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PARAPHRASING PARAPHRASING BORROWING LANGUAGE AND IDEAS BORROWING LANGUAGE AND IDEAS

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PARAPHRASINGPARAPHRASINGBORROWING LANGUAGE AND IDEASBORROWING LANGUAGE AND IDEAS

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WHAT IS A PARAPHRASE?WHAT IS A PARAPHRASE?

DEFINITION:DEFINITION:Paraphrasing is when we borrow ideas, Paraphrasing is when we borrow ideas,

language, or phrases from another language, or phrases from another person’s text; we write these person’s text; we write these usingusing our our own languageown language and and sentence patternssentence patterns..

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WHAT IS A PARAPHRASE?WHAT IS A PARAPHRASE?continuedcontinued

Paraphrasing a text (such as a movie, an Paraphrasing a text (such as a movie, an article, a book chapter, or a song) helps article, a book chapter, or a song) helps the reader grasp the important parts the reader grasp the important parts without having to read the source.without having to read the source.

The writer is an expert in the content of that The writer is an expert in the content of that one source, and she one source, and she talks the researchtalks the research to to her reader.her reader.

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ACTIVITY ONE:ACTIVITY ONE:Answer the following questions on a sheet of paper. Answer the following questions on a sheet of paper. Do not answer with “I don’t know”;Do not answer with “I don’t know”; instead, talk about what instead, talk about what you thinkyou think a writer does. It’s good to start with what we already know or a writer does. It’s good to start with what we already know or assume:assume:

When do we paraphrase?When do we paraphrase?How do we paraphrase?How do we paraphrase?Can we switch words around?Can we switch words around?How do we cite our paraphrases?How do we cite our paraphrases?How is paraphrase different than quote?How is paraphrase different than quote?

Note:Note: Please do not look anything up with this part. You are thinking Please do not look anything up with this part. You are thinking about what you already know or have heard about integrating about what you already know or have heard about integrating sources into your texts.sources into your texts.

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HERE ARE SOME HERE ARE SOME INCORRECT ASSUMPTIONSINCORRECT ASSUMPTIONS STUDENT STUDENT WRITERS HAVE HAD ABOUT PARAPHRASING. COMPARE YOUR WRITERS HAVE HAD ABOUT PARAPHRASING. COMPARE YOUR

ANSWERS FROM ACTIVITY ONE WITH THOSE BELOW.ANSWERS FROM ACTIVITY ONE WITH THOSE BELOW.

--If we switch words around we are O.K.. --If we switch words around we are O.K.. NONO

--If somebody did not “say it,” then they are my words. --If somebody did not “say it,” then they are my words. NONO

--I have learned about the topic somewhere else; I don’t need to cite it.--I have learned about the topic somewhere else; I don’t need to cite it.NONO

--This comes from my own expertise. --This comes from my own expertise. NONO

--I don’t know what the article is about, but I switched the words around --I don’t know what the article is about, but I switched the words around in this one part; they are my words. in this one part; they are my words. NONO

--I don’t think we have to cite a paraphrase. We only cite quotes. --I don’t think we have to cite a paraphrase. We only cite quotes. NONO

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WHY DO WE PARAPHRASE?WHY DO WE PARAPHRASE?Paraphrasing allows the Paraphrasing allows the reader to trust the writer.reader to trust the writer. We walk away from our We walk away from our

reading informed, and we have confidence in the researcher reading informed, and we have confidence in the researcher because because she she knows her source materials.knows her source materials.

MOSTMOST OF YOUR RESEARCH WRITING OF YOUR RESEARCH WRITING

WILLWILL INCLUDE PARAPHRASING.INCLUDE PARAPHRASING.

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WHY DO WE PARAPHRASE?WHY DO WE PARAPHRASE?

PARAPHRASEPARAPHRASE IS IS USED MORE THANUSED MORE THAN SUMMARY AND QUOTES SUMMARY AND QUOTES BECAUSEBECAUSE::

PARAPHRASE GIVES MORE DETAIL THAN SUMMARY AND ALLOWS MORE PARAPHRASE GIVES MORE DETAIL THAN SUMMARY AND ALLOWS MORE INSIGHT.INSIGHT.

