edited chapter 1 to 3

8/13/2019 Edited Chapter 1 to 3

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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

RFID stands for Radio-Frequency Identification. The acronym

refers to small electronic devices that consist of a small chip

and an antenna. The chip typically is capable of carrying 2,000

bytes of data or less. The RFID device serves the same purpose

as a bar code or a magnetic strip on the back of a credit card

or ATM card; it provides a unique identifier for that object.

And, just as a bar code or magnetic strip must be scanned to get

the information, the RFID device must be scanned to retrieve the

identifying information.

RFID technology has been available for more than fifty

years. It has only been recently that the ability to manufacture

the RFID devices has fallen to the point where they can be used

as a "throwaway" inventory or control device. Alien Technologies

recently sold 500 million RFID tags to Gillette at a cost of

about ten cents per tag.

One reason that it has taken so long for RFID to come into

common use is the lack of standards in the industry. Most

companies invested in RFID technology only use the tags to track

items within their control; many of the benefits of RFID come


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when items are tracked from company to company or from country

to country.


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The Theoretical Model

People gather information by personally going to the

location of it, or using multiple, which is inconvenient and

time consuming.

Fig. 1.0: Theoretical Framework of the Study

Figure 1.0 describes the difference in a visual and factual

way. The existing system is represented by simply the actions we

take today, to obtain information.

The existing method requires the authority to verify

physically. This also requires actions taken by the entity.

After this, the authority evaluates the permissions of the

entity and grants or denies access.

Traditional way of information gathering

Authority

physically identify

entity

Authority denies or

grants access

Authority verifies

Entitys location

Entity giving

information to

Authority

Authority denies or

grants access

Authority gets

authorization and

location from the

proposed system

The system way of generating Information


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Taking a school for example, security personnel are

required to visibility see proof of identification. This proof

is given to the personnel by the student. Once obtained, this

information is being evaluated on positive or negative results.

With the proposed system, the authority obtains the

information directly. There is no evaluation or action on the

entitys part required. In schools, the security personnel gets

information from a monitor and acts accordingly.

The Conceptual Model

Fig. 2.0: Conceptual depiction of the proposed system

Figure 2.0 shows the concept of the proposed system on a

high level explosion. The RFID tags pass information to the RF

antenna, which is processed by the proposed system. The result

Authority Output RIM Software RF Antenna

Entity 3 with RFID

Entity 2 with RFID

Entity 1 with RFID


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of the processing will be displayed on an output device. Through

it the user is given a summary of processed data.

The proponents goal with this systems implementation is to

improve the speed in gathering data. The system uses newest

technology to achieve this. The existing method of obtaining

information is time consuming and tiring, factors which the

proposed system will eliminate.

The effectiveness of implementing RFID system in olpcc

depends upon the school what progress, change and benefit it can

bring to the education of the school, by knowing the perception

of students and faculty of olpcc about it.

Paradigm

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Students

Profile based

on:

a. Sex

b. Age

c. Civilstatus

d. Course

e. Field ofspecialization/course

Analysis of

data/information

in the

questionnaires

and interview

techniques

Summary of the

response of

students on the

proposed RFID

monitoring system.

Feedback


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The researchers were guided by the paradigm in this study.

On the input box are the students/respondents profiles. On the

process box are the analysis and tabulation of data/information

in the questionnaires and interview techniques and finally on

the output box is the summary of the response of students on the

proposed RFID monitoring system.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to make an assessment of the

implementation of the Radio Frequency Identification in Our Lady

of the Pillar College Cauayan.

More specifically, it attempted to answer the following

problems:

1. What was the profile of the respondents with respect to

the following variables:

a. Sex

b. Age

c. civil status

d. Course

e. field of specialization/course

2. What problems were met in the implementation of the

RFID?


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3. What suggestions were given by the respondents to

improve the implementation of the RFID system?

