Eleventh Grade Science FCAT Review Session

February 22, 2007

Process of Elimination• For multiple choice questions use the process of

elimination. – Look for two similarly worded answers. Often, one of these

two is the answer.• Cross out any answers you KNOW are wrong.• Eliminate answers that are too extreme, negative, or

absolute (NEVER or ALWAYS).• Verify your answer by checking your calculation or

double checking the information provided whether in text or chart.

• If an answer seems too easy, it usually is.

Strand A – The Nature of Matter

• Physical Change – occurs when a physical property (size/shape) of a substance is changed; many physical changes can be undone. Ie, folding paper

• Chemical Change – occurs when a one or more substances are changed into new substances with different properties; cannot be undone by physical means

Strand A – The Nature of Matter

• Defining Features– Solid

• Keeps it shape and volume– Liquid

• Takes the shape of its container• Keeps the same volume, in a container or not• Can flow

– Gas• Takes the shape of its?• Takes the volume of ?• Can ?

Strand A – The Nature of Matter• Boiling Point – temperature at which a substance changes

from a liquid state to a gaseous state• Freezing Point – temperature at which a substance changes

from a liquid state to a solid state• Melting Point – temperature at which a substance changes

from a solid state to a liquid state• Condensation Point – temperature at which a substance

changes from a gaseous state to a liquid state• Sublimation – change from the solid state to the gaseous state• Deposition – change from the gaseous state to the solid state

Strand A – The Nature of Matter

• Temperature – measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance. Scales used?

Strand A – The Nature of Matter

• Waves– Crest – peak/highest point of wave– Trough – valley/lowest point of wave– Amplitude – distance the wave oscillates from its resting

position. The larger the amplitude, the more energy carried by the wave.

– Wavelength – the distance from one point on one wave to a corresponding point on an adjacent wave, ie. crest to crest, rp to rp, trough to trough

– Resting Position

Strand A – The Nature of Matter

• Element – simplest form of matter• Atom – smallest particle into which an

element can be divided and still have properties of that element.

• Compound/Molecule – Two or more elements that are combined.

• Mixture – a combination of two or more substances that have not combined chemically

Strand A – The Nature of Matter

• Subatomic Particles– Proton – positive charge – nucleus– Neutron – no charge – nucleus– Electron – negative charge – outside the nucleus

(electron clouds)• Proton and neutrons have about the same

mass. Electrons are significantly smaller.• An atom is identified by the number of

protons in its nucleus

Strand A – The Nature of Matter

• Isotopes – Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different number of neutrons.– Hydrogen has one proton.• 0 neutron – protium• 1 neutron – deuterium• 2 neutrons – tritium

Strand B - Energy

• Sound – energy carried by sound waves• Light – energy carried by light and other kinds

of electromagnetic waves• Chemical – energy stored in chemical bonds• Thermal – Energy related to the temperature

of a substance– Conduction, Convection, Radiation

Strand B - Energy

• Conduction – transfer of heat from a warmer substance to a cooler substance (contact)

• Convection – transfer of heat warmer fluid/gas rises and cooler sinks

• Radiation – transfer of heat in the form of electromagnetic waves at random

Strand B – Energy

• Law of Conservation of Energy – Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it can only change form or be transferred

• Kinetic Energy – energy an object has in motion

• Potential Energy – stored energy an object has

Strand B - Energy

• Energy from Sun (electromagnetic spectrum)• Energy inefficiency (heat loss) ie, lamp

example• Heat flow • Energy flow – sun plants animals fossil

fuels heat

Scalars & Vectors• The motion of objects can be described by words - words such

as distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. These mathematical quantities which are used to describe the motion of objects can be divided into two categories. The quantity is either a scalar or a vector. These two categories can be distinguished from one another by their distinct definitions:

• Scalars are quantities which are fully described by a magnitude alone.

• Vectors are quantities which are fully described by both a magnitude and a direction.