PARAPHRSE PREVENTS OVERRELIANCE ON QUOTING AND SHOWS AN PARAPHRSE PREVENTS OVERRELIANCE ON QUOTING AND SHOWS AN AUTHOR’S CAREFUL CONSIDERATION OF THE PARTICULAR SOURCE.AUTHOR’S CAREFUL CONSIDERATION OF THE PARTICULAR SOURCE.

WE SHOULD WE SHOULD ONLY QUOTE IN SPECIFICONLY QUOTE IN SPECIFIC INSTANCES INSTANCES

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REVIEWING WHEN TO QUOTEREVIEWING WHEN TO QUOTE

As a review, writers use quotes sparingly and only As a review, writers use quotes sparingly and only with the following rules:with the following rules:

1.1. Quoting an authority (who is absolutely Quoting an authority (who is absolutely necessary to include in the paper).necessary to include in the paper).

2.2. Using necessary dialogue.Using necessary dialogue.3.3. Highlighting necessary bias or opposite Highlighting necessary bias or opposite

opinions.opinions.4.4. Analyzing unusual language.Analyzing unusual language.Ask your instructor for any other times to quote.Ask your instructor for any other times to quote.

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ACTIVITY #2:ACTIVITY #2:LOOK AT THE PAPER YOU ARE WORKING ON.LOOK AT THE PAPER YOU ARE WORKING ON.1.1. HIGHLIGHT EVERY PLACE YOU QUOTE.HIGHLIGHT EVERY PLACE YOU QUOTE.

2.2. WRITE WRITE YESYES NEXT TO QUOTES THAT FOLLOW ONE OF THE NEXT TO QUOTES THAT FOLLOW ONE OF THE RULES, AND WRITE RULES, AND WRITE NONO NEXT TO THOSE THAT DON’T. NEXT TO THOSE THAT DON’T.

3.3. FOR THOSE THAT DON’T FOLLOW ONE OF THE RULES FOR THOSE THAT DON’T FOLLOW ONE OF THE RULES (AND THERE PROBABLY ARE SEVERAL YOU SHOULD (AND THERE PROBABLY ARE SEVERAL YOU SHOULD REVISE), THEN CONSIDER PARAPHRASING IN PLACE OF REVISE), THEN CONSIDER PARAPHRASING IN PLACE OF THE QUOTE. THE QUOTE.

4.4. STAPLE THE DRAFT IN WHICH YOU HIGHLIGHTED ALL STAPLE THE DRAFT IN WHICH YOU HIGHLIGHTED ALL QUOTES AND ON WHICH YOU WROTE YES OR NO TO THE QUOTES AND ON WHICH YOU WROTE YES OR NO TO THE COMPLETED GPAW FOR YOUR INSTRUCTOR TO REVIEW. COMPLETED GPAW FOR YOUR INSTRUCTOR TO REVIEW.

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IMPORTANT THING TO REMEMBER ABOUT IMPORTANT THING TO REMEMBER ABOUT PARAPHRASING:PARAPHRASING:

1. 1. Use Use onlyonly important information. important information.

2. 2. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing is betteris better than quoting too than quoting too much.much.

3. 3. We We must usemust use our own voice and words. our own voice and words.

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Three paraphrasing rules:Three paraphrasing rules:

1. We are allowed to use 1. We are allowed to use common termscommon terms, such as the , such as the author’s name or topic. No quotation marks are author’s name or topic. No quotation marks are necessary when we use these.necessary when we use these.

2.2. If we borrow any If we borrow any key wordskey words, we , we must put them in must put them in quotationsquotations..

3.3. We must We must box in the sourcebox in the source by introducing source first by introducing source first and then citing at the end.and then citing at the end.

ACTIVITY #3 PRINT THIS SLIDEACTIVITY #3 PRINT THIS SLIDEAND USE IT AS A GUIDE AS WE PARAPHRASE AND USE IT AS A GUIDE AS WE PARAPHRASE

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LET’S PRACTICE:LET’S PRACTICE:

ORIGINAL STATEMENT: When we paraphrase, we should make sure to allow our original voice to ORIGINAL STATEMENT: When we paraphrase, we should make sure to allow our original voice to explain the text to our readers without stealing the original tone or sentence patterns. explain the text to our readers without stealing the original tone or sentence patterns. Paraphrasing is always better than quoting too much.Paraphrasing is always better than quoting too much.