Assumption

The researchers aim to know if RFID is the best solution to

what we call absentness in our society especially in schools. To

meet the aim of the researchers, they assume that the RFID

system will help every parent that worries about their children

if they are attending classes during school hours. With the RFID

system, parents will be confident that their children will learn

more because they will know if their children go to school or

not.

Scope and Delimitation

Scope. The proposed system will allow administrators to

monitor entities within the premises.

Monitoring and locating entities Automated Data gathering and authorization verification.The overall design of the system, RF antenna and lag

connection as well as the program structure and compatibility

need to be designed very well.

Delimitation. The system is just designed for monitoring

purposes. It does not give detailed information about the entity

in range or pinpoint its 100 percent accurate location. It


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serves merely as an indicator of the entitys approximate

position and identification.

Significance of the Study

The significance of the study deals with the careful

formulation and presentation of the possible application of

knowledge that denotes why developing the proposed device is

important and worthwhile. This piece gives further explanations

of the possible latent and manifest applications of the study.

The proponent believes that the proposed system will

enhance security and make the processing of information easier.

Social Significance. The study the proponents conduct is

for great value. Since its main purpose is monitoring. It

automatically provides better overall security. It raises the

awareness of monitoring methods like RFID.

Educational Significance. The study showcases the use of

the relatively new RFID technology, which might inspire other

researches to explore newer technologies as well.

Technological Significance. Since the system base is the

RFID technology, which is not yet common in citizens, it

introduces a new and more efficient way to use this technology

for everyday tasks.


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Economic Significance. The production price is relatively

low which as a result can generate.

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of the study, the following

terms were defined operationally.

RFID It is the use of a wireless non-contact system that

uses radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data

from a tag attached to an object, for the purposes of automatic

identification and tracking.

Tags -It contains identifying information or may just be a

key into a database. An RFID system may replace or supplement

bar codes and may offer another method of inventory management

and self-service checkout by patrons. It can also act as a

security device, taking the place of the more traditional

electromagnetic security strip.

System It is a number of things adjusted as a connected

whole.

Radio waves - It is an electromagnetic radiation at radio

frequencies.

Antenna -It is for receiving and transmitting signal.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_article_surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_article_surveillancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_field


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Integrated circuits - These are complex circuits etched

onto tiny chips of semiconductor (silicon).

Electromagnetic field - It is a coil that modulates an

external magnetic field to transfer a coded identification

number when queried by a reader device. This small type is

incorporated in consumer products, and even implanted in pets,

for identification.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_field


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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The following literature and studies were incorporated due

to their relevance to the present study and quality of

information that these content.

Related Literature

Related literature is the summary of all the former

writings showing what is already known and still unknown about

the proposed topic. Some related literature made a huge impact

with respect to the study especially in determining the

requirements in developing the device and its accompanying

software. During the length of the search for related literature

and studies the proponents found out that the topic is the first

of its kind and ideas close to the project has never been put in

mound. The researchers gathered the following related

literatures to add on their familiarity the study.

RFID tags have been around since the late 70s originally

developed for Russian spies. How exactly RFID chips work can be

found on HowStuffWorks.com

Long checkout lines at the grocery store are one of the

biggest complaints about the shopping experience. Soon, these

lines could disappear when the ubiquitous Universal Product Code


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(UPC) bar code is replaced by smart labels, also called radio

frequency identification (RFID) tags. RFID tags are intelligent

bar codes that can talk to a networked system to track every

product that you put in your shopping cart.

Imagine going to the grocery store, filling up your cart

and walking right out the door. No longer will you have to wait

as someone rings up each item in your cart one at a time.

Instead, these RFID tags will communicate with an electronic

reader that will detect every item in the cart and ring each up

almost instantly. The reader will be connected to a large

network that will send information on your products to the

reader and product manufacturers. You bank will then be notified

and the amount of the bill will be deducted from your accounts.

No line, no waiting.

RFID tags, a technology once limited to tracking cattle,

are tracking consumer products worldwide. Many manufacturers use

the tags to track the location they make of each product they

make from the time its made until its pulled off the shelf and

tossed in shopping cart.

