't just "parrot" back what about the information; don't just "parrot" back what someone else has written.someone else has written.

The essay is The essay is your workyour work. You should never merely copy . You should never merely copy and paste from a number of different sources. Doing and paste from a number of different sources. Doing that is not writing an essay. that is not writing an essay.

Again, the essay should be mostly Again, the essay should be mostly your ideas and your your ideas and your wordswords..

When you use borrowed material, where must

you give credit?

Using Borrowed Material In your essays, you MUST cite all

borrowed material in TWO places: in the text and on the reference page. In the text, borrowed material is followed by the source in parenthesis. The same information must appear on the reference page.

Interviews are an exception as they are documented in the text only.

What is a quotation?What is a quotation?

A quotation is when you use someone A quotation is when you use someone else's exact words.else's exact words.

How do you indicate to the reader that How do you indicate to the reader that you are using someone else's words?you are using someone else's words?

That’s right!That’s right!

• To indicate that you are using To indicate that you are using someone else's words, place those someone else's words, place those words within words within quotation marksquotation marks and and citecite..

What do you put in the text to What do you put in the text to tell your reader the source of tell your reader the source of

your information?your information?

We no longer have to use footnotes. Now We no longer have to use footnotes. Now the information should be placed within the information should be placed within parenthesisparenthesis: (author's last name, date, : (author's last name, date, page number only if read as a paper page number only if read as a paper copy).copy).

""There is only one way under high heaven There is only one way under high heaven to get anybody to do anything. . . .And that to get anybody to do anything. . . .And that is by making the other person want to do is by making the other person want to do itit"" (Carnegie, 1998, p. 17) (Carnegie, 1998, p. 17)..

Note: When citing quoted material, Note: When citing quoted material, the the period goes at the end of the period goes at the end of the parenthesis,parenthesis, not at the end of the quote. not at the end of the quote.

Whatever you alphabetize by on the reference Whatever you alphabetize by on the reference page, you must put as the page, you must put as the first wordfirst word in your in your parenthesis.parenthesis. For example, if on the Reference For example, if on the Reference Page you begin "Page you begin "SmithSmith, J. (1999)," then in the text , J. (1999)," then in the text you begin with Smith again: (you begin with Smith again: (SmithSmith, 1999, p. 25)., 1999, p. 25).

This way, when your reader sees (This way, when your reader sees (SmithSmith) in the ) in the text, the reader can look for text, the reader can look for SmithSmith on the on the reference page. reference page.

If there isn't any author listed, use the title of the If there isn't any author listed, use the title of the article. For example, if you are using an article article. For example, if you are using an article “To Test or Not to Test,”“To Test or Not to Test,” if your reader sees ( if your reader sees (To To testtest) in the text, the reader will look for ) in the text, the reader will look for To testTo test as as an entry on your reference page an entry on your reference page

Consider this reference:Consider this reference:

Lord, L. (2003). A first lady of many firsts. Lord, L. (2003). A first lady of many firsts. US US News and World Report, 135 News and World Report, 135(20). (20). Retrieved February 16, 2004, from Retrieved February 16, 2004, from Academic Search Academic Search

Elite database. Elite database.

What would an in text citation for What would an in text citation for this article look like?this article look like?

And the answer is:And the answer is:

In the text, the article would be cited this way: In the text, the article would be cited this way: (Lord, 2003).(Lord, 2003).

The in-text citations and the reference page must match.The in-text citations and the reference page must match.Lord, L. (2003). A first lady of many firsts. Lord, L. (2003). A first lady of many firsts. US News and US News and

World Report, 135 World Report, 135(20). Retrieved February 16, (20). Retrieved February 16, 2004, from Academic Search Elite database.2004, from Academic Search Elite database.

Introduce QuotationsIntroduce Quotations

We just talked about documenting We just talked about documenting quotes by simply adding the author's quotes by simply adding the author's last name, date the material was last name, date the material was published, and page in parenthesis at published, and page in parenthesis at the end of the material. For the end of the material. For example: example: "Every human being "Every human being has the freedom to change at has the freedom to change at any instant" (Frankl, 1984, p. any instant" (Frankl, 1984, p. 133).133).