PARAPHRASE ATTEMPT: Diana Agy, in her text “How to Paraphrase” seems to privilege PARAPHRASE ATTEMPT: Diana Agy, in her text “How to Paraphrase” seems to privilege paraphrasing in place of paraphrasing in place of “quoting too much.”“quoting too much.” She talks about how important it is for a writer She talks about how important it is for a writer to know his or her sources and to to know his or her sources and to “talk”“talk” the research to his or her readers (Agy13). the research to his or her readers (Agy13).

1.1. Any common terms?Any common terms? Yes: Yes: ParaphraseParaphraseNotice it is not in quotation marks because it is a common term.Notice it is not in quotation marks because it is a common term.

2. 2. Are there any unique or key words that we borrowed from original writer?Are there any unique or key words that we borrowed from original writer?Yes: “quoting too much” and “talk”Yes: “quoting too much” and “talk”Notice how we put this phrase in quotation marks because we borrow the original Notice how we put this phrase in quotation marks because we borrow the original writer’s language. We think this is an important phrase. writer’s language. We think this is an important phrase.

3. Did the author introduce the source and cite it at the end?3. Did the author introduce the source and cite it at the end?Yes. She introduced the source here, and she cites it at the end.Yes. She introduced the source here, and she cites it at the end.This helps us know where this paraphrase begins and where it ends. This helps us know where this paraphrase begins and where it ends.

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PRINT THIS SLIDEPRINT THIS SLIDE TO USE WITH TO USE WITH THE UPCOMING ACTIVITIES:THE UPCOMING ACTIVITIES:

HERE IS AN ORIGINAL TEXT:HERE IS AN ORIGINAL TEXT:

The more we write and talk about writing, the better writers The more we write and talk about writing, the better writers we become. The Writing Fellow Program provides an we become. The Writing Fellow Program provides an outlet for students to chat with peers about any stage of outlet for students to chat with peers about any stage of writing: prewriting, drafting, revising, close editing, etc… writing: prewriting, drafting, revising, close editing, etc… Writing Fellows use redirection and sample writings to Writing Fellows use redirection and sample writings to help students better understand the help students better understand the whyswhys of each writing of each writing stage.stage.

Text by Diana Agy.Text by Diana Agy.

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INCORRECT PARAPHRASING:INCORRECT PARAPHRASING:Sample #1Sample #1

Students can benefit from the Writing Fellow Program by Students can benefit from the Writing Fellow Program by understanding redirection and considering sample understanding redirection and considering sample papers. The more students talk about writing, the papers. The more students talk about writing, the more skilled they become.more skilled they become.

1.1. Did the writer use common terms?Did the writer use common terms?Yes: “writing” and “students” . She did not need quotation for these common words.Yes: “writing” and “students” . She did not need quotation for these common words.

2.2. Did the writer borrow key words and use quotations correctly?Did the writer borrow key words and use quotations correctly?YESYES, she borrowed key words, , she borrowed key words,

BUTBUTShe did not use quotations with borrowed language.She did not use quotations with borrowed language.To correct, she should use quotation marks with “redirection”, “sample papers” and “talk To correct, she should use quotation marks with “redirection”, “sample papers” and “talk about writing” about writing”

3.3. Did the writer introduce the source and cite it at then end?Did the writer introduce the source and cite it at then end?No. We do not know where the writer begins and ends and where the source begins and No. We do not know where the writer begins and ends and where the source begins and ends.ends.

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ACTIVITY #4ACTIVITY #4

EXPLAIN IN A PARAGRAPH WHY THE EXPLAIN IN A PARAGRAPH WHY THE PREVIOUS EXAMPLE WAS AN PREVIOUS EXAMPLE WAS AN INCORRECT PARAPHRASE. TALK TO INCORRECT PARAPHRASE. TALK TO YOUR INSTRUCTOR ABOUT WHY YOUR INSTRUCTOR ABOUT WHY THAT PARAPHRASE IS PLAGIARIZED.THAT PARAPHRASE IS PLAGIARIZED.