Outside the realm of retail merchandise, RFID tags are

trucking vehicles, airline passengers. Alzheimers patients and

pets. Soon, they may even track your preferences for chunky or

creamy peanut butter. Some critics say RFID technology is


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becoming too much a part of our lives that is, if were even

aware of all the [arts of our lives that it affects.

In this article, youll learn about the types of RFID tags

and how these tags can be tracked through the entire supply

chain. Well also look at the non-commercial uses of RFID tags

and how the Department of State and Homeland Security are using

them. Lastly, well examine what some critics consider an

Orwellian application of RFID tags in animals, humans and our

society.

The use of RFID tags is highly polarizing and

controversial, the strongest argument being the total control

over every individuals personal information, similar as in

George Orwells 1984.

George Orwells 1984, tells the story of a society in

which all citizens are patrolled by the Thought police, who

ensure that no one has any independent or rebellious thoughts

that arent sanctioned by the Party. In this society, everyone

answers to Big Brother the ultimate authority on education,

government and recreation. When critics of RFID call the

technology Orwellian, they mean that the technology is too

invasive and that businesses and government are made too

knowledgeable of our private actions, just like Big Brother

watching us.


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Conservative Christian critics even claim that RFID and its

possible use is a sign for the end of times. According to

Revelation 13: 16-17 the Antichrist will place the mark of the

beast on the right hand or on the forehead of humans which they

need for commerce.

And causeth all, both small and great, rich and poor, free

and bond, to receive a mark in their right hand, or in their

foreheads

And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the

mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his name.

- Revelation 13: 16-17

The use RFID chips however is undeniably various. A list of

possible application can be found in an article of the Seattle

Times Website, although with a negative connection.

Microchips Everywhere: a Future Vision

By TODD LEWAN

AP National Water

Heres a vision of the not-so-distant future:

Microchips with antennas will be embedded in virtually

everything you buy, wear, drive and read, allowing retailers and


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contactless payment cards (such as American Express Blue and

ExxonMobils Speed test.)


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Related Studies

Since RFID arguably the hottest and the most controversial

piece of technology currently around, a lot of studies have been

conducted. The German Federal Institute for Information Security

published a study of RFID, its capabilities and vulnerable,

entitled Security Aspects and Prospective Applications of RFID

System. Here a passage of the study regarding types of attacks

on RFID tags.

7. Threat situation and invention of common security measures

7.1 Overview

Once of the goals of the present study is to investigate

the future threat situation resulting from the application of

RFID systems (within a time frame of three to five years), as

well as to assess the effectiveness security measures. The

present chapter describes the results of this phase of the work.

Sections 7.2 to 7.7 provide an overview of possible attacks and

countermeasure.

Section 7.8 contains an evaluation of the threat situation,

especially with regard to the practically and coat of the

attacks and countermeasures. A list of the experts who were

consulted regarding these matters can be found at the beginning

of the study in the Section Authors and Experts Section 7.9


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contains a brief description of the current availability of

security measures.

One application was explored in an eBook containing

collections of sample case studies by Abhisam software, 2007.

The following passage is taken the section titled Anti-Theft

System

The RFID Solution

Each item to be protected is tagged with an RFID anti-theft

tag. The tag can be re-used in many cases. The tag is typically

attached by a strong string or a plastic band or other means

(similar to a price tag, sometimes it is the price tag), to the

item (say for example an umbrella). Now once a shoplifter takes

this umbrella and walks to the exit, large RFID door antennas

placed near the exit detect the presence of the tag and sound an

alarm. In case of a genuine shopper, if he takes the umbrella to

the checkout counter, the clerk, after receiving payment for the

item, cuts the plastic band and removes the tag. The umbrella

can now be carried by the shopper outside passing by the door

antennas, without triggering any alarm. The store staff will

then typically attach the same tag to a new umbrella that would

be now kept on the store shelf. Alternatively, in case of

disposable tag, the checkout clerk will hold the item nears a


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tag killer machine, which kills (destroy) the tag by

subjecting it to strong electromagnetic radiation. The tag, then

though physically present on the item, will not trigger the

alarm while passing through the door antenna field.

