1. Listen to the following dialogue between Ben Johnson and Petra Alboa (TRACK 1):

- P: Excuse me. Is this seat taken? - B: No, it’s free. Go ahead! Sit down. - P: Thank you. I’ve never seen the lounge as crowded as it is today. - B: It’s because of the weather. With the snow and the wind most flights have been delayed. My flight was scheduled to take off at 10, but I’ve been waiting for three hours and nobody knows anything. - P: Where are you travelling to? - B: I’m going back home, to Boston. I’ve been here for business for a couple of days. - P: I see. I’m sorry about your delay. I live here, in Madrid, and I’m travelling to Barcelona. If I knew that the planes weren't going to fly soon, I would take the train. There is a high speed train which takes only 4 hours to get there. - B: Why didn’t you take it in the first place? - P: I’d already booked the flight as it only takes 45 minutes. Yesterday the weather was fine here. I couldn’t have imagined that this snow storm would paralyse the city in only a few hours. What kind of business are you in? - B: I’m a human resources manager. I work for GHE, one of the largest American banks. I’m responsible for more than 3,000 people. I’m in charge of recruiting new employees, providing training, supervising payrolls, firing people…What about you? What do you do? - P: I’m a TV presenter. I’ve got a nightly show on Channel 9. - B: How interesting! If I weren’t so shy, I would have tried to work in the media. So you are famous here. - P: Well… yes, I’m quite well-known, but I don’t have lots of journalists following me around. - B: By the way, let me introduce myself. I’m Ben Johnson. - P: Nice to meet you, Petra Alboa. - B: Here’s my business card. If you ever go to Boston, give me a call and I’ll show you around.

Disculpe. Está ocupado este asiento? No, está libre. Vamos, siéntese Gracias. Nunca había visto la sala tan abarrotada como hoy. Es por el motivo del tiempo. Con la nieve y el viento la mayoría de los vuelos están retrasados. Mi vuelo estaba programado para salir a las 10, pero nunca he estado esperando tres horas y nadie me ha dicho nada. A dónde viaja? Regreso a Boston. He estado aquí por negocios durante un par de días. Ya veo. Siento lo del retraso. Yo vivo aquí, en Madrid, y voy de viaje a Barcelona. Si hubiera sabido que los aviones no fueran a volar pronto, hubiera tomado el tren. Hay un tren de alta velocidad el cual necesita sólo 4 horas para estar allí. ¿Por qué no lo tomó desde un primer momento?. Ya había reservado el vuelo pues sólo necesita 45 minutos. Ayer el tiempo estaba bien aquí. No podía haber imaginado que esta tormenta de nieve paralizaría la ciudad en sólo unas pocas horas. ¿A qué se dedica? Soy jefe de recursos humanos. Trabajo para GHE, unde de los más grandes bancos americanos. Soy el responsable de más de 3.000 personas. Tengo la responsabilidad de contratar nuevos empleados, proveer formación, supervisar las nóminas, despedir personas. ¿Y qué de usted? ¿A qué se dedica? Soy presentadora. Tengo un show nocturno en Canal 9. Qué interesante! Si yo no fuera tan tímido, yo hubiera intentado trabajar en los medios de comunicación. Entonces tú eres famosa aquí. Bien, sí. Soy bien conocida, pero no tengo un montón de periodistas persiguiéndome. Por cierto, permítame presentarme. Soy Ben Johnson. Encantada, Petra Alboa Aquí tiene mi tarjeta. Si alguna vez va a Boston, llámeme y le enseñaré los alrededores. Gracias, yo no tengo ninguna tarjeta conmigo ahora, pero le escribiré mi email y número de teléfono en este trozo de papel. Gracias. Le dirá a mi esposa que he conocido a una española famosa aquí. Ella es periodista y está muy interesada. Si el vuelo continua retrasado, yo veré su show esta noche. Eso si llego a Barcelona antes de las 7. Si no, no sé qué vamos a hacer. Es esa mujer de allí también una persona famosa? No, ella es política. En realidad, es la vicepresidenta del gobierno. Ella informa al Presidente. Cuál es su nombre? MLL. Es gracioso, ella es tan

- P: Thank you. I don’t have any cards with me now, but I’ll write my e-mail and telephone number on this piece of paper: 0293838477, palboa@met.com.* - B: Wow! Thank you. I’ll tell my wife I’ve met a Spanish celebrity here. She is a journalist, so she will be very interested. If the plane is still delayed, I’ll watch your show tonight. - P: That’s if I’m in Barcelona before 7 p.m… if not, I don’t know what are we going to do. - B: Is that woman over there a celebrity too? It looks like she has two bodyguards with her. - P: No, she is a politician. In fact, she is the vice-president of the government. She reports to the president. - B: What’s her name? - P: Maria Luisa López. It’s funny, she’s so important but even they can’t find a seat here. I wonder why they didn’t go to the authorities’ lounge. - P: I’m going to get something to drink. Could you keep an eye on my bags, please? - B: Sure, go ahead. They’ll be safe with me. - P: Thanks. Ah! And can you keep my seat, please? - B: Of course! * To be read: pialboa (all in one word) at met dot com 2. Answer the following questions from the previous dialogue: a) Where are the protagonists? b) Are there many people there? c) Why? d) What does Ben do for a living? e) Where is he from? f) Why are they there? g) Do they appear to get on with each other? h) Do they have anything in common?

 hire:  contratar  fire:  despedir  shy:  tímido  the  media:  (newspaper,  television)

importante y no puede encontrar un sitio aquí. Me pregunto por qué no fueron a la sala de las autoridades. Voy a buscar algo para beber. Podría echar un vistazo a mis bolsos, por favor? Por supuesto, vaya. Estará a salvo conmigo. Gracias. Ah! Puede guardarme mi sitio? Desde luego. a) In a VIP lounge at Barajas Airport in Madrid. b) Yes, the place is crowded c) Because of the flight delays caused by the adverse (desfaborable) weather conditions d) He is a human resources manager in an American bank e) The text does not say where he is from originally but he lives in Boston f) They are waiting for their flights to be announced, so that one of them can go back to where he lives and the other one can fly to Barcelona. g) Certainly. They are very friendly to each other and in the end the exchange phone numbers and email addresses h) They do not seem to have anything in common, apart form the fact that their flights are both delayed.

You: Hello Bjork, how are you? - B: Fine, thanks, and you? - You: Very well, thank you. Let me introduce you to Spiros Papafritous. - B: How do you do? - S. How do I do what? - You (whispering): You don’t need to answer. She’s just greeting you. - B: Please take a seat. - S: Why? Are we going somewhere? - You (whispering): No, she is just asking you to sit down. - S: Oh! No, thank you. I prefer to stand. Look, the waiter is bringing some glasses of champagne. - B: Well, Mr. Papafritous, tell me about yourself. What do you do? - S: Call me Spiro... I’m here talking to you! - You (whispering): No, she means she wants to know about your job / what you do for a living / what you work on, etc - S. Oh, yes. I’m a sales manager. I’m in charge of the Athens region. - B: And how are things going? - You (whispering): She is asking you whether things at work are going well. - S: Ah, this year has been very tough, because of the global crisis. - B: I see. So your branch couldn’t make much profit? - S. Yes, we profited our time by taking some training courses on customer care. - You (whispering): She wants to know if you could manage to make enough profit.

- S. Oh! Sorry. Yes, we had some losses. Business went down by 20%.

 

Hola  Bjork  cómo  estás?  Bien,  gracias  y  tú?  Muy  bien,  gracias.  Déjame  presentarte  a  

Spiros  P.  ¿Cómo  está?  ¿Cómo  está  el  qué?  Tú  no  necesitas  responder.  Ella  te  está  

simplemente  saludando.  Por  favor,  tome  asiento.  Por  qué?  Nos  vamos  a  algún  sitio?  No,  ella  está  simplemente  pidiéndote  que  te  

sientes.  Oh,  no,  gracias.  Prefiero  estar  de  pie.  Mira,  el  

camarero  está  trayendo  algunas  copas  de  champagne.  

Bien,  Sr.  P.,  cuénteme  algo  sobre  usted.  ¿A  qué  se  dedica?  

Llámeme  Spiro.  Estoy  aquí,  hablando  con  usted.  

No,  ella  quiere  decir,  quiere  saber  a  cerca  de  tu  trabajo,  qué  haces,  en  qué  trabajas...  

Oh,  sí.  Soy  jefe  de  ventas.  Soy  el  responsable  de  la  región  de  Atenas.  

Y  cómo  va  todo?  Ella  está  preguntando  si  la  situación  en  el  

trabajo  está  marchando  bien.  Ah,  este  año  ha  sido  muy  duro/difícil  por  la  

crisis  global.  Ya  veo.  Su  compañía  no  ha  podido  obtener  

muchos  beneficios?  Sí,    hemos  sacado  provecho  de  nuestro  

tiempo  haciendo  cursos  de  formación  en  atención  al  cliente  

Ella  quiere  saber  si  has  podido  lograr  suficiente  rentabilidad.  

Oh,  lo  siento.  Sí,  hemos  tenido  algunas  pérdidas.  Los  negocios  bajaron  un  20%  

a) Kissing each other. Besándose b) Shaking hands. Apretón de manos c) Giving each other a hug. Abrazándose d) Giving each other a five. Chocar los cinco e) Bowing. Reverencia, inclinación f) Greeting with the hand. Saludando con la mano.

J.R. : Hello, I’m Ron, John Ron. You: Nice to meet you, Mr. Ron. My name is Susan Smith J.R.: Nice to meet you too. You: Did you have a nice flight? J.R: Awful! We had an 8-hour delay, because of the snow. All the runways were closed. You: Oh, I’m terribly sorry. You would have thought they would provide an alternative means of transport in such cases. J.R.: It seems they weren’t able to. It’s incredible, being Madrid the capital of Spain. You: They would have in the US and many other places I know J.R.: It’s true. But it is much nicer living here. You: Fair enough. Would you fancy something to eat? Are you hungry or thirsty? J.R.: Yes, I am. Hungry and thirsty. You: What kind of food do you like? J.R.: - I love Japanese food. You: Where’s your luggage, by the way? J.R..:- It’s lost. They told me they will send it to my hotel tomorrow. You : Oh, dear, that’s awful. Is there anything at all I could get for you? J.R.: - Maybe, a clean shirt and a shaver? You: Sure, I’ve got a spare shaver at home and my husband is about your size J.R. : - In that case I would appreciate if you could lend me one of yours, and I’ll give you back a new shirt. The airline will pay for it anyway. You: We can get a taxi now and stop at my house so that I can get both things for you J.R. : Thank you very much.