Scalars & Vectors

• Distance and speed are scalar quantities• Displacement and velocity are vector

quantities. • Examples: While speed (like 30km/hr) is a

scalar, velocity (30km/hr North) is a vector, consisting of a speed and a direction (north).

Distance/Displacement• Distance and displacement are two quantities which

may seem to mean the same thing, yet they have distinctly different meanings and definitions.

• Distance is a scalar quantity which refers to "how much ground an object has covered" during its motion.

• Displacement is a vector quantity which refers to "how far out of place an object is"; it is the object's change in position.

Distance/Displacement Check

• A student walks 4 meters East, 2 meters South, 4 meters West, and finally 2 meters North.

4 meters

2 meters 2 meters

4 meters

Distance/Displacement• Even though the student has walked a total distance

of 12 meters, her displacement is 0 meters. During the course of her motion, she has "covered 12 meters of ground" (distance = 12 m). Yet, when she is finished walking, she is not "out of place" – i.e., there is no displacement for her motion (displacement = 0 m). Displacement, being a vector quantity, must give attention to direction. The 4 meters east is canceled by the 4 meters west; and the 2 meters south is canceled by the 2 meters north.

Distance/Displacement Check• The diagram below shows the position of a cross-country skier

at various times. At each of the indicated times, the skier turns around and reverses the direction of travel. In other words, the skier moves from A to B to C to D. Use the diagram to determine the distance traveled by the skier and the resulting displacement during these three minutes.

A B 40 m 40 m___

‘ 100 m ‘C D

Distance/Displacement

• Seymour Action views soccer games from under the bleachers. He frequently paces back and forth to get the best view. The following diagram below shows several of Seymour's positions at various times. At each marked position, Seymour makes a "U-turn" and moves in the opposite direction. In other words, Seymour moves from position A to B to C to D. What is Seymour's resulting displacement and distance of travel?

Constant Speed

• Moving objects don't always travel with erratic and changing speeds. Occasionally, an object will move at a steady rate with a constant speed. That is, the object will cover the same distance every regular interval of time. For instance, a cross-country runner might be running with a constant speed of 6 m/s in a straight line. If her speed is constant, then the distance traveled every second is the same. The runner would cover a distance of 6 meters every second. If you measured her position each second, you would notice that her position was changing by 6 meters each second. The following data tables depict both constant and changing speeds:

Instantaneous Speed

• Since a moving object often changes its speed during its motion, it is common to distinguish between the average speed and the instantaneous speed. The distinction is as follows:

• Instantaneous Speed - speed at any given instant in time.

• Average Speed - average of all instantaneous speeds; found simply by a distance/time ratio.

Average Speed• As an object moves, it often undergoes changes in

speed. For example, during an average trip to school, there are many changes in speed. Rather than the speedometer maintaining a steady reading, the needle constantly moves up and down to reflect the stopping and starting and the accelerating and decelerating. At one instant, the car may be moving at 50 mi/hr and at another instant, it may be stopped (i.e., 0 mi/hr). Yet during the course of the trip to school the person might average a speed of 25 mi/hr.

Average Speed• Average Speed = Distance/Time• Average Speed = 5 miles/.2 hour• Average Speed = 25 miles/hour• On the average, your car was moving with a speed of

25 miles per hour. During your trip, there may have been times that you were stopped and other times that your speedometer was reading 50 miles per hour; yet on the average you were moving with a speed of 25 miles per hour.

Velocity• Velocity is a vector quantity which refers to "the rate at which

an object changes its position." • Imagine a person moving one step forward and one step back.

Because the person always returns to the original position, the motion would never result in a change in position. Since velocity is defined as the rate at which the position changes, this motion results in zero velocity.

• If a person in motion wishes to maximize his/her velocity, then that person must make every effort to maximize the amount that he/she is displaced from his/her original position. Every step must go into moving that person further from where he/she started. Heading in the opposite direction effectively begins to cancel whatever displacement there once was.