As one can see, there are various fields of application for

RFID tags already available. The components think it is time to

make the next step and incorporating it in schools.


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Chapter 3

METHODS OF RESEARCH AND DESIGN

Research methods are very vital in gathering data about the

proposed system device. The methods of research that the

proponents decided to use and apply are of great help in

determining how and where they can find the data and information

needed in order to produce a possible solution to problems of

the existing systems.

This chapter contains information regarding the methods of

research used, the data gathering instruments used, the

analytical tools, as well as methods used in developing the

devices and its software. This chapter also contains the methods

used for product evaluation, technical, operational and economic

feasibility of the proposed system.

Methods of Research Used

Statistics are requires and are of significance in the

development of the proposed system. The proponents made use of

different approaches or methods of research for this study in

order to process all the accumulated data, produce reliable

information and build the proposed system.

Descriptive Method. This method was used by the proponents

to further understand the existing system. It is a fact-finding


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with proper interpretation of the data gathered which were used

to analyse how the existing system. Through this method the

researchers were able to examine and construe the information

that they have gathered, hoping that it will lead them to the

achievement of this study.

Internet Research Method Data gathering for this study

started over Internet. Since the data and information available

over the Internet is unlimited in relation to the study to find

more adequate data for the proposed device. The history and

topics regarding existing devices. Door lock systems were mostly

found in the web.

Creative Research Method. Creativity means being able to

use ones imagination to develop new and original ideas or

things, especially in an artistic context. This method was

employed by the researches to conceptualize the layout and

design of the proposed system. The proponents realized that it

is not always possible to find all needed materials in any study

or research, but by means of creativity, the proponents hope

that they will be able to come up with a system that will meet

the needs of their target user. With this, this determines the

proponents unique imagination that would help them in making

the impossible possible.


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Prognostic Research Method. Prognosis is an act of

pretending hoe a given situation will develop or turn out in the

future. Prognostic Research method refers to any scientific

investigation in which the main and stated purpose is to predict

the future operation of factors. This method will be used in the

form of scientific observation prognosis on how the system will

perform in the future in terms of effectiveness and reliability.

Evaluation forms and Market Analysis were also considered in

order to determine if the proposed system is technically,

operationally and economically feasible.

Historical Research Method. This method interprets past

trends of attitude, events and facts. From one point of view,

history deals with unique phenomena, collected and reported

without ordered reflective thoughts. The proponents made use of

this method to fully understand the development history of

peripheral hardware devices in existence today. And these were

used as strong information for the development of the proposed

devices.

Data Gathering Instruments

The data gathering instruments to be used by the

researchers are questionnaires, observation, and evaluation

forms. These are tools which are sufficient in gathering

information for the completion of the study.


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Observation. This method is the taking notice of the

current systems/devices, describing and identifying the problems

encountered. It serves as an additional judgment in order to

improve the existing system/devices. It is also used to agree or

contradict the data gathered from interviews, questionnaires and

other research methods. With this, the proponents in general

carefully and critically used observation with respect to the

parts and parcels concerning the assistive and adaptive proposed

device with its accompanying software.

Questionnaire. A questionnaire, basically, is a set of

carefully organized and logically ordered questions. This is a

tool to investigate on the interest and knowledge of the people

on the existing and proposed system. This helped the proponents

anticipate the probability of effectiveness of the proposed

system. In the case of the study, the questionnaire prepared by

the proponents would help the proponents themselves on how to

develop and further enhance the proposed device with respect to

the data results of the questionnaires respondents.

Evaluation Form. This tool aided the researchers in

determining the distinction between the existing and proposed

system. It basically determines the operational feasibility of

the proposed device and its software. The criteria used as bases

in the evaluation form are Efficiency, Reliability,


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Accessibility, User-friendliness, Ergonomic, Compatibility,

Assistive and Adaptability.