Hola,  soy  Ron,  J.R.  Encantada,  Mr.  Ron.  Mi  nombre  es  Susan  

Smith  Encantado  también  Tuvo  un  agradable  viaje?  Horrible.  Tuvimos  un  retraso  de  8  horas  por    

la  nieve.  Todas  las  autopistas  estaban  cerradas  Oh,  lo  siento  mucho.    Usted  ha  debido  pensar  

que  ellos  podrían  proveer  algún  otro  tipo  de  transporte  en  tales  circunstancias  

Parece  que  ellos  no  podía.  Es  increíble,  estando  en  Madrid,  la  capital  de  España.  

Ellos  lo  hubieran  hecho  en  US  y  en  otros  lugares,  lo  sé  

Es  verdad.  Pero  es  más  agradable  vivir  aquí.  Está  bien.  Le  apetecería  comer  algo?  Está  

hambrienta  o  sedienta?  Sí,  lo  estoy.  Hambrienta  y  sedienta  Qué  tipo  de  comida  le  gusta?  Adoro  la  comida  japonesa  Dónde  está  su  equipaje,  por  cierto?  Perdido.  Ellos  me  dijeron  que  me  lo  enviarán  

al  hotel  mañana.  Oh,  lo  siento.  Eso  es  horroroso.  Hay  algo  que  

pueda  hacer  por  usted?  Quizás,  una  camisa  limpia  y  una  afeitadora.  Por  supuesto,  Tengo  una  afeitadora  de  más  en  

casa  y  mi  marido  lleva  su  misma  talla  En  ese  caso,  le  agradecería  que  me  dejara  una  

y  yo  le  devolveré  una  nueva  camisa.  La  compañía  pagará  por  ella,  de  todos  modos.  

Podemos  tomar  un  taxi  ahora  y  parar  en  mi  casa  y  recoger  ambas  cosas  para  usted.  

Muchas  gracias.  

It  is  generally  accepted  nowadays  that  English  does  not  belong  to  any  of  the  countries  where  it  is  the  official  native  tongue;  quite  the  contrary,  it  is  firmly  consolidated  as  the  global  lingua  franca.  

The  influence  of  the  British  Empire  is  probably  the  main  reason  for  the  initial  spread  of  this  language  beyond  (más  allá)  the  British  Isles.  Following  World  War  II,  the  growing  economic  and  cultural  influence  of  the  United  States  has  significantly  accelerated  the  spread  of  the  language  in  all  the  continents.  The  hegemony  of  the  English  language  is  widespread,  including  entertainment  and  tourism,  international  politics,  law,  trade,  finance,  communications,  diplomacy,  science,  business,  aviation,  and  work  relations  in  general.  English  is  used  as  the  second  language  in  almost  all  multilingual  texts  with  foreign  readers,  and  also  one  of  the  official  languages  of  international  organizations  like  the  United  Nations.  Because  a  working  knowledge  of  English  is  required  in  so  many  fields  and  professions,  according  to  the  British  Council,  speakers  of  English  as  a  foreign  language  outnumber  those  who  use  it  in  the  75  countries  where  it  is  the  first  language  (approximately  750  million  people  in  the  world  are  believed  to  speak  English  as  a  second  language).  It  consequently  follows  that  English  is  above  all  (sobre  todo,  más  que  nada)  the  vehicular  language  for  communication  between  non-­‐natives  and,  as  is  well  known,  the  influence  of  a  language  depends  more  on  the  number  of  people  who  use  it  as  a  second  language  than  on  the  number  of  native  speakers.  

 

Actualmente,  es  aceptado  generalmente  que  el  inglés  no  pertenece  a  ninguno  de  esos  países  donde  es  el  idioma  nativo  oficial;  todo  lo  contrario,  está  firmemente  consolidado  como  la  lengua  franca  mundial.  

La  influencia  del  imperio  británico  es  posiblemente  la  razón  principal  para  la  divulgación  de  este  idioma  más  allá  de  las  Islas  Británicas.  

Después  de  la  segunda  guerra  mundial,  el  crecimiento  económico  y  la  influencia  cultural  de  los  Estados  Unidos  ha  acelerado  significativamente  la  propagación  del  idioma  en  todos  los  continentes.  La  hegemonía  del  idioma  inglés  está  extendida,  incluyendo  espectáculo/entretenimiento  y  turismo,  política  internacional,  leyes,  comercio,  finanzas,  comunicaciones,  diplomacia,  ciencia,  negocios,  aviación  y  relaciones  laborales  en  general.  El  inglés  es  usado  como  la  segunda  lengua  en  casi  todos  los  textos  multilingüe  para  lectores  extranjeros,  y  también  es  una  de  las  lenguas  oficiales  en  organizaciones  internacionales  como  las  Naciones  Unidas.  Porque  el  conocimiento  del  inglés  es  requerido  en  muchos  campos  y  profesiones,  acorde  al  Consejo  Británico,  el  número  de  hablantes  de  inglés  como  lengua  extranjera  supera  a  aquéllos  quienes  la  usan  en  75  países  como  la  primera  lengua  (aproximadamente  750  millones  de  personas  en  el  mundo  se  cree  que  hablan  inglés  como  segunda  lengua).  Consequentemente  sigue  el  hecho  de  que  el  inglés  es  sobre  todo  la  lengua-­‐vehículo  para  comunicaciones  entre  no-­‐nativos  y,  como  bien  es  sabido,  la  influencia  de  una  lengua  depende  más  del  número  de  personas  que  la  utilizan  como  segunda  lengua  que  del  número  de  hablantes  nativos.  

 Please  call  Stella.  Ask  her  to  bring  these  

things  with  her  from  the  store:  six  spoons  of  fresh  snow  peas,  five  thick  slabs  of  blue  cheese,  and  maybe  a  snack  for  her  brother  Bob.  We  also  need  a  small  plastic  snake  and  a  big  toy  frog  for  the  kids.  She  can  scoop  these  things  into  three  red  bags,  and  we  will  go  meet  her  Wednesday  at  the  train  station.  

Por  favor,  llama  a  Stella.  Pídele  que  traiga  las  siguientes  cosas  de  la  tienda:  seis  cucharas  de  "chauchas"  (legumbres),  cinco  trozos  gruesos  de  queso  azul,  y  quizá  un  refrigerio  para  su  hermano  Bod.  También  necesitamos  una  serpiente  pequeña  de  plástico  y  una  rana  grande  de  juguete  (un  muñeco  rana  grande)  para  los  niños  y  nosotros  nos  encontraremos  con  ella  ella  el  miércoles  en  la  estación  del  tren.  

 Most non-natives of English find the English language rather difficult to understand. That is due to a number of factors: firstly, English speakers talk rather quietly in comparison to other languages; secondly, they articulate very

La  mayoría  de  los  hablantes  no  nativos  del  inglés,  encuentran  este  idioma  bastante  difícil  de  entender.  Esto  es  motivado  por  numerosos  factores:  primero,  los  hablantes  de  inglés  hablan  bastante  quietos  en  comparación  con  otros  idiomas;  segundo,  ellos  articulan  muy  poco  cuando  hablan;  tercero,  el  

little when they talk; thirdly, the language is very rich in vocalic and consonantal sounds, so the corresponding distinctions are hard to make for those who do not have them in their corresponding mother tongues. Additionally, it could also be argued that they do not assist their speech with facial or body gestures that might scaffold the listener. In order to become proficient in English it is not only necessary to understand them as they speak naturally at their own volume and speed, but also to reproduce the language in similar terms, so that your speech is not taken to be offensive, rude, or tiring. Everything in the English language is related to prudence and economy, particularly in formal contexts.

idioma  es  muy  rico  en  sonidos  vocálicos  y  consonanticos,  por  lo  que  distinguir  la  diferencia  correspondiente  es  difícil  para  esas  personas  que  no  tienen  dichos  sonidos  en  su  lengua  materna.  Además,  podría  argumentarse  que  ellos  no  ayudan  su  habla  con  gestos  faciales  o  corporales  que  pudieran  "ayudar"  al  escuchante.  Para  poder  llegar  a  ser  hábil  en  inglés,  no  sólo  es  necesario  entenderlos  como  ellos  hablan  con  naturalidad  en  su  propio  volumen  y  rapidez  sino  también  reproducir  el  idioma  en  términos  similares,  así  tu  habla  no  es  tomada  como  ofensiva,  grosera,  o  pesada.  Todo  en  el  idioma  inglés  está  relacionado  con  la  prudencia  y  economía,  particularmente  en  los  contextos  formales.  

You can't be serious! I'm not that naive, you know? a) a) Could I have your ticket, please? a) b) I would like to have a double exterior cabin. b) c) Attention please, next stop: Cambridge. c) d) What’s on the thirteenth deck? a) Are there any sleeping cars free? b) All aboard! c) Would you prefer a window or an aisle seat? d) What time do we arrive? e) Those passengers who are getting off should take all of their belongings. f) Have you got any luggage? g) Where is the dining car, please? h) Sorry, the flight has been overbooked. I’ll put you on the next one, at 7. i) Sorry sir, there is no smoking allowed. j) Do you have a frequent-flyer card? k) We’ve got grand (magníficos) duplex, penthouses, and apartments. l) On the thirteenth deck you’ve got the Sirena bar, the sports centre, a whirlpool, a splash pool and a sun-deck. m) I’m travelling with two colleagues. Could we, please, sit together? n) Here is your boarding pass. Boarding will be at 6 o’clock. o) I would like to order a vegetarian meal, please. p) Your suitcase is too heavy. I’m afraid you’ll have to pay an extra $69. q) Is the gratuity included in the fare? r) Fares are per person, based on double

No  puedes  estar  "hablando"  en  serio,  yo  no  soy  tan  ingenua,  sabes?  

Podría  enseñarme  su  billete?  Quisiera  un  camarote  exterior  doble  Atención  por  favor,  próxima  parada:  

Cambridge  ¿qué  hay  en  la  cubierta  13?  Hay  algún  vagón-­‐litera/cama  disponible?  Todos  a  bordo!  Preferiría  un  asiento  con  ventana  o  pasillo?  A  qué  hora  llegamos?  Esos  pasajeros  que  se  bajan  deberían  tomar  

todas  sus  pertenencias  Tiene  algún  equipaje?  Dónde  está  el  vagón  comedor,  por  favor  Lo  siento,  hay  exceso  de  reservas.  Le  pondré  

en  el  siguiente  Lo  siento  señor,  no  está  permitido  fumar  Tiene  una  tarjeta  de  viajero  frecuente?  Tenemos  magníficos  dúplex,  penthouses  

(áticos)  y  apartamentos  En  la  cubierta  13  tiene  el  bar  Sirena,  el  centro  

deportivo,  jacuzzi  (piscina  de  hidromasaje),  "piscina  de  chapoteo"  y  una  cubierta  superior  (solarium)  

Voy  de  viaje  con  dos  amigos.  Podríamos  sentarnos  juntos?  