Terminal Velocity

• The terminal velocity of an object falling toward the earth, in non-vacuum, is the speed at which the gravitational force is pulling downwards and an opposing force is faced by the resistance of air (resistance) pushing upwards. 9.8 m/s2

Acceleration• Acceleration is a vector quantity which is defined as

"the rate at which an object changes its velocity." An object is accelerating if it is changing its velocity.

• Sports announcers will occasionally say that a person is accelerating if he/she is moving fast. Yet acceleration has nothing to do with going fast. A person can be moving very fast, and still not be accelerating. Acceleration has to do with changing how fast an object is moving. If an object is not changing its velocity, then the object is not accelerating.

Strand C – Force and Motion

• Non-contact forces – magnetism/gravity– Weight v. Mass

• Series Circuit – connecting a circuit in a line• Parallel Circuit – divide the current among

different devices

Strand C – Force and Motion

• Friction – a force that resists motion• Sliding Friction – sliding• Static Friction – no motion• Rolling Friction – rolling• Air Resistance

• Potential v. Kinetic?• Balanced v. Unbalanced Forces?

Force

• A force is a push or pull. If an object accelerates (speeds up, slows down, or turns), a force is acting upon it.

• The total force felt by an object is called the net force.

• Some force are not visible (i.e. gravity, magnetism or earth’s gravitational field).

Forces

• Balanced forces are two or more forces that cancel out each others effects and do not cause a change in motion. Net force equals zero.

• Unbalanced forces exceed zero and therefore cause motion.

Newton’s First Law of Motion

• Also know as Newton’s law of inertia.• “An object will remain at rest or move with

constant velocity until it is acted upon by a net force”

• Difficult to prove because of friction.

Friction

• The unbalanced force that brings nearly everything to a stop.

• The smoother the surface . . .• Static friction – prevents an object from

moving when force is applied (i.e. pushing something heavy or walking).

• Sliding friction – slows an object that can slide (i.e. skidding tires, shuffling shoes).

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

• “An object acted upon by a net force will accelerate in the direction of the force according to the following equation:– Acceleration = net force/mass– a = F net/m or F net = ma

– Force is measured in Newtons (N)– 1 N = 1 kg . m/s2

Newton’s Third Law

• For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

• While driving down the road, an unfortunate bug strikes the windshield of a bug. Quite obviously, this is a case of Newton's third law of motion. The bug hit the bus and the windshield hit the bus. Which of the two forces is greater: the force on the bug or the force on the bus?

Strand D – Processes that Shape the Earth

• Igneous Rocks – formed when magma or lava cools and becomes solid.

• Sedimentary – formed when sediment is pressed and cemented

• Metamorphic – formed when rock have been changed over time with high pressure and temperature

Strand D – Processes that Shape the Earth

• Melting – hot temperatures deep inside Earth melt rocks, forming magma

• Cooling and Hardening – Magma that rises from deep inside earth cools and hardens into rock (both above/below surface).

• Weathering and Erosion – breaks apart existing rocks, forming sediment. Erosion moves sediment.

• Compacting and Cementing – Pressure compacts; water between particles evaporates.

• Heat and Pressure – melt and squeeze minerals changing the minerals or grain size.

Weathering Processes• Mechanical Weathering – process whereby rock

physically break down into smaller pieces but do not change chemical composition.

• Chemical Weathering – process whereby rock is broken down and chemical composition changes.

Agents of Mechanical Weathering

• Ice Wedging – water seeps into cracks or joints in rocks and freeze.

• Organic Activity – Roots of plants and animals burrowing.

• Abrasion – collision of rocks with one another because of gravity, running water, or wind

Agents of Chemical Weathering

• Hydrolysis – minerals chemically reacting with water. Minerals affected may be transported by water causing leaching.

• Carbonation – minerals chemically reacting with carbonic acid (CO2 + H2O)

Agents of Chemical Weathering

• Oxidation – metallic minerals chemically reacting with oxygen causing oxidation.

