Name ____________________________________________________________ Period _____

The Appendicular Skeleton

The Appendicular Skeleton

• ______ bones

o Limbs (________________________)

o _____________________________ (____________________ to the axial skeleton)

o _____________________________ (____________________ to the axial skeleton)

The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

• Composed of two bones

o _____________________ – collarbone

o _____________________ – shoulder blade

• These bones are very light and allow the upper limb to have exceptionally ______________

______________________ because:

1. Each pectoral girdle attaches to axial skeleton at only _________________ =

______________________________________

2. The loose attachment of the scapula allows it to _____________ back & forth

against the thorax

3. The _______________________________ is shallow & the shoulder joint is

________________________________________ by __________________

• Consists of 2 bones:

1. Clavicle (collar bone) = slender, double curved bone

o ___________________________________________________________ &

to the ______________________________________

o ____________________________ to hold the arm away from the thorax &

____________________________________________________________

2. Scapula (shoulder blade) = triangular & flare when we move our arms posteriorly

(“____________”)

o __________________________________________________; held ______

_________________________________________________

o Flattened body w/ 2 processes:

� ________________________ = enlarged end of the spine of the scapula

� Connects w/ the clavicle @ the acromioclavicular joint

� ____________________________ = beaklike

� Points over the shoulder & anchors some of the arm muscles

o ______________________________ serves as a _____________________

o Scapula has 3 borders & 3 angles:

� _____________

� _____________ (vertebral) borders

� _____________ (axillary)

� _____________

� _____________ Angles

� _____________

Bones of the Upper Limb (______) • The arm is formed by a single bone

• ________________________

o Rounded proximal end _________________________________________________

o Opposite of the head – 2 bony processes = ________________________________

_______________________ sites of muscle attachment

o Midpoint of shaft – ____________________________ where the deltoid m. attaches

o Radial groove runs obliquely down the posterior shaft

o Distal end – ________________________________ (looks like a spool) & lateral

___________________________________ – both articulate w/ bones of forearm

o Above the trochlea anteriorly is a _________________ – _____________________

o On posterior surface is the _________________________________

o Both are flanked by __________________________________________________

• Forearm – consists of the radius & ulna

o _______________________________ when the arm is in the anatomical

position (on the thumb side) & the ________________________________

o When the hand is rotated, the ___________________ of the _______________

____________________ & ends up medial to the ______________

o Radius & ulna _______________________ small ________________________

o They are connected along their entire length by a flexible ___________________

membrane

o Both have a ___________________________ @ their ___________________

o Disc-shaped radial head forms a joint w/ the capitulum of the humerus.

o Below the head is the _________________ where tendon of biceps m. attaches.

o On the ulna’s proximal end are the _____________________________ process

& the _____________________________ process, which are separated by the

___________________________

� These 2 processes grip the trochlea of the humerus in a pliers-like joint.

• Hand consists of carpals, metacarpals & phalanges

o ______________________ arranged in 2 irregular rows of 4 bones each form

the part of the hand called the carpus (wrist)

� Bound together by __________________ that restrict movements

between them.

o _______________________ form the ____________

� Numbered ____________ from the ______________________________

� Clenched fist – ____________ of the metacarpals = _________________

o _______________ (___) are the finger bones (__________________________

&________________________)

Carpals starting ________________________

(pinky to thumb - both rows):

Joe took a _______________ and hit poor Pete

in the __________________, breaking it into a

___________________ and ______________

He did it b/c he was ___________________(d)

___________________ times. The Judge said

he was __________________ and sent him to

the ________________________

The Bony Pelvis vs. the Pelvic Girdle

• Bony Pelvis

o Composed of:

� _____________________

� _____________________

� ___________________________ (coxae) or ossa coxae (Hip bones)

• Pelvic Girdle

o Coxae are composed of _________________________________________

� __________________________

� ___________________________

� ___________________________

The Pelvic Girdle: Right Coxal Bone

• ____________ are large, heavy & __________________________ to the axial skeleton.

• _______________ that __________________________ are _____________________

_____________________________________________.

• Function = _______________________; total wt. of upper body rests on pelvis.