Aquí  está  su  tarjeta  de  embarque.  El  embarque  será  a  las  6  

Me  gustaría  pedir  una  comida  vegetarina  Su  maleta  es  demasiado  pesada.  Me  temo  que  

tendrá  que  pagar  69$  extra.  Está  incluida  la  propina  en  la  cuenta/el  

precio/tarifa?  Las  tarifas  son  por  persona,  basada  en  

ocupación  doble  y  en  dólares  americanos  Tengo  que  cambiar  aviones  y  tomar  un  vuelo  

occupancy, and are in US dollars. s) Do I have to change planes and get a connecting flight? t) How long does the journey take?

de  conexión?  Cuánto  tiempo  dura  el  trayecto?      

           

Organization chart (Hotel) 1.- General Manager Director general

2.- Assistant Manager Asistente del director

3.- Human Resources Manager: Jefe de recursos humanos. 4.- Recruiting staff (empleados del departamento de personal) 4.- Payroll clerks (oficinistas encargados de las nóminas) 3.- Food and Beverage Manager : Jefe de comidas y refrigerios (bebidas) 4.- Head-waiter: camarero jefe 4.1 Waiter; camareros 4.2 Commis waiter: asistente del camarero. A commis waiter is a food service professional who assists more experienced waiters. Also referred to as assistant waiters, these individuals perform the duties assigned to them by the senior wait staff. Commis waiters are responsible for setting up the tables by placing the silverware and tablecloths prior to the opening of the restaurant

4.- Chef : Cocinero jefe. (4.1 Chef de partie; chef a cargo de una sección específica de la cocina) (4.2 Cook; cocinero ( 4.3 Prep cook: is on entry level kitchen position ideally suited for an aspiring chef; his role is to assist in the preparation of meals by chopping vegetables).

4.- Sommelier.- Encargado de recomendar y servir el vino

4.- Barman.- an  employee  who  mixes  and  serves  alcoholic  drinks  at  a  bar 4.- Cloakroom Atttendant: encargado del guardarropa 3.- Financial Manager.- Jefe de caja, gestión financiera 4.- Accountant.- contables 5.- Worker.- oficinistas 3.- Maintenance Manager: jefe de mantenimiento

3.- Marketing Manager: jefe de marketing 4.- Clerk: oficinistas 3.- Head Housekeeper Manager: Jefe de camareras de piso 4.- Deputy housekeeper: segunda jefa (sub-)de camareras 5.- Linen keepers: mantenimiento de ropa de cama Floor housekeeper; mantenimiento de suelos Florist: florista 6.- Room maids: camareras de piso Cleaners: limpiadores Valets: aparcacoches Porters: mozos, conserjes

3.- Front office manager:  Responsible  for  organizing,  planning,  directing  and  controlling  of  the  Front  Office  Reception  /  Cashiers,  Reservations,  Concierge  and  Switchboard   4.- Head-recepcionist (jefe recepción)

5.- Night-auditor :  The  Night  Auditor  is  directly  responsible  for  the  prompt,  and  efficient  balancing  of  the  day’s  transactions  of  the  entire  hotel.    Check  in  and  check  out  of  guests  and  for  meeting  many  other  guest  needs  during  their  stay.  The  night  auditor  is  also  responsible  for  the  collection  of  monies  for  services  rendered  during  a  guest  stay.  The  Night  Auditor  is  responsible  for  the  smooth  operation  of  the  front  office,  and  for  insuring  that  all  standard  operating  procedures  pertinent  to  the  Front  Office  are  followed.  

5.- Concierge: conserje:  A  staff  member  of  a  hotel  or  apartment  complex  who  assists  guests  or  residents,  as  by  handling  the  storage  of  luggage,  taking  and  delivering  messages,  and  making  reservations  for  tours.

(6.-Bell-boy): botones 5.- Cashier: a  person  responsible  for  receiving  payments  for  goods,  services,  etc.,  as  

in  a  shop 5.- Butler: a  manservant  (usually  the  head  servant  of  a  household)  who  has  

charge  of  wines  and  the  table.  “Butler  service  is  definitely  a  growing  trend,  especially  in  top  five-­‐star  hotels  and  resorts.  The  exact  functions  that  these  professional  pamperers  provide  differ  from  property  to  property;  but,  generally,  the  job  of  the  butler  is  to  centralize  the  many  functions  of  a  hotel  or  cruise  ship  in  the  body  of  one  resourceful,  always  available  person.  To  that  end,  the  butler  is  the  equivalent  of  one-­‐stop-­‐shopping—the  go-­‐to  guy  for  requests  both  large  and  small.  Tell  your  butler  to  do  it  and  you  don’t  have  to  ask  again.

 

15. (semi-open activity)

a) She is a nurse. b) He is a film director. c) She is travel agent. d) He is a fisherman. e) He is an executive / a white-collar worker (A blue-collar worker is a member of the working class who typically performs manual labor and earns an hourly wage. Bluecollar workers are distinguished from those in the service sector and from white-collar workers, whose jobs are not considered manual labor. Notas del año pasado. Giving reasons. You can use the following structures: Ø  Because (+ sentence): I must wait at the airport because my flight is delayed. Ø  Because of (+ noun phrase): The plane cannot take off because of the strong wind. Ø  As: I have to spend the night in London as my flight has been cancelled. Ø  Since (more formal): I’ll go by train since all the flights have been cancelled. Ø  In that and for can be used in a formal or literary context. Ø  Due to (Formal, used especially in official statements): All flights were delayed due to the snow/ I couldn’t go out due to the snow. Ø  Seeing that (+ sentence; more informal): I could go and visit Ellen seeing that I have to spend the night in London anyway. Ø  With (+ noun phrase; since there is/are): With so many flights cancelled, I decided to go by train. Complete these sentences giving reasons (in the box) with the right preposition (if necessary): The bad weather I couldn’t get a diploma The rain The strike My doctor told me so a) I couldn’t work today because of the strike b) The flight was cancelled due to the bad weather c) I have given up smoking since my doctor told me so d) I cannot become a manager because I couldn't get a diploma e) Sue is soaked (empapada) because of the rain f) He left home because of you Sex differences. She is a teacher/an architect. Steward/Stewardess (auxiliar de vuelo)

Host/Hostess: a  person  who  receives  or  entertains  guests,  esp  in  his  own  home Waiter/waitress Duke/Duchess Prince/Princess

Landlord/Landlady: One  that  owns  and  rents  land,  buildings,  or  dwelling  units  

Apart from the nobility titles (duchess, princess), -ess names have become part of the politically correct debate and are being used less and less. Airlines now usually refer to

"cabin crew", member of the cabin crew and air steward to cover both sexes. Similarly, the term "manageress" is not used as often as before (maganer is preferred for both). Interestingly, the Hollywood establishment prefers "actor" for both sexes. Accordingly, most textbooks now use only "actor" If the gender distinction is important, the words male/female can precede the job title: MALE DOCTOR FEMALE JUDGE

- usher / usherette: an  official  who  shows  people  to  their  seats,  as  in  a  church  or  theatre - waiter / waitress - actor / actress - male writer / female writer - male author / female author / authoress

- midwife / midwife: A  person,  usually  a  woman,  who  is  trained  to  assist  women  in  childbirth.  Also  called  regionally  granny,  granny  woman. - barman / barmaid

- chairman, chair / chair: Also  called  chairperson  (fem)  chairwoman  a  person  who  presides  over  a  company's  board  of  directors,  a  committee,  a  debate,  an  administrative  department,  etc. - horseman, male horse rider / female horse rider 19. (semi-open activity) a) The weather in Rome is partly sunny, partly cloudy. b) The weather in Athens is sunny (and hot / warm). c) Light rain is expected in Lisbon today. d) There is heavy rain in Reykjavik today. e) It is snowing in the Alps today.

Country Capital

Country Capital

Albania Tirana Andorra Andorra la Vella Armenia Yerevan Austria Vienna Azerbaijan Baku Belarus Minsk Belgium Brussels Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Bulgaria Sofia Croatia Zagreb Cyprus Nicosia Czech Republic Prague Denmark Copenhagen Estonia Tallinn Finland Helsinki France Paris Georgia Tbilisi Germany Berlin Greece Athens Hungary Budapest Iceland Reykjavík Spain Madrid Sweden Stockholm Switzerland Bern Turkey Ankara Ukraine Kiev United Kingdom London Vatican City Vatican City

Ireland Dublin Italy Rome Kazakhstan Astana Latvia Riga Liechtenstein Vaduz Lithuania Vilnius Luxembourg Luxembourg Republic of Macedonia Skopje Malta Valletta Moldova Chişinău Monaco Monaco Montenegro Podgorica Netherlands Amsterdam and Hague Norway Oslo Poland Warsaw Portugal Lisbon Romania Bucharest Russia Moscow San Marino San Marino Serbia Belgrade Slovakia Bratislava Slovenia Ljubljana

Shower - a brief period of rain, hail (granizo), sleet (agua nieve) or snow

corto periodo de lluvia, granizo, agua nieve o nieve

flurry -  A  brief,  light  snowfall  

ligera  nevada         drizzle -  To  rain  gently  in  fine,  mistlike  drops  frost  -­‐  

llovizna      

 Frost:  a white deposit of ice particles, esp one formed on objects out of doors at

night          

hail : Precipitation in the form of spherical or irregular pellets of ice larger than 5

millimeters (0.2 inches) in diameter. granizos

deluge: a great flood of water, torrential rain, downpour (aguacero)

agua torrencial sleet - Precipitation that falls to earth in the form of frozen or partially frozen raindrops, often when the temperature is near the freezing point.

agua nieve

rain -

blizzard – A very heavy snowstorm with high winds. Fuerte tormenta de nieve y viento

snow –

slush -  Partially  melted  (derretida)  snow  or  ice        

fog -niebla lightning – An abrupt, discontinuous natural electric discharge in the

atmosphere hailstones:  small  pellet  (bolita)  of  ice  that  falls  during  a  hailstorm  (granizada) (A storm with hail)

mist – A mass of fine droplets of water in the atmosphere near or in contact with the earth.

dew – Water droplets condensed from the air, usually at night, onto cool surfaces.

downpour - A heavy fall of rain.

Thunder.- The crashing or booming sound produced by rapidly expanding air along the path of the electrical discharge of lightning.

haze –  Atmospheric  moisture,  dust,  smoke,  and  vapor  that  diminishes  visibility;  reduced  visibility  in  the  air  as  a  result  of  condensed  water  vapour,  dust,  etc.,  in  the  atmosphere

tornado - Also called cyclone (US and Canadian informal), twister a violent storm with winds whirling around a small area of extremely low pressure, usually characterized by a dark funnel-shaped cloud causing damage along its path

heat wave – A period of unusually hot weather.

hot spell: a spell (a period of indeterminate length (usually short) marked by some action or condition; "he was here for a little while"; "I need to rest for a piece"; "a spell of good weather"; "a patch of bad weather") of hot weather

Windy: ventoso

cloudy: nuboso. Full of or covered with clouds; overcast (Covered or obscured, as with clouds or mist)

Rainy: lluvioso; characterized by a large rainfall

Snowy-: nivoso. Abounding in or covered with snow

Cold Having a low temperature.