• Acid Precipitation – CO2 + precipitation• Plant acids – weak acids produced by plants

Rates of Weathering• Rock Composition – Quartz is least affected;

limestone is most affected.• Amount of Exposure – the more exposure the faster

it will weather• Climate – Climates with much rainfall and freezing

contribute most. Very hot or very cold = little weathering. Moist/humid = much weathering.

• Topography – temperature/slope

Strand D – Processes that Shape the Earth

• Weathering – breaks up rocks.– Mechanical• Ice Wedging• Release of Pressure• Abrasion (water, air, living things)• Plant action

– Chemical• Oxidation• Acid Dissolution (Stalactite/stalagmite) (pneumonic)

The Water Cycle

• The continuous movement of water from the earth’s atmosphere to the earth’s surface and back to the atmosphere again.

• Also known as hydrologic cycle.

Water Cycle Processes

• Evaporation – process by which liquid water changes into water vapor (86% from ocean; 14% from freshwater sources).

• Transpiration – process by which plants give off water vapor into the atmosphere.

• Evaportranspiration – combined processes of evaporation and transpiration.

Water Cycle Processes

• Condensation – expanding/cooling causing cloud formation.

• Precipitation – process by which water falls from clouds to the earth (i.e. rain, snow, sleet, and/or hail). About 75% of precipitation lands on the ocean.

• Runoff – water that flows over the land into streams and rivers.

• Groundwater – water that soaks deep in soil and rock

Water Conservation

• Water uses and increased demand.• 90% of water used by cities/industries is

returned as waste water.• Water Conservation• Finding other sources/Desalination (removing

salts from ocean water).

Continental Drift

• Theory stating that continents moved.• Proposed by Alfred Wegener.• Evidence included:– Identical fossil remains on the coast of South

America and Africa– Age and type of rock on the coastline• Appalachian mountain chain

– Glacier debris in Africa and South America

Seafloor Spreading

• Suggested by Harry Hess.• A break or rift in the earth’s crust allowing

magma to go out.• Ocean floor Paleomagnetism

Plate tectonics

• Combines continental drift and seafloor spreading – not only describes continental movement but proposes an explanation on why it moves.

• Two types of earth’s crust.– Oceanic – makes up the ocean floor.– Continental – makes up the continental

landmasses.

Lithospheric Plates

Lithospheric Plates

• Lithosphere – the rigid upper mantle of the earth’s crust.– Divergent Boundary – Plate moving apart.– Convergent Boundary – Plates moving toward

each other.• Subduction Zone• Plate density

– Transform fault boundary – Plate grind past each other.

Earthquakes

• Caused by transform plate boundary movement.– Aftershocks

• Focus is where the earthquake begins.• Epicenter is the place directly above the focus.

Seismic Waves

• Primary waves or P waves – fastest and first to be recorded on a seismograph.

• Secondary waves or S waves – second to be recorded on a seismograph.

• Surface waves or L waves – slowest moving waves and last to be recorded.

Volcanism

• Any activity that includes the movement of magma toward or onto the surface of the earth.

• Magma versus lava.• Vent – opening through which

molten rock flows.• Volcano – vent and volcanic

material.

Volcanic Cones

• Shield Cones – broad, gentle sloping• Cinder Cones – steep slopes caused by

explosive eruptions• Composite or stratovolcano – features of both

Composition of Atmosphere

• The most abundant elements in the air are the gases nitrogen (±75%), oxygen (±24%) and argon (±1%).

• The most abundant compounds in the air are the gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O).

• Ozone (O3) is found in the upper atmosphere. It absorbs harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun.

Atmospheric Pressure

• Gravity pulls the gases of the atmosphere toward the earth’s surface and holds them there.

• The ratio of the weight of the air to the area of the surface on which it presses is called atmospheric pressure.

• Since there is less air at higher altitudes, there is less weight pressing down. This explains why there is lower atmospheric pressure at higher altitudes.

Layers of the Atmosphere

• Four basic layers.• Troposphere – closest to the earth. Nearly all

weather changes occur here.• Stratosphere – second layer from the earth.