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CORRECT PARAPHRASE:CORRECT PARAPHRASE:

Correct paraphrasingCorrect paraphrasing: : In the text by Diana Agy, she explains the importance of communication and social In the text by Diana Agy, she explains the importance of communication and social activities centered around writing. She particularly targets a program she calls activities centered around writing. She particularly targets a program she calls “Writing Fellow Program,” and she explains how these tutors help engage their “Writing Fellow Program,” and she explains how these tutors help engage their tutees through various methods. Her text also highlights the importance of tutees through various methods. Her text also highlights the importance of understanding writing as a process and that we become better writers if we understanding writing as a process and that we become better writers if we understand the “whys” of various “writing stages” (qtd. In Paraphrase GPAW).understand the “whys” of various “writing stages” (qtd. In Paraphrase GPAW).

1.1. Does it use common terms:Does it use common terms:Yes: writing (writers) , importance, understanding—no need for quotation marks.Yes: writing (writers) , importance, understanding—no need for quotation marks.

2.2. Does it borrow key words and cite them with quotation marks?Does it borrow key words and cite them with quotation marks?Yes:”writing stages” and “whys”Yes:”writing stages” and “whys”

3.3. Does it introduce and cite the source correctly?Does it introduce and cite the source correctly?Yes: In the text, and (qtd. In Paraphrase GPAW).Yes: In the text, and (qtd. In Paraphrase GPAW).

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ACTIVITY #5ACTIVITY #5

EXPLAIN IN ONE PARAGRAPH WHY THE EXPLAIN IN ONE PARAGRAPH WHY THE PREVIOUS SLIDE IS A CORRECT PREVIOUS SLIDE IS A CORRECT PARAPHRASE. TALK TO YOUR PARAPHRASE. TALK TO YOUR INSTRUCTOR ABOUT WHAT YOU ARE INSTRUCTOR ABOUT WHAT YOU ARE LEARNING ABOUT PARAPHRASE. LEARNING ABOUT PARAPHRASE.

NOTE: PLEASE DO NOT SIMPLY LIST THE NOTE: PLEASE DO NOT SIMPLY LIST THE THREE RULES OVER AGAIN—TALK ABOUT THREE RULES OVER AGAIN—TALK ABOUT WHAT YOU ARE LEARNING ABOUT THE WHAT YOU ARE LEARNING ABOUT THE PARAPHRASE FROM THIS LAST EXAMPLE.PARAPHRASE FROM THIS LAST EXAMPLE.

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THE MOST COMMON PROBLEMTHE MOST COMMON PROBLEMThe main problem is using the original source as a mirror. The main problem is using the original source as a mirror.

Mirroring occurs when the writer imitates the original sentence patterns and Mirroring occurs when the writer imitates the original sentence patterns and voice. Some writers have learned that as long as they replace the original voice. Some writers have learned that as long as they replace the original text with their own language, then all is well. text with their own language, then all is well. But, they are mistaken!But, they are mistaken!

When we paraphrase we are putting someone else’s information When we paraphrase we are putting someone else’s information in our in our own sentence patterns. Not only must the wording be different, but own sentence patterns. Not only must the wording be different, but the rhythm and pattern must also be our own.the rhythm and pattern must also be our own.

We think that we are paraphrasing when we are rearranging our source’s We think that we are paraphrasing when we are rearranging our source’s sentences while we keep their original sentence patterns, sentences while we keep their original sentence patterns, BUTBUT WE ARE WE ARE NOTNOT. .

Be very careful here. This is the most common form of plagiarism. Be very careful here. This is the most common form of plagiarism.

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Consider this example:Consider this example:Incorrect paraphrase--plagiarismIncorrect paraphrase--plagiarism

Original:Original:Ask not what your country can do for you. But ask what you can do for Ask not what your country can do for you. But ask what you can do for

your country.your country.

Incorrect Paraphrase:Incorrect Paraphrase:Don’t ask what your nation can give you; instead, consider what you are willing to do for Don’t ask what your nation can give you; instead, consider what you are willing to do for

your country.your country.