Hot Being at a high temperature.

Icy Containing or covered with ice

Chilly Cool or cold enough to cause shivering (To shake with or as if with cold; tremble To shake involuntarily, as from excitement or anger; quake)

Foggy Full of or surrounded by fog.

Muggy: Warm and extremely humid.

Damp Slightly wet

Freezing: Informal extremely cold

On the first page of this unit you can see the Iberia VIP lounge located in terminal 4 at Madrid Barajas Airport. Major airlines have VIP lounges at the disposal of their first class and business clients. Some companies also issue (expedir) special VIP cards to passengers who fly in economy class but who want to enjoy the advantages of these lounges. They have to pay a yearly fee (no more than $80) to be able to use the lounges. Also some airline card holders (for example, of gold and platinum cards) are usually allowed into the lounges, even if they are flying tourist class. In the VIP lounges passengers can wait for their flight in comfort. Personalised catering is on offer, with hot and cold drinks, spirits, wine, champagne, and a variety of snacks (hurried or light meal) and pastries. Passengers can work as there are plenty of computers with Internet connection, printers, scanners, phones and fax machines, as well as meeting rooms. Travellers can also have a rest as many of the lounges have some beds to sleep in, in case of long delays. The bathrooms too are very well equipped with all kinds of amenities. Some even have showers. While passengers wait to board, they can read international newspapers or magazines, or watch TV until they hear the announcement with the boarding information for their flight. There are some extremely luxurious lounges, such as the Emirates one, which offers massages, a spa, full meals, a gym and a swimming pool. a) Who can use the VIP lounges? First class and business clients.

En la primera página de esta unidad, puede ver la sala VIP de Iberia situada en la terminal 4 del aeropuerto Madrid, Bajaras

La mayor parte de las compañías de vuelo poseen estas salas VIP y que ponen a disposición de sus clientes de primera clase y negocios. Algunas compañías disponen de tarjetas especial VIP para pasajeros que vuelan en clase económica pero que quieren disfrutar de las ventajas de este tipo de salas. Ellos tienen que pagar una cuota al año (no más de 80$) para poder usarlas. También, a titulares de algunas tarjetas de aerolíneas (por ejemplo, tarjetas oro y platino) se les permite el acceso a estas salas, incluso si ellos viajan en clase turista.

En las salas VIP los pasajeros pueden esperar por sus vuelos confortablemente. Se ofrecen caterings personalizados, con bebidas frías y calientes, licores, vinos, champagne, y una variedad de aperitivos y dulces (tartas)

Los pasajeros pueden trabajar ya que están llenas de ordenadores con conexión a internet, impresoras, escáneres, teléfonos y fax, al igual que salas de conferencia o reuniones. Los pasajeros también pueden descansar pues muchas de las salas disponen de camas para dormir, en caso de vuelos retrasados. Los baños también están muy bien equipados con toda clase de facilidades. Incluso algunos tienen duchas. Mientras los pasajeros esperan para embarcar, pueden leer los periódicos y revistas internacionales, o ver la televisión hasta que escuchan el anunciamiento con la información de embarque de su vuelo.

b) What can you find in the lounges? Everything: food, beverages, press, TV, computing equipment with Internet connection, meeting rooms, beds, bathroom with shower, etc. c) Are they all similar? Not at all. Some VIP lounges are extremely luxurious, like the Emirates one. d) What can you find in an airport apart from VIP lounges? Many things! (see section 26). e) What does one typically do there? Wait for one’s flight in the most amusing and pleasurable possible way!

Algunas son tremendamente lujosas, como las de los Emiratos, las cuales ofrecen masajes, un spa, comidas completas, un gimnasio y una piscina.

We understand by “tourism” both the service industry related to transportation, accommodation and related fields, as well as the activity of individuals going to places for leisure or other reasons. The World Tourism Organization (WTO) states that “Tourism comprises the activities of people travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the visited place”. There are many other definitions of tourism which can be found in dictionaries, books and on the Internet, but they all have some common characteristics such as physical movement, free choice, duration and intention. With regard to free choice, we understand that touristic activities are carried out as a result of voluntary choices made by individuals. Tourists are not paid for their travelling (unless they have won a raffle, prize or competition for which the prize is a trip with spending money). Depending on the interests of the people, there are many types of tourism, such as: a. For people who are interested in visiting historical landmarks and monuments as well as enjoying the different aspects of the local way of life: for example, cuisine, monuments, theatres, architecture, history, etc. b. For people who are interested in learning or taking part in a training course: for example, languages, local arts and crafts (artesanía), medicine, etc. c. For people who are looking for exciting and sometimes risky activities, such as heliskiing,

Nosotros entendemos por turismo, de dos maneras: el servicio relacionado con el transporte, la acomodación y todos los campos relacionados y también como la actividad de los individuos que acuden a lugares por entretenimiento (tiempo libre) y otros motivos. Leisure (time or opportunity for ease (relajar), relaxation).

La  organización  mundial  del  turismo  establece  que  turismo  comprende  las  actividades  de  las  personas  que  viajan  y  permanecen  en  lugares  fuera  de  su  entorno  habitual  por  no  más  un  año  consecutivo  para  entretenimiento,  negocio  y  otros  fines  no  relacionados  con  el  ejercicio  de  una  actividad  remunerada  en  el  lugar  visitado.  

Hay  muchas  más  definiciones  de  turismo  que  pueden  buscarse  en  diccionarios,  libros  o  en  internet,  pero  todas  ellas  tienen  las  mismas  características:  movimiento  físico,  libre  elección,  duración  e  intención.  

En  relación  a  libre  elección,  entendemos  que  las  actividades  turísticas  son  llevadas  a  cabo  como  el  resultado  de  voluntarias  elecciones  hechas  por  los  individuos.  A  los  turistas  no  se  les  paga  para  que  viajen  (a  menos  que  ellos  hayan  ganado  una  rifa,  premio  o  competición  en  los  cuales  el  premio  era  un  viaje  con  los  gastos  pagados).  Dependiendo  de  los  intereses  de  las  personas,  hay  muchos  tipos  de  turismos,  tales  como  :  

a)  Para  personas  que  están  interesadas  en  visitas  puntos  históricos  y  monumentos  así  como  disfrutar  de  los  aspectos  locales:  por  ejemplo,  cocina,  monumentos,  teatros,  arquitectura,  historia.    CULTURAL  

b)  Para  personas  que  están  interesadas  en  aprender  o  tomar  parte  en  cursos  de  formación:  por  ejemplo,  idiomas,  artesanía,  medicina,  etc  

sky-­‐driving, bungee-­‐jumping, rafting, climbing, caving, etc. d. For people who receive rewards from their employers for duties performed in their place of work: for example, the most successful salesperson of the year is awarded with a free trip to Brazil. e. For people who seek relaxation, improving their physical and spiritual well-­‐being: spas, meditation or fitness centres, etc. f. For people who want to travel without causing a negative impact on the land or the place they visit, often including activities in close contact with nature and avoiding crowds: for example, a trip to the Brazilian rainforests or a photo safari in South Africa. g. For people who want to investigate specific aspects related to their profession or studies, like an archaeologist travelling to Egypt or a psychiatrist to New York. h. For people who travel to places where they can play their favourite sports that they might or might not be able to do in their place of residence: golf, skiing, cycling, tennis, surfing, etc.

EDUCATIONAL  c)  Para  personas  que  están  buscando  

actividades  de  emoción  y  riesgo,  tales  como  ...  trepar,  espeleología,  aventuras  

ADVENTURE  d)  Para  personas  que  reciben  de  sus  

empresas  compensaciones  por  sus  logros  en  el  puesto  de  trabajo  

INCENTIVE  e)  Para  personas  que  buscan  relajación,  

mejorar  el  estado  físico  y  espiritual,  mantenerse  en  forma,  spa,  meditación,  o  gimnasios.  

HEALTH  f)  Para  personas  que  quieren  viajar  sin  causar  

impacto  negativo  al  lugar  que  visitan,  incluyendo  actividades  en  contacto  con  la  naturaleza  y  evitando  las  aglomeraciones:  por  ejemplo,  un  viaje  a  la  selva  brasileña  o  un  safari  fotográfico  por  África  del  Sur.  

ECOTOURISM  g)  Para  personas  que  quieren  investigar  

aspectos  específicos  relacionados  con  su  profesión  o  estudios,  como  un  viaje  arqueológico  a  Egipto  o  psiquiátrico  a  Nueva  York  

RESEARCH  (investigación)  h)  Para  personas  que  viajan  a  lugares  donde  

practicar  sus  deportes  favoritos  que  ellos  quizás  no  puedan  hacer  en  sus  lugares  de  residencia:  golf,  esquí,  ciclismo,  tenis,  surf...  

SPORT  

Airport area /Action undertaken there

Departures area The part of the airport terminal where all the passengers that are going to fly congregate, together with any family or friends who have come to see them off. Some people come by taxi, others are brought by car. Sometimes you can go in your own car and park it in the airport car park (but you should be careful since these are expensive!). The departures area is full of such things as: check-in points and airline desks, cash dispensers, shops, cafeterias, currency conversion services, toilets, medical services, places of worship, telephones, etc. Check in desk You stand in line with other passengers on the same flight as you to show your one-way or return flight reservation and identity document (typically a passport), get your boarding card and have your luggage checked in. Any carry-on luggage will be tagged. These days it is possible to obtain your boarding pass using an automatic check in machine found in the departure area of the airport, or on the Web of the airline before you travel. A boarding pass will have information of the boarding and take off time, the boarding gate and your seat number.

worship:  The  reverent  love  and  devotion  accorded  a  deity,  an  idol,  or  a  sacred  object.  