Most of the ozone is found here.• Mesosphere – known for its significant

temperature drop.• Thermosphere – Last layer. Very thin air.

The Greenhouse Effect

• Gas molecules in the atmosphere trap heat energy and prevent it from escaping back into space. As a result the lower atmosphere becomes warm.

• Essentially, rays come in but can’t get out.• Similar to a vehicle on a hot day.

Conduction and Convection

• Not all heating of the atmosphere comes from radiation.

• Conduction has particle to particle contact.• Convection involves the movement of gases or

liquids when they are heated unevenly.• Cooler air sinks.• Warmer air rises.

Clouds and Fog

• Clouds and fog are visible masses of tiny water or ice particles suspended in the atmosphere.

• Both originate from water vapor in the air.• Not all clouds cause rain.• Fog generally forms near the surface of the

earth when air close to the ground is cooled.

Precipitation• Any moisture that falls from the air to earth’s surface

is called precipitation.• Rain is liquid precipitation. Measured with rain

gauge.– Drizzle if < .5 mm in diameter.

• Snow is the most common form of solid precipitation.

• Sleet is ice pellets that form when rain falls through a layer of freezing air.

• Hail is lumps of ice. Can be spherical or irregular.

Fronts

• When two unlike air masses meet, density differences usually keep the two air masses separate.

• The boundary that forms between the two air masses is called a front.

• The kind of front that forms depends on how the air masses are moving.

Types of Fronts• Cold front – when a cold air mass overtakes a warm

air mass.– A long line of thunderstorms, called a squall line, may

occur just ahead of a fast moving cold front.• Warm front – when a warm air mass overtakes a

cooler air mass.• Stationary front – when two air masses meet and

neither is displaced.• Occluded front – when a fast moving cold front

overtakes a warm front, lifting the warm air completely off the ground.

A Star is Born

• A star begins as a nebula, a cloud of gas and dust.

• The particles of gas and dust come together, and the nebula shrinks in size and begins to spin.

• The shrinking, spinning nebula flattens into a disk of matter called a protostar.

• When nuclear fusion occurs, a prostar begins to generate energy and is classified as a “star.”

The Life of a Star

• 1st Stage: Nebula Protostar Star• 2nd Stage: Main Sequence Star• 3rd Stage: Giant/Supergiant• 4th Stage: White Dwarf• 5th Stage: Black Dwarf– No Black Dwarfs exist yet

Star Terms

• A white dwarf which explodes, releasing energy, gas, and dust is a nova.

• A star that has tremendous energy and blows itself apart is called a supernova.

• A hole in space with gravity so great that not even light can escape is called a black hole. It is caused by the collapse of a large supernova.

Constellations

• Constellations are star patterns that occur in shifting, but fixed patterns.

• Constellations have been used to locate other stars in the sky or to guide travelers.

• Astronomers recognize 88 constellations• Many are named after mythical creatures.

Galaxies

• Galaxies are large-scale groups of stars bound together by gravitational attraction.

• Spiral Galaxies• Elliptical Galaxies• Irregular Galaxies• The Sun is a star in the Milky Way Galaxy, a

Spiral Galaxy.

The Sun

• The center of the sun is the core and, like the rest of the sun, is made entirely of gas.

• The process of nuclear fusion, which creates the sun’s energy, occurs in the core.

• The core is surrounded by the radiative zone and the convective zone.

The Sun’s Atmosphere

• The photosphere (light sphere) is the innermost layer of the atmosphere and is often considered the surface of the sun.

• The chromosphere, or color sphere, appears to glow with a reddish light.

• The corona, the outermost layer of the atmosphere, prevents the atomic particles from the surface from escaping into space.

The Inner Planets

• Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are the four planets closest to the sun and are known as the Inner, or Terrestrial, planets.

• All of these planets consist mostly of solid rock, with a metal core. These planets have no rings and a maximum of two moons.

• The inner planets have impact craters, which resulted from the collisions of the planets with objects made of rock.