Notice the rhythm, the sentence pattern, and the sound are exactly the same. Notice the rhythm, the sentence pattern, and the sound are exactly the same. Notice also, although there are some word changes, the second example only Notice also, although there are some word changes, the second example only

mimics the first—it does NOT paraphrase the first.mimics the first—it does NOT paraphrase the first.

Correct Paraphrase:Correct Paraphrase:John Kennedy’s introduction stresses the importance of citizens John Kennedy’s introduction stresses the importance of citizens

becoming civically engaged in their country’s affairs.becoming civically engaged in their country’s affairs.

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ACTIVITY #6ACTIVITY #6

WRITE A PARAGRAPH EXPLAINING THE WRITE A PARAGRAPH EXPLAINING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE INCORRECT PARAPHRASE AND THE INCORRECT PARAPHRASE AND THE CORRECT PARAPHRASE IN THE CORRECT PARAPHRASE IN THE PREVIOUS SLIDE (slide #19). PREVIOUS SLIDE (slide #19).

BE SPECIFIC AS YOU TALK TO YOUR BE SPECIFIC AS YOU TALK TO YOUR TEACHER ABOUT WHAT YOU ARE TEACHER ABOUT WHAT YOU ARE LEARNING.LEARNING.

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ACTIVITY #7ACTIVITY #7CONSIDER THE NEXT EXAMPLE. CONSIDER THE NEXT EXAMPLE. Read it carefully. Know it.Read it carefully. Know it.Students who submit plagiarized writing (purposefully or unintentionally Students who submit plagiarized writing (purposefully or unintentionally

misquoting, incorrectly paraphrasing, or incorrectly citing sources) run the misquoting, incorrectly paraphrasing, or incorrectly citing sources) run the risk of academic dishonesty and producing poor writing. Know the risk of academic dishonesty and producing poor writing. Know the research, and talk it to your reader. Understand the conventions of citing research, and talk it to your reader. Understand the conventions of citing sources, and understand the difference between quoting and paraphrasing.sources, and understand the difference between quoting and paraphrasing.

Text by Joe Schmoe from page 23 in a book titled Text by Joe Schmoe from page 23 in a book titled SourcesSources..

1. Write an INCORRECT PARAPHRASE of the above text , and follow the 1. Write an INCORRECT PARAPHRASE of the above text , and follow the chart on slide #14. Go through each paraphrase process, and explain why chart on slide #14. Go through each paraphrase process, and explain why your incorrect paraphrase is incorrect.your incorrect paraphrase is incorrect.

2. Write a CORRECT PARAPHRASE of the above text, and follow the chart on 2. Write a CORRECT PARAPHRASE of the above text, and follow the chart on slide #16. Go through each paraphrase process, and explain why your slide #16. Go through each paraphrase process, and explain why your correct paraphrase is correct.correct paraphrase is correct.

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PARAPHRASE APPLICATIONPARAPHRASE APPLICATIONACTIVITY #8ACTIVITY #8

Revisit Revisit your entire essay.your entire essay.

WriteWrite down each of your paraphrases. down each of your paraphrases.

Find the Find the original article. original article.

HighlightHighlight the sections where the paraphrases comes from. the sections where the paraphrases comes from.

Staple Staple the original source text to your work so your instructor can scan it.the original source text to your work so your instructor can scan it.

AnswerAnswer the following questions. the following questions.

Does your paraphraseDoes your paraphrase

mirror the rhythm of the original?mirror the rhythm of the original?

have similar sentence patterns?have similar sentence patterns?

sound like the original?sound like the original?

simply substitute your source’s words for another? simply substitute your source’s words for another?

If yes, you must revise!If yes, you must revise!Return to slide # 11 for reference. Return to slide # 11 for reference.

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Reflection:Reflection:ACTIVITY #9:ACTIVITY #9: PLEASE ANSWER IN 3-4 SENTENCES PLEASE ANSWER IN 3-4 SENTENCES

EACH:EACH:

What have you learned from this workshop?What have you learned from this workshop?

How will your writing change as a result of completing this workshop?How will your writing change as a result of completing this workshop?

If you have any questions, please contact:If you have any questions, please contact:

([email protected])([email protected])

(([email protected]@jccmi.edu))