 Tagged:  A  

strip  of  leather,  paper,  metal,  or  plastic  attached  to  something  or  hung  from  a  wearer's  neck  to  identify,  classify,  or  label.  

take  off    

Passport control and security check Once you have your boarding pass you have to go through passport control and security. Your carry-on luggage and coats and bags will be scanned by an X-ray machine to ensure that you do not have anything that is not allowed by international flight regulations. You will have to walk through a metal detector in the form of an electronic arch. Once you go through this point, any family or friends who have come to see you off have to say goodbye since they are not allowed to follow. Cafeteria Given the complexities of how an airport operates and the queues that can form, passengers are typically expected to arrive two hours before their flight leaves. Since the check-in process is usually finished well under that time, it is often desirable to use the airport cafeteria to have something to eat or drink before boarding your flight. Food and beverages are expensive on board! Airline desks Representations of the airlines that fly out of a given airport, typically found in the departure area. You would use them to check on some detail of your flight before leaving (such as transfer times), buy a domestic or international ticket if you do not have one or have missed your flight, change your flight, or to check up on flight status if there have been a technical problem, delay or, worse, accident. Airport Duty-free shops Once you have passed though passport control and security there are shops where things are cheaper because they are exempt from local taxes and duties, since you will be taking them out of the country. VIP lounge These lounges, sometimes called first class lounges, are special waiting areas for passengers with a special type of ticket (e.g., a first class ticket). Frequent fliers, who have acquired lots of points on their airline fidelity cards from the journeys they have made, are often also allowed to use these lounges. They typically contain free food and drinks, newspapers and magazines, Wi-Fi, etc. Boarding gate Identified by a code typically made up of a letter and a group of numbers, for example: A-39. Passengers wait at the boarding gate before being allowed to board the airplane. When your flight is announced on the tannoy you form a queue and enter the airplane with the help of the crew. Sometimes the boarding is undertaken according to the row number and a letter that corresponds to the position of the seat with respect to the aisle (window, middle, etc.). Boarding is an inherently (intrínsicamente) slow process because, unless the airplane is very large, there will be only one aisle, so people can only enter and get seated one at a time, taking time to remove their coats and stow (guardar) carry-on luggage under their seats or in the overhead lockers. Baggage collection After arriving at your destination, getting off the airplane and going through passport control, you go to baggage collection (unless you have only taken carry-on bags). Here you have to check a monitor that shows which baggage carrier belt will contain the luggage from your flight. You typically have to wait at the belt for the luggage to be brought from the airplane. Then the belt will start to move, the suitcases and other types of luggage will appear on it, and be retrieved by the waiting passengers. Transit lounge When you have a connecting flight, that is to say, your first flight does

6.  To  rise  into  the  air  or  begin  flight:  The  plane  took  off  on  time.  

Out of: From within to the outside of.

check  on  someone  or  something  

to  look  into  the  legitimacy  or  condition  of  someone  or  something.  

 Check  up  

(on  someone  or  something):  to  determine  the  state  of  someone  or  something.  

Tannoy: a  

sound-­‐amplifying  apparatus  used  as  a  public-­‐address  system  esp  in  a  large  building,  such  as  a  university  

 row:  A  

series  of  objects  placed  next  to  each  other,  usually  in  a  straight  line.  

stow:  To  

place  or  arrange,  especially  in  a  neat,  compact  way.  

 

not go to your destination directly but requires you to change to another flight in some national or foreign airport, you quite often have to use what is called a transit lounge, until your next flight is ready for you to board. These lounges are temporary waiting areas that are there to make your stay pleasant and more importantly, stop you from leaving the airport. Arrivals area This part of the airport is where all passengers who have just arrived on an airplane, gone through passport control and obtained their baggage end up. It typically has links to all possible means of transport (such as buses, metro, trains, car hire, etc.) to enable passengers to get to their final destinations. People who have come to pick you up will wait here, either outside the “no goods to declare” door or at the meeting point.

retrieve:  to    get  back;  to  rescue  or  save.  

 

GRAMMAR REVIEW Expressing relations.- The more frequently two words appear together, the less chance there is of finfind a preposition between them. a) a football league b) a page book c) a tree branch d) a leg of a horse e) a department of a company f) a bottle cork g) a computer mouse h) a pen top Have you seen the car of the parents of Mike? Have you seen Mike's parents' car? The Saxon genitive is always used when the relationship of belonging is real, authentic. By extension, there are a few other cases where "S" is used:

 Children's  cloth  (  a  standard  classification  criterion  for  that  object)  (una  forma  

estándar  de  clasificar  el  objeto)  The  soldier's  courage  (when  a  personal  noun  can  be  rephrased  with  a  verb  of  

possesion)  (se  puede  construir  la  frase  utilizando  un  verbo  de  posesión):  The  soldier  has  courage.  

The  bank's  earnings      (when  it  can  be  rephrased  by  transforming  the  second  noun  into  a  verb:  puede  construirse  la  frase  transformando  el  segundo  nombre  en  un  verbo)  The  bank  earns  London's Trafalgar Square (place). Five dollars' worth of sweets (money)(dulces por valor de 5 dólares) A sonnet of Byron's to indicate authorship (autoría); a friend of Henry's worth: el valor. The quality that renders (to render, hacer, volver) something desirable, useful, or valuable: the worth of higher education. authorship: The act, fact, or occupation of writing

28. Review of the main prepositions of time: At Ø  with exact hours: at 5 o’clock / at midnight Ø  periods of time in the year: at Christmas / at the weekend / at weekends, at Easter Ø  some expressions: at the moment / at the age of… / at the same time / at present In Ø  seasons of the year: in summer Ø  years: in 2013 / in the 80s Ø  months: in April Ø  centuries: in the 19th century Ø  periods of time: in eight hours the plane will be taking off / I have to go in a few minutes / I’ll take the exam in three months’ time (Note the apostrophe) Ø  parts of the day: in the morning / afternoon / evening (exception: at night) Ø  in the short term, in the long run Ø  in time = BEFORE THE DEADLINE) in time 1. Before a time limit expires. 2. Within an indefinite time; On Ø  with certain expressions related to tourism: on / upon arrival, on the weekend (Am. Eng.) Ø  days of the week: on Monday Ø  a certain date: on 4th July / on my birthday / on Christmas Eve Ø  on vacation / on holiday Ø  on time = At the exact time Complete these lists with other cases you encounter. 24. Fill in the blanks with the right preposition: a) Columbus discovered America on 12th October 1492. b) Columbus discovered America in 1492. c) Columbus discovered America in the 15th century. d) Columbus discovered America at 4 p.m. e) Columbus discovered America in the afternoon. f) Columbus discovered America in October. g) Columbus discovered America on 12th.

women's toilet men shoes dog's bone dolly's arm

user profile pupils' (alumno) hair words of the sentence water of the river father's pride

Pride: a feeling of honour and self-respect; a sense of personal worth

29. Review of the main prepositions of location: At Ø  It is used for location where two points meet: Shall we meet at the restaurant? Ø  It is used to show the location of persons who go for short periods of time to a certain place (exception: at home): Where is Peter? He is at the hospital (he is visiting someone) / Where is Raquel? She is in hospital (she might be sick and hospitalised for some months). Ø  When people go to a place and come back regularly we also use this preposition: Where is your father? He’s at the office (he works there, and goes there every day). In Ø  We use this preposition to show location inside a place: The pilot is the cabin. / Let’s meet in the restaurant (not outside, but inside, sat at the table). Ø  In countries or cities: Where is John? In Paris / In France. Ø  With some expressions: In the street. On Ø  It indicates physical contact with a surface: The key is on the bedside table / The picture is on the wall / The business centre is on the first floor (exceptions: in a mirror / in a photograph / in a picture). Ø  With left /right: on the left / on the right / on the right-hand side. Ø  With floor: on the first floor / on the third floor. Ø  Where a place is: Lisbon is on the coast / Madrid is on the river Manzanares. Ø  For transportation, we usually use on instead of in: The passengers are on the plane /

bus / ship (IMPORTANT: exceptions: in the car, in the taxi). Complete this list with other cases you know of. 26. Fill in the blanks with the right preposition: a) Where is your suitcase? At home. b) Where is your suitcase? On the car roof c) Where is your suitcase? In the living-room. d) Where is your suitcase? In the car. e) Where is your suitcase? In London. f) Where is your suitcase? At the petrol station g) Where is your suitcase? In the lost property h) where is your suitcase) In Weston-super-Mare 30. Review of the main prepositions of movement. GO/ COME/ FLY /RETURN /TRAVEL / DRIVE / BE SENT/ BE TAKEN / HAVE BEEN TO... TO a place Mary goes to London. we went to the beach The queen is travelling to Australia Come to Spain soon.

BY... car/ plane/ bus / boat/ ship /bicycle/ road /air / sea / underground I usually go to work by car IN... (my) car/ taxi I usually go to work in my car. When I arrive, I get out of it ON... foot/ bus/ bicycle/ public transport Peter normally goes home on foot Get on this train now! No, get off! Get on (subirse a) and Get off (train, bus) Get in (car, taxi) and get out of it You can get on a bus or a train, Chamyto, but you really can't get on a taxi unless you climb on top of it.

a) Have you ever been TO Paris BY coach?

b) How did you go TO London? BY plane

Why don't you fly TO Lisbon? I'm terrified OF flying

Kim Mata is going to be sent TO prison FOR life

We could travel together IN my new van or catch the train

WRITING.-­‐  Formal  letter  writing.-­‐  A  social  letter,  for  example,  is  likely  no  to  include  an  address  heading,  an  inside  

address  or  a  subject  line  (asunto).  An  informal  business  letter  may  not  include  a  subject  line,  a  postscript  (postdata)  or  

a  notation  A  letter  written  in  good  taste  strikes  a  balance  between  the  conventional  format    and  

the  writer's  own  personal  style.    Conventional  format:  1.-­‐  Address  heading  (el  domicilio  del  autor  de  la  carta):  This  is  the  writer's  full  

address.  An  address  heading  is  optional  for  informal  letters.  (Parte  alta  derecha)  2.-­‐  Date:  This  is  the  month,  day  and  year  that  the  letter  is  written  on.  3.-­‐  Inside  address:  The  recipient's  (destinatario)  full  name  and  address.  Generally,  

informal  letters  do  not  include  an  inside  address.  (PARTE  ALTA  IZQUIERDA)  4.-­‐Attention:  with  formal  letters,  the  "attention"  (full  name  of  recipient)  is  placed  

two  spaces  below  the  inside  address.  

5.-­‐  Greeting:  also  known  as  the  "salutation",  this  is  the  introductory  phrase,  "Dear  (name  of  recipient)".  Either  a  comma  or  a  colon  (dos  puntos)  can  be  used  at  the  end  of  this  phrase.  Today,  a  comma  is  more  extensivily  used,  with  the  exception  of  the  use  of  a  title  only,  not  a  proper  name  (DEAR  MEMBER:).  In  this  case,  the  use  of  a  colon  would  be  more  appropiate.  

6.-­‐  Subject  (tema)  matter,  topic,  theme.  A  word  of  phrase  to  indicate  the  main  subject  of  the  letter,  which  is  preceded  by  the  word  "SUBJECT"  or  "Re:"  (Latin  for  "matter").  Subject  lines  may  be  emphasized  by  underlining,  using  bold  front  (negrita)  or  all  capital  letters.  They  can  be  alternatively  located  directly  after  the  "inside  address",  before  the  "greeting".  Informal  or  social  letters  rarely  include  a  subject  line.  