Mercury

• Planet closest to sun• Does not have any moons• Probably has not changed much since the

creation of the solar system• Has a thin atmosphere because it is so close to

the sun and so small• Huge temperature range (-173C - +427C)

Venus

• Second planet from the sun• Sometimes called the earth’s twin; they are almost

the same size, mass, and density.• Average surface temperature is 435C – too hot to

support life• May have been oceans and volcanoes on Venus• Atmosphere is 96% CO2

Earth

• Fifth largest planet• Has one moon• Active Geologic History• Only planet with known life• Only planet with oceans & abundant H2O• Average surface temperature is 14C

Mars

• Has 2 moons• Has similar rotation and seasons as the Earth• Geologically Active – Volcanic Activity• Astronomers believe that Mars once had a

warmer & wetter climate

The Outer Planets• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are called the

giant planets and are some of the largest in the solar system.– Called the Jovian Planets– Larger and more massive than the other planets, but they

are far less dense– Have thick atmosphere made of H2 and He gases– Core of rock, metal, and H2O

• Pluto is the smallest and most distant planet in the solar system.

Jupiter

• Largest planet in the solar system• At least 16 moons and 1 ring• Liquid metallic core• Mostly made of gases• Surface is marked by light- and dark-colored

bands• Great Red Spot: giant rotating storm that has

been raging for several hundred years

Saturn

• Has at least 20 moons and several rings• Spins rapidly• Has bands of colored clouds• Less dense than Jupiter• Has a very complex system of rings

Uranus

• Has at least 15 moons and 11 rings• Unusual Rotation: rotates like a rolling ball• Greenish color indicates that atmosphere

contains methane• A core of rock and metals is at the

center of this planet

Neptune

• Has 8 moons and possibly 4 rings• Atmosphere made of helium, hydrogen, and

methane• Very active weather system• Great Dark Spot: An earth-sized storm is

always visible in Neptune’s atmosphere

Pluto• Accidental Discovery• Smallest planet in the solar system• Orbits sun in unusually elongated ellipse• Made mostly of frozen methane, rock, and ice• One moon – Charon – which is half as large as Pluto• Pluto could have once been a moon of Neptune,

based on its size, unusual orbit, and large moon.

The Moon

• A body that orbits a larger body is called a satellite.• The moon is a natural satellite of the earth.• The moon’s gravity is 1/6 less that on earth.• The moon has no atmosphere and cannot support

life.• 6 Apollo Spacecraft have visited the moon.• Temperature ranges from –170C to +134C.

Eclipses

• An eclipse occurs when one planetary body passes through the shadow of another.

• When the moon is between the earth and the sun, the shadow of the moon may fall upon the earth, causing a solar eclipse.

• A lunar eclipse occurs when then earth is positioned between the moon and the sun, and the earth’s shadow crosses the lighted half of the moon.

The Lunar Cycle

• For much of history, people were able to measure the passing of time by keeping track of the changing phases of the moon.

• Eventually, calendars were created to track the passing of time.

Days, Months, & Years

• A day is the time required for the earth to make one rotation on its axis; 24 hours.

• A lunar month is the time required for the moon to go through one cycle of phases as it orbits the earth; 29.5 days.

• A solar year is the time required for the earth to make one orbit around the sun; 365.24 days.

Strand E – Earth and Space

• Satellite – object that revolves around a larger object in space– Moons are natural satellites– Artificial satellites serve technological purposes

• Difference between probe and satellite?

What is Biology?

• Biology is the scientific study of living things. • There are more than 2 million species of living

things on the earth. They range in size from microscopic bacteria to huge blue whales and towering redwood trees.

• Living things also differ greatly in where and how they live.

Processes of Living Things• Characteristics include: made up of cells,

reproduce, grow, obtain and use energy, and respond to the environment.

• Other characteristics may include: need water, composed of many chemical substances and are highly organized, have a definite structure and size, have a definite life-span, show adaptation, evolve, or change, over long periods of time.