However, if you introduce your quotes However, if you introduce your quotes (which most of the time you would do), (which most of the time you would do), then the information would be cited as then the information would be cited as follows:follows:

Victor Frankl (1984),Victor Frankl (1984), a psychiatrist a psychiatrist and Nazi Concentration Camp survivor, and Nazi Concentration Camp survivor, emphasized a human being's capacity to emphasized a human being's capacity to decide his fate: decide his fate: "Every human being "Every human being has the freedom to change at any has the freedom to change at any instant" (p. 133).instant" (p. 133).

When using the author's name as part of When using the author's name as part of the introduction to the quote, you do not the introduction to the quote, you do not have to repeat it by putting it in have to repeat it by putting it in parenthesis at the end. Also, the date parenthesis at the end. Also, the date follows the author's name instead of being follows the author's name instead of being placed in parenthesis at the end.placed in parenthesis at the end.

If you had found in information online If you had found in information online instead of in a book, then your instead of in a book, then your citation would be the introduction to citation would be the introduction to the quote and the date.  the quote and the date.  There would There would be no parenthesis at the end.be no parenthesis at the end.

For example: For example: Victor Frankl (1984), a Victor Frankl (1984), a psychiatrist and Nazi Concentration Camp psychiatrist and Nazi Concentration Camp survivor, emphasized a human being's survivor, emphasized a human being's capacity to decide his fate: capacity to decide his fate: "Every "Every human being has the freedom to human being has the freedom to change at any instant."change at any instant."

If read online, the (p. 133) is omitted.If read online, the (p. 133) is omitted.

Note that in that case Note that in that case the period went the period went inside the quotation marksinside the quotation marks..

Why should you introduce Why should you introduce quotations?quotations?

Why should your reader give credibility to your quote if the reader does not know who you are quoting and why? For example, if I use the following quote, you have no idea why you should or shouldn't believe the person I am quoting:

"Man is ultimately self-determining. What he becomes - within the limits of endowment and environment - he has made out of himself" (Frankl, 1984, p. 135).

Is that statement true? How would you know? Reading the quote alone, you have no reason to know if the author has anything to base his ideas upon.

However, look at the difference if I introduce the quote:

According to Victor Frankl (1984), psychiatrist and Nazi Concentration Camp survivor, "Man is ultimately self-determining. What he becomes - within the limits of endowment and environment - he has made out of himself" (p. 135).

Now the reader can say, "This person is a psychiatrist, who deals with the human mind, and a Concentration Camp survivor, so he has been through a lot of hard times. He probably knows what he is talking about.“

You have just given your quotation credibility.

What is a block What is a block quotation?quotation?

When using someone else's exact words, but the When using someone else's exact words, but the quotation is more than forty words follow these quotation is more than forty words follow these

rules:rules: (1) Indent the ENTIRE quotation 5 spaces, (1) Indent the ENTIRE quotation 5 spaces,

just like you would indent a paragraph.just like you would indent a paragraph.

(2) Double space the indented quotation.(2) Double space the indented quotation. (3) Do not use quotation marks. (3) Do not use quotation marks.

Indenting takes the place of quotation Indenting takes the place of quotation marks. marks.

(4) Cite both in the text and on the (4) Cite both in the text and on the reference page.reference page.

What is a What is a paraphrase?paraphrase?

Paraphrasing is an area where many Paraphrasing is an area where many students have difficulty. A paraphrase is students have difficulty. A paraphrase is when you when you reword someone else's ideas.reword someone else's ideas. You can't copy and paste a few words from You can't copy and paste a few words from different sentences and call it your own. different sentences and call it your own. Either reword the information Either reword the information completelycompletely or put it within quotation marks.or put it within quotation marks.

In a paraphrase, the writer restates in his or In a paraphrase, the writer restates in his or her own words all the relevant information her own words all the relevant information from a passage. from a passage. To avoid plagiarizing To avoid plagiarizing inadvertently, inadvertently, you must use your own you must use your own words and sentence structures words and sentence structures when when paraphrasing or summarizing.paraphrasing or summarizing. If you If you include an author's original expressions, include an author's original expressions, enclose them in quotation marks.enclose them in quotation marks.