7.-­‐  Body:  the  subject  matter  content.  8.-­‐  Closing:  This  is  the  farewell  phrase  or  word  that  precedes  the  signature  and  is  

followed  by  a  comma.  Yours  truly,  Yours  sincerely,  Regards,  etc.  THE  MOST  COMMON  EXPRESSION  when  YOU  DO  NOT  KNOW  your  addressee's  name  is:  YOURS  FAITHFULLY  

9.-­‐  Signature:  Formal  or  business  letters  include  the  full  name  of  the  writer  printed  below,  the  signed  name  and  most  often  include  the  writer's  title  and/or  professional  designations.  

10.-­‐  Postscript:  Postdata.  This  is  still  commonly  used  in  informal  letters  but  not  widely  accepted  in  formal  or  business  letters  

 It  is  of  utmost  importance  that  a  letter  is  well  structured.  English  writing  is  generally  

top-­‐down,  that  is,  you  state  the  purpose  of  your  writing  right  at  the  beginning  and  then  you  develop  the  arguments  as  you  go  along.  

 Ejemplo de una carta formal: Una disculpa

22 Brown Street

London N22 5ZT

23rd May 2005 The Bank Manager (RECIPIENT DETAILS) 11 Tree Road Sheffield S22 7UK Dear Sir/Madam (RECIPIENT) I am writing to apologise for not being able to attend the meeting on Wednesday 15th May. I was not able to attend due to unforeseeable circumstances beyond my control. I sincerely apologise for this and hope that it did not cause you too much inconvenience. I would like to know if it is possible to arrange another meeting in the near future. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully Jane Smith Jane Smith

           

33. Complaints: Many times in your life you are in a situation where you have to make a complaint. It can be because your flight is delayed, the food in the restaurant is cold or salty or bad, or there are problems with your hotel room or with the goods you have purchased. If

this is the case, you will have to fill out a complaint form or write a complaint letter or email. In all cases, you must clearly state: Ø  The name (with code or reference if possible) of the goods or service you are complaining about. Ø  Your personal details (name, address, contact number) Ø  The date, the time and the place where the incident happened or the goods were purchased. Also: Ø  Clearly explain the incident that was the cause of your complaint. Mention any documents, witnesses, etc. you may have. Ø  Ask for compensation, giving several alternatives if possible. Ø  Explain what you will do if you don’t get compensation. Ø  Be polite but assertive, concise and factual.

Your address Date, place Dear Sir / Madam /( Mr./Mrs Name), On 23 February 1012 I had to fly from Madrid to Vigo with your company returning the following day. The departure was scheduled for 9 am from Terminal 4. I was there one hour before. I had checked in and had my boarding pass ready when I heard an announcement that the flight was delayed for two hours. I waited for two hours until a new announcement told us that the flight was again delayed until 5 pm. I went to the airline counter to ask for more information or to find a solution as I had a wedding in Vigo starting at 5 pm. However, the staff did not know the reason for the delay and they weren’t even sure if the plane could take off at 5. I asked for a refund so I could purchase another ticket with a different airline or even go by car or bus if the first option wasn’t possible, but the supervisor told me that this was not allowed. To cut a long story short, we boarded the plane at 7 pm, without any explanations or services, such as drinks or meals. When I arrived at Vigo, the wedding was almost over as I had to take a taxi and go to my hotel first to get properly dressed. As the reason of the 10 hour delay wasn’t the weather conditions, I think I have the right to compensation which goes further than

the price of the ticket, as I had taken one day off for that wedding and the moral harm of not being there cannot be financially compensated. Of course, I hope at least to get back the price of the ticket I paid. Anyway, I am also open to other alternative solutions you might consider. If I do not get an answer by next month, I’ll pass this matter on to my lawyer, so she takes the necessary legal measures to sort things out. Yours faithfully, Your signature Your name

harm noun aggravation, balefulness, damage, damnum,

deadliness, detriment, disablement, disservice, evil, hurt, hurtfulness, ill consequence, ill-treatment, impairment, injury, malignancy, malignity, mischief, misfortune, noxiousness, perniciousness, ruin, scathe, scourge, virulence

... And try not to deceive you: intentar no engañarte (de una manera "polite") En la carta de agradecimiento podría significar: intentaré no defraudarte.

36 . Responding to complaints and apologizing: In your professional life you will have to answer to many complaint letters, mails, telephone calls, etc. Even if the person who complaints is very angry, you have to be friendly and positive, yet assertive. Try to put yourself in the other person’s shoes and understand the problem, while protecting the image of your company. Express your sympathy and apologize. If he/she is right offer a reasonable and adequate solution to the problem.

EXPRESSING GRATITUDE.- In writing or formal speeches you might say things like the following: I would like to express my gratitude to X for... My deepest (lo más profundo) thanks go to X for ... I'm indebted (agradecido, endeudado) to X for... Remember that if you use a verb afterwards, it must be in the "ING" form. The following are very common expressions of gratitude used in conversation:

Reference, code, name, etc. Dear (Name), First of all, I would like to say I am very sorry for the inconvenience we caused you on 23rd February 2012. I have found out that your plane was delayed due to technical problems the pilots discovered in Rome. The employees at the airport did not know how long the problem would take to repair; therefore (por tanto, por eso), they could not give an accurate (correcta) answer to you or the rest of the passengers. However, you should have been offered a free lunch and drinks to help you endure (soportar, aguantar) the long wait. I must apologize for that too. In the light of this, we have decided to give you our gold card which allows you to use our VIP lounges and free parking, together with 50,000 free air miles which are equivalent to 2 international flights within Europe, 1 to Asia or America, or 5 domestic flights. We hope this will be acceptable to you and that you will continue to place your trust in us and consider us your favourite airline.

Please let me know if this solution meets with your approval. Yours sincerely,

(Name)  

Cheers (British) Ta' thanks

I appreciate it If it weren't for you I'd

Thank you ever so much I'm truly/really... grateful for...

Notice that the verb appreciate can be followd by different structures: I appreciate you lending me your chainsaw (motosierra) I appreciate your lending me your motorbike There are a number of verbs that allow both a personal pronoun and a possessive determiner (pronombre personal o determinante posesivo como sujeto) as subject of the subordinate clause: DID YOU MIND me/my SAYING IT?. La única diferencia entre estas estructuras es que el pronombre personal (me) da énfasis a la persona que realiza la acción y el posesivo determina la acción por sí mismo (described in the -ing clause) SUBJECT: SUJETO OBJECT: COMPLEMENTO 30. How did the author of the letter above apologize? Think of other ways to express your apologies (the examples are roughly (aproximately) ordered from more to less formal and more to less emphatic): (de más a menos formal y de más a menos categórico/tajante) 1.-I’d like to express my apologies for the inconvenience. La más formal 2.-Please accept my apologies… 3.- I’d like to apologize 4.- My apologies for the inconvenience. 5.- Would you forgive me…? 6.- Please forgive me for the inconvenience. 7.- I’m awfully sorry for the inconvenience. 8.- I’m ever so sorry…. 9.- Sorry for the inconvenience. La menos formal Ø  The most common prepositions in these sentences are for and about. The former (primera) is used in more precise sentences (e.g., I’ m sorry for throwing coffee on your computer); the latter (segundo, último) is preferred in general apologies (e.g., Sorry about the mess: desorden). Which prepositions would you use in the following sentences?: a) I’m sorry for having lost my nerves. b) I’m sorry I lost my nerves. c) I’m sorry about the delay. d) Sorry about that. e) I'm ever so sorry for leaving you out of the project f) Please accept my apologies for having had to leave g) Please forgive me for my ignorance h) Please forgive my ignorance. In a crowded place: to indicate that the other person needs to move so that you can pass through: EXCUSE ME, please

To indicate the same but after touching or gently pushing that person by accident: SORRY To indicate that the other person needs to repeat what s/he's just said because you did'nt quite understand it : Pardon? Why is English important? Talk with your coursemates about it. Then read the text and answer the questions: The World Map of the English Language

In this century when global communication is a fact thanks to the Internet and the affordable (asequible) means of international transportation, people use English as the lingua franca. /En este siglo cuando la comunicación global, mundial, es una realidad gracias a Internet y a los asequible medios de transporte internacional, las personas utilizan el inglés como lengua franca ( (Linguistics) a language used for communication among people of different mother tongues)

Major newspapers and TV channels as well as music and film industries use English as their major language. But not only the communication and entertainment industries are “English speaking”. The scientific world presents its findings (A conclusion reached after examination or

investigation) in articles written in English in prestigious magazines, such as Science or Nature. Financial transactions all over the world are also made in English.

English is “fashionable” and in many countries English names can be found in many businesses and other places (Pepe’s Pub, Accessorize, Stop, etc.). English is no longer only a subject to be learnt at school anymore, but a “must” (necesidad) in modern society.( must: a necessary or essential thing)

If you ask people in which countries English is the official language, the majority will mention the United Kingdom and the United States; some others will also think of Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand; but many will forget Caribbean countries which were former British colonies, such as: Antigua Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & Grenadines, and Trinidad & Tobago. Though (aunque = although) these islands are small, they are culturally and linguistically tied (unida = fasten) to the UK. Also some islands such as the Cayman Islands, the Virgin Islands, etc.

NOTA : Though: Despite the fact that; although: He still argues, though he knows he's wrong. Even though it was raining, she walked to work.

