the appendicular skeleton resident orientation course 2012 by dr. totakhil
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Appendicular Skeleton
Resident Orientation Course 2012By Dr. Totakhil
![Page 2: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
THE SKELETAL SYSTEMThe Appendicular Skeleton
• 2 pairs of limbs and 2 girdles– Pectoral (shoulder) girdle attaches upper limbs– Pelvic (hip) girdle secures lower limbs
• 3-Segmented limbs
Upper = arm Lower = Leg
Arm Thigh
Forearm Leg
Hand Foot
![Page 3: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Pectoral Girdle(Shoulder Girdle)
• Clavicle – anterior: collar bone
– Sternal end attaches to the manubrium medially
– Acromial end articulates with the scapula laterally
• Scapula – posterior: shoulder blade
![Page 4: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Scapula
• Glenoid cavity articulates with the humerus
• Acromium articulates with clavicle
• Coracoid process projects anteriorly
![Page 6: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Scapulae: triangular, paired, does not connect in back (adds thoracic flexibility)
![Page 7: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Upper Extremity
• Arm or Brachium = upper arm– Between shoulder and elbow (humerus)
• Forearm or Antebrachium– Radius & ulna
• Hand includes:– Wrist (carpus)– Palm (metacarpus)– Fingers (phalanges)
![Page 8: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Arm
• Humerus is the only bone– Head of humerus fits into glenoid cavity of
scapula– Distal & medially, trochlea articulates with the
ulna– Distal & laterally capitulum articulates with the
radius– Medial & lateral epicondyles
![Page 10: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Muscles of the Shoulder Girdle
![Page 12: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Anterior Compartment Flexors
![Page 13: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Posterior Compartment Flexors
![Page 14: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Forearm
• Consists of 2 bones the radius and ulna
• These bones articulate with each other proximally
and distally
• An interosseous membrane is between these 2
bones
![Page 15: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Radius
• Long bone situated on the lateral side of the forearm• Together with the ulna, it provides attachment for the
forearm muscles• It consists of an articular head above, which articulates
with the humerus and ulna to form the elbow joint• Consists of an articular surface below, which articulates
with the carpal bones to form the wrist• Its lower end rotates around the ulna, whose position is
fixed, to supinate and pronate the forearm and hand
![Page 16: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Ulna
• Long bone situated on the medial side of the forearm.
• Together with the radius, they provide attachment for the forearm muscles
• Consists of a large trochlear surface above, which articulates with the humerus to form the elbow joint
• Consists of a small head below, which articulates with the radius to form the radioulnar joint
![Page 17: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Radius is thinner proximally, like a spool of thread, and wide distally; ulna is slightly longer and looks like a monkey wrench (supposedly!)
![Page 18: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Anatomic Position
• In the anatomical position:
– Radius is lateral (thumb side); with pronation the palm
faces posteriorly and the bones cross
• Prone: body lying face down
– You can remember prone if you think about how you
would fall forward onto your face if you passed out
• Supine: body lying face up
![Page 19: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Proximal and Distal Joints of the Forearm
![Page 20: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Muscles of the Forearm
![Page 21: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Muscles of the Forearm
![Page 22: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Hand
• Wrist: consists of 8 carpal bones– Articulate above with the radius at the radiocarpal joint– Articulate with each other at the intercarpal joints– Articulate below with the metatarsals at the
carpometacarpal joints
![Page 23: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Hand
• Hand: consists of 5 metacarpals bones– The 1st metacarpal lies laterally, providing a base
for the thumb– The 5th metacarpal lies medially, forming a base
for the little finger– Proximally they articulate with the carpal bones at
the carpometacarpal joints– Distally they articulate with the proximal
phalanges at the metacarpophalangeal joints
![Page 24: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Hand
• Fingers (or digits) consist of miniature long bones
called phalanges:
– Thumb has 2 bones: proximal and distal
– The other fingers have 3 bones: proximal, middle,
distal
![Page 25: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Pelvic Girdle
• Strongly attached to axial skeleton (sacrum)• More stable than pectoral (shoulder) girdle• Less freedom of movement• Made up of the paired hip bones– “Bony pelvis” is basin-like structure: hip bones
plus the axial sacrum and coccyx
![Page 28: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Male Pelvis Female Pelvis
Heavier Lighter and thinner
Heart shaped pelvic inlet Round or oval shaped pelvic inlet
Prominent muscle and ligament attachments
Less prominent muscle and ligament attachments
Sub-pubic angle is less than 90 degrees
Sub-pubic angle is greater than 90 degrees
Longer narrower pelvic cavity Shorter wider pelvic cavity
Differences Between Male and Female Pelvis
![Page 29: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Hip bone (Os Coxae): 3 separate bones in childhood which fuse
![Page 30: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Ilium
• Iliac crest
• Anterior superior iliac
spine
• Greater sciatic notch
• Forms part of
“acetabulum”
(hip socket) which receives
ball-shaped head of femur
![Page 31: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Ischium
• Body
• Ramus
• Ischial spine
• Ischial tuberosity
• Part of hip socket
![Page 32: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Pubis
• Joins medially in pubic symphysis• Forms “obturator foramen” (large hole) with ischium• Part of hip socket
![Page 33: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Lower Limb
• Thigh: femur
• Leg (Lower Leg)
– Tibia
– Fibula
• Foot
![Page 34: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Thigh
• Femur: Longest bone in the body
– It consists of a head above, which articulates with
the hip bone to form the hip joint
– Has two large condyles below, which articulate
with the tibia and patella to form the knee joint
![Page 36: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Patella
• The patella, the largest sesamoid bone in the body
• It is embedded in the tendon of quadriceps femoris, and
is located anterior to the knee-joint
• Its outline is somewhat in the shape of an inverted
triangle
• It is separated from the femur by the suprapatellar bursa
![Page 37: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Leg
• Tibia– The larger and medial of the two bones of the leg– It consists of two expanded extremities joined by
a shaft• Fibula– Lateral and more slender of the two bones of the
leg
![Page 40: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Foot
• Tarsus: 7 tarsal bones– Talus: articulates with tibia and fibula anteriorly and
calcaneus posteriorly– Calcaneus: heel bone– Other bones: Cuboid, navicular, and 3 cunieforms (medial,
intermediate and lateral)
• 5 metatarsals• 14 phalanges– Great toe is called the hallux
![Page 44: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Muscles of the Foot
![Page 46: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Any Questions??
![Page 47: The Appendicular Skeleton Resident Orientation Course 2012 By Dr. Totakhil](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649ec45503460f94bce14c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
References
• www. rci.rutgers.edu