Levels of Organization

• Levels of organization – Subatomic Particles ->

Atoms -> Molecules -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems -> Organism -> Population -> Community -> Ecosystem (Biome) -> Biosphere

Levels of Organization• Population – the simplest grouping of organisms in

nature (all the frogs in a pond).• Community – all the populations of different

organisms within a given area (all the animals in the pond).

• Ecosystem (biome) – geographic area that has a particular type of community (abiotic/biotic).

• Biosphere – portion of the earth in which living things exist (lithosphere/hydrosphere/ atmosphere).

Breaking it Down . . .

• Biology may also be divided into ecology, physiology, and systematics. Ecology deals with the relationships among living things and between organisms and their environment. Physiology concerns life functions, such as digestion and respiration. Systematics, also called taxonomy, is the scientific classification of plants and animals.

Why is Biology Important?• Biological research has greatly affected people's lives. For

example, farm production has soared as biologists have helped develop better varieties of plants and new agricultural techniques. Biologists also work in industry, especially the pharmaceutical and food industries. Biotechnologists develop new methods for the preparation of products using microorganisms. Discoveries in biology have enabled doctors to prevent, treat, or cure many diseases. Research on the relationships between living things and their environment has helped in the management of wildlife and other natural resources.

Prokaryote v. Eukaryote

• Prokaryote – a single celled organism without a nucleus

• Eukaryote - a single-celled or multi-cellular organism whose cells contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus.

Nutrition• Autotrophs – organisms that can make their own

food. Can photosynthesize. Directly or indirectly produce food for heterotrophs.

• Heterotrophs – Must obtain food.– Herbivores – feed on plants.– Carnivores – feed on animals

• Predators – attack and kill prey• Scavengers – feed on dead animals they find

– Omnivores – feed both on plants and animals– Saprobes – obtain nutrients by breaking down the remains

of dead plants and animals. Bacteria and fungus fall into this group.

Changes over time• Fossils – physical remains of organisms.• Natural selection – the process of organisms to

change over time.• Adaptation – a characteristic or trait that helps an

organism survive in its environment.• Genetic variation – variety in offspring.• Mutation – greater variation or random changes.• Extinction – When the organisms die.• Mass extinction – many species die at one time.

Symbiotic Relationships

• Relationships in which two different organisms live in close association to the benefit of at least one of them.– Mutualism – both organisms benefit– Commensalism – one organism benefits, the

other remains unaffected– Parasitism – one organism benefits, the

other is harmed

Specializations

• Biology is such a broad subject that most biologists specialize in some area of study.– Zoology – study animals • Marine Biology – study life in the oceans• Herpetologist – study reptiles• Ichthyologist – study fish

– Microbiology – study viruses and very small things.

Strand F – Processes of Life

• Skeletal – framework/support• Muscular – muscles/help things inside your

body move (voluntary/involuntary)• Digestive – breaks down food into substances

the body can use• Excretory – removes wastes• Respiratory – getting O2 into body• Circulatory – transports needed substances

and carries away waste

• Nervous – controls and coordinates the bodies activities

• Endocrine – regulates the bodies activities by producing hormones

• Immune – protects body against disease• Reproductive – system involved in creating a

new organism

• Mitosis – cell division/complete process of copying and dividing the whole cell

• Plant cell v. Animal cell – Plant cells can have all the animal cells structures and a cell wall and chloroplasts.

Strand F – Processes of Life

• Osmosis – diffusion of water across a membrane

• Diffusion – movement from an area of higher concentration to lesser concentration

• Endoplasmic Reticulum – makes proteins and transports materials

• Mitochondria – transforms the energy from the food into a source cells can use “powerhouse”

• Nucleus – contains cell’s DNA• Ribosomes – puts proteins together• Golgi Bodies – helps package and distribute

products within the cell

• Cytoplasm – gel-like fluid that takes up most of the space inside a cell

• Cell wall – stiff outer barrier of plant cell• Vacuoles – holds waste products• Cell membrane – structure that surrounds the

cytoplasm of a cell• Nuclear membrane – structure that surrounds

the nucleus of a cell• Chloroplast – contains chlorophyll

Organism Classification

• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species

Classification of Living Things

• Monera – small, simple single prokaryotic cell – bacteria, blue-green algae, and spirochetes