In Africa there are many English speaking countries: Botswana, Cameroon, Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria,

Sierra Leona, Seychelles, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Rwanda, Zambia and Zimbawe. In Asia, there are the old British colonies of Singapore and Hong Kong (since 1997 belonging to China), Pakistan and India. Even in Europe there are places like Gibraltar, Malta, and the Channel Islands where English is the official language 39. Write the names (in English) of all the countries in the world where Spanish, French, German, Italian and Dutch are spoken: SPANISH FRENCH GERMAN ITALIAN DUTCH Mexico Belgium Germany Italy Netherlands Argentina Benin Austria Malta Belgium Chile Burkina Liechtenstein Monaco Suriname Dominican Republic Burundi Switzerland San Marino Nicaragua Cameroon Luxembourg Switzerland Uruguay Canada Italy Vatican City Colombia Central Belgium African Republic Spain Chad Poland Peru Comoros Venezuela Congo Ecuador Democratic Republic of Congo Guatemala Cote d'Ivoire Cuba Djibouti Bolivia France Honduras Gabon Salvador Guinea Paraguay Haiti Costa Rica Luxembourg Panama Madagascar Equatorial Guinea Mali Monaco Niger Rwanda Senegal Seychelles Switzerland Togo Vanuatu Vietnam

40.- The UK and the Commonwealth of Nations. Read the text and learn the regions that make up the UK. (Make up: formar) The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, and Britain) is a state located off the northwestern coast of Europe. It is part of an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border, which it shares with the Republic of Ireland. Other borders are the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. Great Britain is linked to France by the Channel Tunnel. The United Kingdom is a constitucional monarchy and unitary state consisting of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. It is governed by a parliamentary system and the parliament is located in London, the capital. The other three cities with varying powers are Belfast, Cardiff and Edinburgh, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Wales and Scotland respectively. The UK has several overseas territories that are remnants of the British Empire, which at its height in 1922 occupied almost a quarter of the world's land surface. The UK is a highly developed country, with the world's sixth largest economy. It was the world's first industrialised country and the international foremost (primera = First in time or place) power during the 19th and early 20th centuries, but the economic and social cost of two world wars and the decline of its empire in the latter half of the 20th century disminished its leading (destacado) role in global affairs. The UK nevertheless remains (To continue in the same state or condition): a great power with strong economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former ( 1. belonging to or occurring in an earlier time former glory

Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña y el Norte de Irlanda (comúnmente conocido como Reino Unido, UK, y Bretaña) es un estado situado en la costa noroeste de Europa. Forma parte de un archipiélago que incluye Gran Gretaña, la parte noreste de la isla de Irlanda y muchas pequeñas islas. El norte de Irlanda es la única parte de UK con tierra fronteriza, la cual comparte con la República de Irlanda. Limita con el Océano Atlántico, el mar del Norte, el Canal Inglés y el mar Irlandés. Gran Bretaña está unida a Francia por el Channel Tunnel (Canal de la Mancha) Reino Unido es una monarquía constitucional y un estado único compuesto de cuatro estados: Inglaterra, Norte de Irlanda, Escocia y Gales. Está gobernado por un sistema parlamentario localizado en Londres, la capital. Las otras tres ciudades con poderes compartidos son Belfast (Norte de Irlanda), Cardiff (Gales) y Edinburgh (Escocia), las capitales del Norte de Irlanda, Gales y Escocia respectivamente. Reino Unido tiene muchos territorios en el exterior que pertenecen a restos del imperio británico, el cual en su "momento cumbre" en 1922 ocupaba casi una cuarta parte de la superficie mundial.

UK es un territorio fuertemente desarrollado, con la sexta economía mundial. Fue el primero del mundo es industrializarse y la primera potencia internacional durante el siglo 19 y comienzo del 20, pero el coste social y económico de dos guerras y el declive de su imperio a finales de la mitad del siglo 20, disminuyeron su protagonismo en el exterior. A pesar de ello, UK, continua con un gran poder económico, cultural, militar, científico y una gran influencia política. La influencia británica puede todavía observase en el idioma, la cultura, el sistema legal de muchas de sus antiguas colonias y en el resto del mundo. Es reconocido su armamento nuclear y sus gastos en mantenimiento militar, cuyo ranking mundial ocupa el tercer o cuarto puesto en el mundo. Es estado miembro de la Unión

2. having been at a previous time a former colleague 3. denoting the first or first mentioned of two in the former case 4. near the beginning) colonies and by extension in the rest of the world. It is a recognised nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks third or fourth in the world. It is a member state of the European Union, the United Nations Security Council, the Commonwealth of Nations, G8, G20, and NATO, among other international organizations. The Commonwealth of Nations, normally referred to as the Commonwealth and formely known as the British Commonwealth, is an intergovernmental organisation of fifty-four independent member states. All but two of these countries (Mozambique and Rwanda) were formely part of the British Empire, out of which it developed. The member states cooperate within a framework (marco) of common values and goals, which include: the promotion of democracy, human rights, good governance, the rule of law, individual liberty, egalitarianism, free trade, multilateralism, and world peace. The Commonwealth is not a political union, but an intergovernmental organisation through which countries with diverse social, political and economic background are regarded as equal status.

Activities of the Commonwealth are carried out through the permanent Commonwealth Secretariat, and biennial meetings between Commonwealth Heads of Government. The symbol of their free association is the Head of the Commonwealth. This position is currently held by Queen Elizabeth II, who is also monarch, separately and independently, of sixteen Commonwealth members (CURRENT COMMONWEALTH REALMS). The Commonwealth is a forum for a number of non-governmental organisations. These strengthen (confirm, sustain) the shared culture of the Commonwealth, which extends through common sports, literary heritage, and political and legal practices. Due to this, Commonwealth countries are not

Europea, del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas, La Commonwealth de las Naciones, el G8, G20 y la OTAN (NATO), además de otras organizaciones internacionales. El vocablo inglés ''Commonwealth'' (de “common” y el antigua “weal” que derivó en wealth) significa literalmente“riqueza común”. Actualmente se usa en relación con una comunidad política.

La Commonwealth o Comunidad Británica de Naciones, creada en 1931, es una asociación de estados independientes, en su mayoría ex colonias, más algunas dependencias británicas, tales como Las Bermudas, Las Islas Malvinas y Gibraltar. Los miembros trabajan juntos para lograr ciertos fines como la paz mundial, fomento del comercio y la defensa de la democracia. Cada dos años se celebra una reunión de todos los jefes de gobierno de la Comunidad (the Commonwealth Conference), para debatir asuntos de carácter político y económico. Cada cuatro años se celebran los Commonwealth Games, competencia deportiva en el que uno de los miembros es el anfitrión.

La  C.  de  las  Naciones,  conocida  como  C.  o  la  C.  Británica,  es  una  organización  intergubernamental  de  54  estados  miembros  independientes.  Todos  a  excepción  dos  (Mozambique  y  Ruanda)  formaron  parte  del  imperio  británico,  fuera  del  cual  se  desarrollaron.  Los  estados  miembros  cooperan  en  el  marco  de  valores  y  objetivos,  los  cuales  incluyen:  la  promoción  de  la  democracia,  los  derechos  humanos,  libre  comercio,  buena  gubernabilidad,  la  ley,  la  multiculturalidad  y  la  paz  mundial.  

La  CW.  no  es  una  unión  política,  pero  es  una  organización  intergubernamental  a  través  de  la  cual  los  países  con  diversidad  social,  política  y  desarrollo  económico  son  considerados  de  igual  forma.  

Las  actividades  de  la  CW.  son  llevadas  a  cabo  por  la  secretaría  permanente  de  la  CW  y  hay  una  reunión  de  todos  los  jefes  de  gobierno  cada  dos  años.    El  símbolo  de  su  libre  asociación  es  la  "Cabeza:  Jefe"  de  la  CW.  Esta  posición  está  actualmente  liderada  por  la  Reina  Isabel  II,  quien  es  también  monarca,  separada  e  independientemente,  de  16  miembros  de  la  CW  (Es  reina  también  de  esos  países)  

La  CW  es  un  foro  de  organizaciones  no  gubernamentales.  Éstas    refuerzan  la  cultura  comunitaria/compartida  de  la  CW,  la  cual  extienden  a  través  de  los  deportes,  la  herencia  literatura,  y  prácticas  políticas  y  legales.    

A  razón  de  esto,  los  países  de  la  CW  no  son  

considered to be "foreign" to one another. considerados  extraños  los  unos  a  los  otros.  

Countries that belong to the Commonwealth: (Current Commonwealth Realms (16 members) *

1.- Antigua y Barbuda ** 2. Australia ** 3. The Bahamas ** 4. Bangladesh 5. Barbados ** 6. Belize ** 7. Botswana 8. Brunei Darussalam 9. Cameroon 10. Canada ** 11. Cyprus 12. Dominica 13. Fiji Islands 14. The Gambia 15. Ghana 16. Grenada ** 17. Guyana 18. India 19. Jamaica ** 20. Kenya 21. Kiribati 22. Lesotho 23. Malawi 24. Malaysia 25. Maldives 26. Malta 27. Mauritius 28. Mozambique 29. Namibia 30. Nauru 31. New Zealand ** 32. Nigeria 33. Pakistan 34. Papua New Guinea** 35. Rwanda 36. St Kitts and Nevis * 37. St Lucia * 38. St Vincent and the Grenadines ** 39. Samoa

40. Seychelles 41. Sierra Leone 42. Singapore 43. Solomon Islands * 44. South Africa 45. Sri Lanka 46. Swaziland

4 7. Tonga 48. Trinidad and Tobago 49. Tuvalu * 50. Uganda 51. United Kingdom * 52. United Republic of Tanzania 53. Vanuatu 54. Zambia

Additions: 1+ 1 ( to be read: one plus one equals two)

Subtractions: 2-1 = 1 ( to be read: two take away one equals)

Multiplications: 2 x 2 = 4 (to be read: two times two equals four)

Divisions: 6/2= 3 (to be read: six divided by two equals three).

Percentages: 5% 100 = 20 (to be read: five per cent of a hundred is twenty)

   1.  What  would  you  say  if  you  wanted  to  take  a  seat  to  the  person  next  to  it?    a)  I  want  to  sit  here,  please.    b)  Is  this  seat  sat  upon,  please?    c)  Is  this  seat  taken,  please?      The  second  sentence  is  rather  awkward  since  passives  often  require  a  conscious  agent.  The  first  one  is  grammatically  correct  but  the  form  “I  want  to”  sounds  far  too  strong  for  requests.      2.  How  do  you  express  that  the  flights  are  running  behind  schedule?    a)  The  flights  have  been  delayed.    