Must you cite Must you cite when you when you

paraphrase?paraphrase?

Yes!Yes! Even when a paraphrase or a summary is Even when a paraphrase or a summary is

restated in your own words, you still need to restated in your own words, you still need to include a include a citation in your textcitation in your text that that identifies the original source of the ideas. identifies the original source of the ideas. You must also include it You must also include it on your reference on your reference page.page.

Whether paraphrasing or quoting an author Whether paraphrasing or quoting an author directly, after the borrowed material, place a directly, after the borrowed material, place a set of parenthesis containing the author's set of parenthesis containing the author's last name, date, and page number only if you last name, date, and page number only if you used a hard copy.used a hard copy.

Practice!

Let us discuss a paraphrase. Below is a quote. Give me a paraphrase.

"It has been estimated that a child of six knows as many as 13,000 words and the average high school graduate about 60,000" (Fromkin & Rodman, 2003, p. 69).

Note: the period is at the end of the parenthesis, not inside the quotation marks.

Does anyone have a paraphrase for that quote?

Sample Paraphrase

Researchers have concluded that some children as young as six years old are able to comprehend 13,000 different words. Interestingly, the average young person graduating from secondary school has increased his or her vocabulary by only 47,000 words. (Fromkin & Rodman, 2003, p. 69).

Let’s try another:

"Creating an atmosphere of safety and trust is critical to the development of a good working group online" (Palloff & Pratt, 2005, p. 13).

Try to avoid using the words “safety and trust.”

Does anyone have a paraphrase for that quote?

Sample Paraphrase

In order to function at an appropriate level, online groups must strive to build feelings of security and confidence in their members. (Palloff & Pratt, 2005, p. 13).

*Note: The paraphrase does not use the words “safety and trust.”

Review of the Rules for Using Borrowed Material

1) Use quotes sparingly, but any time you use someone else's words, you must put them in quotation marks.

2) Paraphrase and summarize as an alternative to quoting. However, if you paraphrase, you must still put parenthetical documentation after the paraphrase.

3) When you paraphrase or summarize, change ALL the words, not just one or two of them.

4) Give credit in two places: in the text and on the Reference Page.

5) When in doubt, cite.

Some Research Strategies 1. When taking notes on your research, make sure you

know where every note comes from. A good way to keep track is to number each entry in your working bibliography and then label each page with notes from a source with its corresponding number. Another way is to label or color code sources and notes for easy reference.

When taking notes, be wary of special short-hand. Keep a legend of unusual abbreviations and symbols or else you might be confused come drafting time.

If you don't understand what a particular resource is saying, don't use it or you'll risk misinterpreting the information and undermining your argument. A good rule of thumb is that if a note doesn't make sense at the point of writing, it won't magically make sense later.

If you find ideas or reactions coming to you while you're researching, make sure you keep your thoughts and insights separate from your other notes. Using different colored pens or physically shifting from "me" to "others" sheets is a great way to maintain the distinction.

Above all, keep everything as legible as possible; you'll thank yourself later. Neat notes especially count for bibliographic information and URLs.

2. Avoid collecting redundant (repetitive) information or too much information. Again, you're not writing a book.

3. Revise your outline as you collect and

review sources.

4. While researching, keep the final paper in mind. No matter how interesting the information might be, if it doesn't pertain to the project you are doing, you can't use it.

5. Revise and refine your thesis if needed.

Any questions?

Writing Tip: Number vs. Amount

Use the word NUMBER when you can count what you are referring to: the number of students in the school, the number of children online, the number of cars on the road, etc.

Use the word AMOUNT only when you can't count what you are referring to: the amount of flour in the cake (You can't effectively count individual molecules of flour), the amount of sunshine in a day, the amount of love in the world

“Time” to Go!

Questions?Concerns? Comments?

Please let me know how I can help?

Have a Great Week!