Statistical tools used

Based on the need of the study, the researchers employed

simple applications of statistics. These are frequency count,

percentage count, and mean and t-test analysis to provide a

clearer view and deeper interpretation and meaning of the

analyzed data.

Frequency count. It is used in determining the number or cases

belonging to a certain classification like male and female.

Percentage. It is used to determine the relative magnitude of

certain cases.

* 100

Where:

P = percentage

f = frequency

n = number of respondents

100 = constant multiplier


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Slovins Formula. This was used to determine the number of

sample or respondents that will represents the consumers of

Olpcc in Cauayan City.

Where :

S= Slovin

n = total number of population

1= constant

Analytical Tools

These tools serve as illustration of the systems structure

and essentially a diagram of how the system flows. Since the

proposed study is a device, the proponents used the following

Analytical tools: the Context Flow Diagram (CFD), visual table

of Contents (VTOC), Input Process output (IPO) and Program

Flowchart.

Context Flow Diagram (CFD). This tool is used to

graphically illustrate the highest level in a data flow diagram

and contains one process, representing the entire system. The


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modelling tool will provide the proponents to have a concept of

systems environment. Data Flow Diagram is also regarded as

bubble chart and bubble diagram.Visual Table of Contents (VToC). It presents a tree-

structured diagram which illustrates the program flow. It is a

stylized structure chart, moving from general to specific,

graphically, describing the system. Furthermore, it illustrates

the hierarchical process in the level of detail, increase from

the top to bottom and as said, from general to specific.

Input Process Output (IPO. It is a chart which gives

processing sequence and detailed information about the input,

process activities and output for any given unit in the Visual

Table of Contents.

Program Flowchart. It is graphical representation of the

logic and data flow of the entire program. A block diagram used

in the designing of the software, it puts into view the

succession of steps performed on the computer program. It

provided the proponents a representation of the algorithm in

amore visual form. It is an overview of the programs major

processes and other actions inside the program.


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Methods Used In Developing the System

This part of the study is concerned with the actual

development and procedures on implementing the proposed system.

The traditional software engineering models do not deal

with the risks involved in the projects. Many projects have

failed because the risks involved were not taken into account at

all. Barry Boehm tried to fix this by incorporating the

strengths of other models namely the Waterfall model and coming

up with the spiral model, and changing the management emphasis

to risk analysis. This model development combines the features

of the prototyping model and the waterfall model. The spiral

model is favoured for large and complicated projects.

Figure 2.0 Barry Boehms Spiral Model


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Planning. This phase is where the objectives, alternative,

and constraints are determined. Requirements are gathered during

the planning phase. A prototype is produced at the end of the

risk analysis phase.

Risk Analysis. In the risk analysis phase, a process is

undertaken to identify risk and alternate solutions. A prototype

is produced at the end of the risk analysis phase. . What

happens here is that alternative solutions and constraints are

defined, and risks are identified and analyzed. If risk analysis

indicates uncertainly in the requirements, the prototyping model

might be used to assist the situation.

Engineering. Software is a product in the engineering

phase, along with testing at the end of the phase. Here the

costumer decides when the next phase of planning and risk

analysis occurs. If it is determined that the risks are too

high, the project can be terminated.

Evaluation. The evaluation phase allows the costumer to

evaluate the project to date before the project continues to the

next spiral. In this phase, the customer will assess the

engineering results and make changes if necessary.


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Justification of Method Used

Out of many methods, the proponents have chosen Barry

Boehms Spiral model. Since the proponents are going to enhance

existing peripheral system, the development and creation of the

proposed system must be carefully taken into account. It is in a

way complex and complicated for the proposed system is something

new among the line.

In view of the fact that the spiral life cycle model is the

combination of the classic waterfall model and an element called

risk analysis. This model is very appropriate for the proposed

system have higher risk than those of simpler projects.