• Protista – large, single eukaryotic cell – protozoans and algae of various types

• Fungi – multicellular filamentous form with specialized eukaryotic cells – funguses, molds, mushrooms, yeasts, mildews, and smuts

• Plantae – multicellular form with specialized eukaryotic cells; do not have their own means of locomotion – mosses, ferns, woody and non-woody flowering plants

• Animalia – multicellular form with specialized eukaryotic cells; have their own means of locomotion – sponges, worms, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

• Biotic Factor – living things or their materials that directly or indirectly affect an organism in its environment

• Abiotic Factor – non-living physical/chemical factors which affect organisms in its environment (light, temperature, type of soil/rock, ph level, water availability, pollutants)

Water Cycle Processes

• Evaporation – process by which liquid water changes into water vapor (86% from ocean; 14% from freshwater sources).

• Transpiration – process by which plants give off water vapor into the atmosphere.

• Evaportranspiration – combined processes of evaporation and transpiration.

Water Cycle Processes

• Condensation – expanding/cooling causing cloud formation.

• Precipitation – process by which water falls from clouds to the earth (i.e. rain, snow, sleet, and/or hail). About 75% of precipitation lands on the ocean.

The Water Cycle

• The continuous movement of water from the atmosphere to the earth’s surface and back to the atmosphere again.

• Also known as the hydrologic cycle.• Water budget – local vs. global.• Evaporation – liquid water changes into water

vapor.• Transpiration – a process by which plants give

off water vapor into the atmosphere.

The Water Cycle

• Evapotranspiration – combined process.• Respiration – process by which animals give

off water vapor into the atmosphere.• Condensation – expanding and cooling of

water (clouds).• Precipitation – process by which water falls to

the earth as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

The Oxygen Cycle

• Natural process that maintains the chemical balance of oxygen in the atmosphere.

• Animals, bacteria, plants, forest fires, burning of fuels (industry) consume oxygen.

• Land and ocean plants produce large quantities of oxygen during daylight.

• The oxygen content is in a state of balance.

The Nitrogen Cycle

• This process maintains the amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere.

• Nitrogen fixing bacteria in soil and roots remove nitrogen from the air, which are vital for plant growth.

• Animals eat plants. Animals defecate or die.• Denitrification bacteria release the nitrogen

back into the air.

Strand G – How Living Things Interact with Their Environment

• Plant Behavior– Gravitropism – response to gravity– Phototropism – response to light– Thigmotropism – response to touch

• Renewable v. Nonrenewable Resources• Threatened – species that may become

endangered• Endangered – species that may become

extinct • Extinct – a condition in which there are no

more living members of a particular species

Strand H – The Nature of Science

• Scientific Method– Problem Statement– Hypothesize– Design Experiment– Experiment– Collect/Analyze Data– Draw Conclusions– Communicate Results

• Variable – factor in the experiment that changes

• Control – factor in an experiment that remains the same

• Dependent – factor whose value is the result you are testing

• Independent – factor the scientist controls• Intervening - unknown factors

Scientists

• Curie – radioactivity, first woman to receive Nobel prize

• Nobel – dynamite, founder of Nobel prize• Salk – polio vaccine• Democritus – first to propose idea of atoms• Thomson – first to suggest atoms have smaller

particles• Dalton – atomic theory of matter (all elements are

composed of atoms)

Scientists• Rutherford – discovered the atom had a lot of empty

space• Mendeleev – periodic table of elements• Mendel – father of genetics; pea plants• Linnaeus – classification system• Bohr – electrons are in different levels• Carver – hundreds of uses for peanuts and potatoes• Edison – light bulb• Einstein – Theory of Relativity E=mc2

• Theory – an idea that is the best explanation of many observations and helps make new predictions

• Law – scientific explanation that describes how some part of the world/universe acts under certain conditions