• _________________________ organs, _______________ & _____________________

___________________lie within & __________________________ by pelvis.

• Each coxa is formed by the fusion of _________________________:

1. Ilium (Large flaring bone - forms most of the coxa)

� Connects ___________________________________________ joint.

� ____________ - winglike portions of the ilia.

� _______________________ – upper edge of alae that ends anteriorly

in the anterior superior iliac spine & posteriorly in the posterior

superior iliac spine w/ small inferior spines located below these.

2. Ischium (“______________________________”)

� __________________________________________.

� __________________________________, a roughened area,

_____________________________________ when sitting.

� ______________________, superior to the tuberosity, ___________

_______________________________________________________

� ____________________________ allows _________________ & the

large _____________ to pass from the pelvis posteriorly into the thigh

3. Pubis or pubic bone

� _________________________________ of the coxa.

� ______________________ of the pubis ______________ & the

__________________________ forms a bar of bone enclosing the

_________________________________, an opening through which

blood vessels & nerves pass into the anterior part of the thigh.

� Pubic bones fuse anteriorly to form a __________________________

called the ____________________________.

• The ilium, ischium, & pubis fuse @ the deep socket called the _____________________

(“vinegar cup”); it _____________________________________________________

The Bony Pelvis

Male pelvis Female pelvis

• Bony pelvis is divided into 2 regions:

o __________________________, superior to the true pelvis, is the area medial to

the flaring portions of the ilia.

o __________________________ lies inferior to the flaring parts of the ilia & the

pelvic brim.

o Dimensions of the true pelvis are _____________________________________

– must be large enough for the head to pass.

� Outlet is the inferior opening of the pelvis.

� Inlet is the superior opening.

Differing characteristics between the male & female pelvis

• Female inlet is _______________________________________________

• Female pelvis as a whole is _______________ & the bones are ___________________

• Female ilia _____________________________________

• Female ________________________________________________________________

• Female ischial spines are _____________________________; thus the outlet is ______

• Female pubic arch is more rounded because the _______________________________

Bones of the Lower Limbs

• Carry our total body weight _________________________ = thicker & stronger.

• The thigh has one bone – ______________ (thigh bone)

• Femur (thigh bone)

o Heaviest, _________________________________________________

o Proximal end has ball-like ____________, ____________ and ______________

______________________________. Trochanters are separated anteriorly by

intertrochanteric _________ and posteriorly by intertrochanteric ____________

o Trochanters, inter.-crest & gluteal tuberosity are sites for ___________________

o _______________________

as it runs downward to bring

knees in line w/ __________

_______________________.

(more noticeable in females

b/c of wider pelvis)

o Distally are the ____________

_______________________ –

________________________.

(condyles separated by

condylar fossa)

o Anteriorly on distal end is the

patellar surface – forms a

________________________

(kneecap)

• Lower leg has 2 bones – Tibia & Fibula

o Connected by _____________________

• Tibia (shinbone)

o _________________________________

o At proximal end – medial & lateral

____________________ (separated by

intercondylar eminence) ______________

_________________________________

______________________________

o _______________________________

attaches to tibial ______________(anter.)

o Distally, a process called _____________

______________ forms ______________

___________________________

o Anterior surface has sharp ridge – ______

_________________ (unprotected by

muscle – so you can feel this)

• Fibula

o __________________________________

o Distally - ________________________________________________________.

• Foot – composed of _________________,

___________________________________

o Two important functions: _________

_____________________________

allowing us to propel body forward

when walking,etc.

o ______ tarsals

� Weight carried by the 2

largest tarsals:

� ________________

(heelbone) &

� _____________ (lies

b/n tibia & calcaneus)

o _______ metatarsals form the sole

o _______ phalanges form the toes

(each toe has 3, except the big toe)

o Bones are arranged to form 3 strong arches:

� ____ longitudinal (medial & lateral), ____ transverse

� ____________________________________________________

� _________________ of the foot muscles help to _____________

____________________________ but ____________________

_____________________ – weak arches are referred to as “fallen

arches” or “flat feet”