This is the reason why risk analysis is very essential in

creation and development of the system, and for the record, only

the Spiral model offer risk analysis. Moreover, the strengths of

the spiral model include the direct consideration of risks of

all levels greatly reduces problems. It is also good for large

complex projects. This models evaluation allows for any changed

deemed necessary, or would allow for new technological advances

to be used. Lastly, it allows the user or customer and the

developer to determine and to react to risk each evolutionary

level.


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Methods Used for Product Evaluation

The evaluation of the proposed system is based on its

performance and feasibility. To prove the effectiveness of the

proposed system, the proponents tested its technical, economic

and operational feasibility.

Technical Feasibility. This evaluation method will determine if

the software and hardware specifications needed in the

development and implementation of the proposed system is

currently available. Moreover, this is also a way to find out if

the current technical resources can be upgrade or added to in a

manner that fulfils the request under consideration.

Operational Feasibility. This method refers to the significant

difference between the existing system and proposed system. The

proposed system will be evaluated according to the following

criteria:

Efficiency The ability of the system to generate results with

effectiveness and productivity.

Reliability The dependability of the system to perform

required functions.

User-friendliness The trouble-free interaction of a user with

the system.


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Ergonomic The ability of the device in which it maximizes

productivity by minimizing operator fatigue and discomfort.

Compatibility The condition in which it has an efficient

integration and operation with the user and the system.

The criteria ranges from 1 to 5, where 5 excellent, 4

very good, 3 good, 2 fair, and 1 poor.

Evaluation Formula

t-Computed = WMP WME

Let:

t = test value

N = total number of correspondents

WMP = weighted mean of the proposed system

WME = weighted mean of the existing system.

WMP = summation of the WMP

WME = summation of the WME

Mean(M) = f(x1 + x2 + + xn)

n


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where: f=frequency

x(1,2n) = any numerical rating given by the

researchers

n = total number of respondents

Weighted mean = f(x1 + x2+ + xn)

n

where: f(x1 + x2+ + xn)/n = represents the sum of all

means of each criteria

n = total number of criteria

Economic Feasibility. This is used in order to determine if

the proposed system is more profitable or cost efficient than

the existing system. Through the software development cost, the

researchers can easily determine which is more expensive, the

existing or the proposed system. All of these expenses are shown

in the market analysis. The following formula will be used for

the market analysis.

Formula for the Computation)

A.Computation for the Salvage Value of the HardwareSalvage Value = ((Hardware Acquisition Cost/Life

expectancy)* Devt period)/ 12

B.Computation for The Annual Depreciation Cost of HardwareAnnual Depreciation Cost = (Hardware Acquisition Cost

Salvage Value)/ Life Expectancy


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C.Computation for Monthly Depreciation Cost of HardwareMonthly Depreciation Cost = Annual Depreciation Cost/ 12

D.Computation for Hardware DevelopmentHardware Development Cost= Monthly Depreciation Cost*Devt

period)

E.Computation for Salvage value of SoftwareSalvage Value = (Software Cost/Life Expectancy)*Devt

Period/12

F.Computation for the Annual Depreciation Cost of SoftwareAnnual Depreciation Cost = Software Acquisition Cost -

Software Value / Life expectancy

G.Computation for the Monthly Depreciation Cost of SoftwareMonthly Depreciation Cost = Annual Depreciation cost / 12

H.Computation for the Software Development CostSoftware Development Cost = Monthly Depreciation Cost *

Devt period

I.Computation for the Labor CostLabor cost = Development fee * Devt Period

J.Computation for the Kwh Use of ComputerKwh Used of Computer = No.of watts * No. of hours a month

*qty / 1000w

K.Computation for software CostSoftware Cost = Total Devt Cost/ No. of copies

L.Computation for Selling Price


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Selling Price = (software cost * mark-up) + software cost +

CD + packaging

M.Computation for the profit for the First YearProfit for the First Year = Total Annual Benefit Total

devt Cost

N.Computation for the playback PeriodPlayback Period = (Total Devt Cost / Total annual Benefit)

* 12

O.Computation for the Investment ReturnReturn of Investment = ( Total Annual Benefit / Total Devt

Cost) * 100%

edited chapter 1 to 3

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