Lab 5The Appendicular

Skeleton, Fetal Skeleton & the Joints

J.R. Schiller, Ph.D., G.R., Pitts, Ph.D., and A.L. Thompson, Ph.D.

Lab 5 Activities

1. The appendicular skeleton2. The fetal skeleton3. Joint models4. Joint classifications (structural

and functional)5. Types of joints 6. Movements allowed at a joint

The Appendicular Skeleton (tan)

Appendicular SkeletonThe bones appended to the axial

skeleton: Can be broken down into subgroups to

facilitate learning:• Pectoral girdle attaches upper appendages• Upper appendage: arm, forearm, wrist, hand• Pelvic girdle attaches lower appendages

– Be able to distinguish male versus female– Especially important as relates to childbirth

• Lower appendage: thigh, leg, ankle, foot Learn all bones and bone markings on the

list on p.5-2 of the lab manual

Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb

*

Male versus Female Pelves

The angle of the pubic arch is key

Reflects larger pelvic inlet/outlet of female

Other sexual differences of Pelves

Females have wide, broad greater sciatic notches, moderate to deep preauricular sulci, auricular surfaces in females exhibit moderate to pronounced elevation compared to same features of male pelve

Bones of the Right FootNeed know only

talus and calcaneous of tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges

Arches of the FootThe Triple Arch Design greatly increases efficiency of Bipedal Locomotion.

Lab 6: The Fetal Skeleton and Articulations

The Fetal SkeletonThe red areas

represent the ossified parts of bones

The Fetal Skull• Intramembranous ossification• Sutures fuse after birth• flexible to squeeze through pelvic outlet• skull can expand to accommodate brain growth.

Fontanels

Classification of JointsStructural

Fibrous - bones joined by fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity

Cartilaginous - bones joined by cartilage; no joint cavity

Synovial - bones separated by fluid filled cavity

Functional Synarthroses - non-movable Amphiarthroses - slightly movable Diarthroses - freely movable

Fibrous JointsSuture - wavy

border with dense fibrous connective tissue which penetrates into both bone

Syndesmosis - connected by a ligament

Gomphosis - peg in a socket (teeth)

Cartilaginous JointsSynchondroses

hyaline cartilage epiphyseal plate

• most limb bones most ribs to sternum

Symphyses fibrocartilage pelvis, vertebrae

Synovial JointsGeneral Structure

articular cartilage synovial (joint) cavity articular capsule synovial fluid reinforcing ligaments meniscus – (not

illustrated)• fibrocartilage pad,• e.g., tempero-

mandibular joint (TMJ) and tibio-femoral (knee) joint

Gliding (plane) joint

Flat planes gliding over each other

Intercarpal and intertarsal joints

Hinge JointsCylindrical

projection fits into a notch

Ulna and humerus

Tibia and femur

Interphalangeal joints

Pivot JointsRounded end of one

bone protrudes into sleeve or ring of bone or ligaments

Atlas (C1) and dens of the axis (C2)

Proximal radio-ulnar joint

Condyloid JointsRounded

(convex) articulating surface of one bone fits into concave depression on the other bone

Radio-carpal joints

Metacarpal-phalangeal joints

Saddle JointsEach articular

surface has both convex and concave areas

Carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb

Ball and Socket JointsSpherical or

hemispherical head of one bone articulates with cuplike socket

Provides greatest rotational flexibility

ShoulderHipSpecial cases of a

condyloid joint which is capable of circumduction

Know the Terminology for Types of Motions in Your Lab Guide

GlidingRotationFlexion/ExtensionAbduction/AdductionCircumductionSpecial Movements

Total Knee Replacement; ~$16,000