b)  The  flights  are  on  strike.    c)  The  flights  are  late.      “To  go  on  strike”  requires  a  personal  subject.  The  third  sentence  is  grammatically  correct  but  the  sentence  which  is  best  expressed  and  most  precisely  is  the  first  one.  The  verb  “delay”  is  the  most  adequate  one  to  express  that  a  given  means  of  transport  is  running  behind  schedule.      3.  At  what  time  is  your  flight?    a)  It  takes  off  in  half  an  hour.    b)  It  leaves  in  half  an  hour.    c)  It  flies  in  half  an  hour.      The  three  sentences  are  grammatically  correct  but  the  verbs  which  collocate  (go  with  naturally)  with  air  artifacts  are  “take  off”  and  “land”.      4.  How  do  you  ask  about  the  duration  of  a  journey?    a)  How  much  time  does  it  need  to  get  to  Barcelona?    b)  How  long  does  it  take  to  get  to  Barcelona?    c)  For  how  long  does  it  travel  to  Barcelona?      The  correct  way  to  ask  for  time  duration  is  using  “how  long”.  You  only  use  “for  how  long”  if  the  verb  requires  that  preposition  (e.g.,  to  wait  for)  or  if  the  expected  answer  is  a  period  of  time  introduced  by  “for”  (e.g.,  for  2  years).  Also,  the  most  common  verb  to  refer  to  the  duration  of  actions  is  “take”  (e.g.,”  It  takes  me  twenty  minutes  to  get  ready  in  the  morning”).      5.  How  is  the  following  symbol  “@”  read  in  English  as  part  of  an  email  address:    a)  monkey’s  tale    b)  a    c)  at    Definitely  “c”.      6.  Which  of  the  following  sentences  is  correct?:    a)  High-­‐speeded  trains  can  get  there  in  6  hours.    b)  High  speed  trains  take  6  hours  to  get  there.    c)  Trains  of  high  speed  travel  there  in  a  period  of  6  hours.    “Speed”  is  neither  a  verb  nor  an  adjective,  just  an  ordinary  noun  premodifying  another  one.  Also,  as  mentioned  above,  the  most  common  

verb  to  refer  to  the  duration  of  actions  is  “take”  (e.g.,”  It  takes  me  twenty  minutes  to  get  ready  in  the  morning”).            7.  What  is  your  job  about?    a)  I  have  30  people  under  my  command.    b)  I  charge  30  people.    c)  I’m  responsible  for  30  people.    Another  way  to  express  that  you  are  responsible  for  something  is  to  say  that  “you  are  in  charge”.  The  verb  “to  charge”  means  “to  make  someone  pay”  (as  in  “I  was  charged  200US$  for  the  repair).  Sentence  “a”  is  correct  but  sounds  slightly  pompous  if  you  are  not  in  the  army,  construction  works  or  a  similarly  disciplined  body.      8.  You  get  up  to  go  to  the  bar  because  you  are  thirsty.  What  would  you  say?:    a)  I’m  going  to  drink.    b)  I  want  to  have  something  down  my  throat.    c)  I’m  going  to  get  something  to  drink.      The  second  one  sounds  very  vulgar  and  the  first  one  is  odd  in  that  “to  drink”  is  a  transitive  verb  and,  in  any  case,  social  drinking  in  English  is  referred  to  with  expressions  like:  “to  go  for  a  drink”  and  “to  have  a  drink”.      9.  Which  of  the  following  structures  is  grammatically  correct?:    a)  She  stopped  being  a  cleaner  because  of  him.    b)  She  stopped  being  a  cleaner  seeing  that  him.    c)  She  stopped  being  a  cleaner  since  him.    Only  “because  of”  can  be  followed  by  a  noun  phrase  (sintagma  nominal)  and  not  a  whole  clause  (you  could  say:  “…  seeing  that  /  since  he  opposed  to  it”).      10.  How  would  you  call  a  woman  who  is  an  astronaut?:    a)  she-­‐astronaut    b)  astronautess    c)  female  astronaut.      b)  does  not  exist  (the  number  of  feminine  nouns  that  take  –ess  is  very  

limited).  The  pronoun  “she-­‐“  is  typically  used  with  animals  (e.g.,  a  she-­‐goat).      11.  _____  so  many  delayed  flights,  I  suspect  ours  will  be  late  too.    a)  Since    b)  With    c)  Seeing  that    “With”  is  the  only  preposition  that  can  introduce  a  cause  or  reason;  the  other  two  are  conjunctions  (and,  therefore,  introduce  whole  clauses).      12.  What  do  you  typically  say  in  a  warm  spring  morning?:    a)  It’s  nice  and  sunny.    b)  It’s  dry  and  hot.    c)  It’s  fine  and  fair.    This  English  expression  is  rather  fixed:  “nice  and  sunny”.        13.  How  would  you  describe  an  oppressively  humid  day?:    a)  damp  (slightly  wet,  moist)  b)  muggy  (bochornoso)  c)  flurry  (ligera  nevada)  “Muggy”  means  warm  and  extremely  humid.      14.  What  cannot  be  done  in  a  VIP  lounge  in  an  airport?:    a)  Work  in  a  meeting  room.    b)  Have  a  swim  in  the  pool.    c)  Travel.      The  only  thing  for  sure  you  can’t  do  in  a  VIP  lounge  is  travel!      15.  What  is  incentive  tourism  about?:    a)  Visiting  historical  landmarks.    b)  Taking  part  in  a  training  course.    c)  Being  awarded  a  trip  for  duties  well  performed  at  work.    The  first  one  is  cultural  tourism  and  the  second  one,  educational  tourism.      16.  Which  of  the  following  structures  is  correct?:    a)  If  there  were  a  heat  wave,  the  population  would  have  to  evacuate.    b)  If  there  would  be  a  heat  wave,  the  population’d  have  to  evacuate.    c)  If  there  had  been  a  heat  wave,  the  population  would  have  to  evacuate.    

It  is  the  main  clause  only  that  takes  the  verb  in  the  conditional  form.  Also,  there  must  coherence  between  the  tenses  of  the  verbs  in  both  clauses.      CONDICIONALES:  Verdaderas:  If  +  presente  //  presente  o  futuro    Posibles:  If  +  pasado  simple  o  continuo  //  would  +  infinitivo    Imposibles:  If  +  had  +  participio  pasado  //  would  +  have  +  participio  pasado          17.  William  Shakespeare  died  _____  April  23rd  1616.    ¡OJO!!!!  a)  at    b)  on    c)  in        Dates  can  only  be  introduced  by  “on”.      18.  What  sentence  would  not  be  appropriate  in  a  complaint  letter?:    a)  If  I  don’t  get  a  reply,  I’ll  pass  this  matter  to  my  lawyer.    b)  I  think  I  have  the  right  to  a  compensation.    c)  I  want  to  refund  you  generously  at  once.      The  only  thing  you  are  not  expected  to  do  when  you  complain  is  offer  a  compensation!      19.  What  would  not  be  a  conciliatory  sentence  in  a  reply  letter  to  a  client’s  complaint?:    a)  I  hope  this  solution  compensates  your  mood  and  understandable  bad  manners.    b)  Please  let  me  know  if  this  solution  meets  with  your  approval.    c)  We  think  that  you’ll  find  these  measurements  to  be  reasonable  and  satisfying.    The  first  one  would  be  by  far  the  least  conciliatory!      

20.  In  which  of  the  following  countries  is  English  not  the  official  language?:    a)  Lesotho.    b)  Guyana.    c)  Chad.    Chad  is  an  African  francophone  country.  

GRAMMAR REVIEW 21. Review the conditional clauses: Frases condicionales.  Ø  True or real conditions: if + present / present or future. (Verdad o condiciones reales) Primera oración: si + presente; oración segundaria: presente o futuro. If I eat too much pasta, I’ll get fat. Water boils if its temperature reaches 100ºC. If you need more money, ask your boss for a pay raise. Ø  Possible but very unlikely or imaginary conditions: (posibles pero poco probable o condiciones imaginarias): Si + pasado simple o continuo y en la oración secundaria: would + infinitivo If + simple (or continuous) past / would + infinitive. If he were really rich, he would have a better car. (Note the use of were instead of was) If they caught the plane, they’d get there on time for the match. Ø  Unreal or Impossible conditions: If + had + past participle / would + have + past participle. En oraciones imposibles o irreales If I had been a man, I would have been a football player (I’m a woman, so that is impossible). 22. Fill in the blanks with the right forms of the verb in brackets: a) If you (buy)...the food, I (cook)… for you. If you buy the food, I will cook for you b) If Madonna (come)… to Spain, I (go)…. to her concert. If Madonna comes to Spain, I will go to her concert. c) If it (snow)… in Austin, we (go)…. to the ski resort last winter. If it snowed in Austin, we would go to the ski resort last winter d) If I (eat)…. too much bread, I (get)… fatter. If I eat too much bread, I will get fatter e) I (lend)….. you some money if I (have)… a job. I would lend you some money if I had a job or If I had a job, I would lend you some money

TEMA  2.-­‐  From  the  factory  to  the  client.      How  many  stages  (fases)  are  there  in  a  business  process?  Which  one  do  you  find  

most  interesting?  Which  one  are  you  most  familiar  with?    air  steward  or  stewardess  =  flight  attendant    

1. Listen to the interview (Mandy, a flight attendant, and Timothy, a radio speaker) (TRACK 10): T: Good morning, Mandy Watkins. Welcome to the show. Please, tell us, how long have you been flying? M: For 14 years. T: Have you ever worked as anything else before? M: I used to be a secretary but I got really bored with the monotony of office life. Since I could speak English, French and Spanish correctly, I decided to take the exam to become a flight attendant and I passed with flying colors.* T: What else do you need to become a flight attendant? M: Among other things, you have to be between 18 and 35 years old, in good physical shape… and, although nobody says it directly, they look for people who are good looking. T: How do you feel about your job so far? M: I love it because I’ve been able to travel all over the world, I can go shopping and I love working with my friends on the plane. After all these years, it’s like we are a little family. I also love meeting different kinds of people and the passengers on board can be really interesting. T: It all sounds great, but haven’t you ever had problems with any of the passengers? M: Well, yes. In all these years a few things have happened. Sometimes people travelling in Tourist Class try to sneak into ** Business Class. Actually, sometimes when we go to pass out the meals, we find that there are eight people and only five meals. So we ask the passengers for their boarding pass and we send them back to their seats. Another thing that happens often is that the people who are sitting in the emergency exit row don’t want to put their bags up into the overhead compartment.

Escucha  la  entrevista  (Mandy,  una  azafata  de  vuelo  y  Timothy,  un  locutor  de  radio)  

Buenos  días,  Mandy  Watkins.  Bienvenida.  Por  favor,  dinos,  cuánto  tiempo  llevas  volando?  

14  años.  

Has  trabajado  en  algo  diferente  antes?  

Fui  secretaria  pero  realmente  estaba  aburrida  con  la  monótona  vida  de  oficina.  

Desde  que  pude  hablar  inflés,  francés  y  español  correctamente,  decidí  prepararme  para  azafata  de  vuelo  y  aprobé  el  examen  con  excelente  resultado.  

Que  más  necesitas  para  ser  azafata  de  vuelo?  

Además  de  otras  cosas,  tienes  que  tener  entre  18  y  35  años,  estar  en  buena  condición  física...  y,  aunque  nadie  te  diga  nada  directamente,  se  busca  gente  bien  parecida.  

Como  te  sientes  con  tu  trabajo?  

Me  encanta  porque  he  podido  viajar  alrededor  del  mundo,  puedo  ir  de  compras  y  adoro  trabajar  con  mis  amigos  en  el  avión.  Después  de  todos  estos  años,  es  como  si  fuéramos  una  pequeña  familia.  También    me  encanta  conocer  diferentes  clases  de  personas  y  los  pasajeros  a  bordo  pueden  ser  realmente  interesantes.  

Suena  todo  fantástico,  pero  no  has  tenido  nunca  problemas  con  alguno  de  los  pasajeros?  

Bien,  sí.  En  todos  estos  años  han  ocurrido  algunas  cosas.  Algunas  veces  personas  viajando  en  clase  turista  intentan  escabullirse  dentro  de  la  clase  negocios.    

En  realidad,  algunas  veces  cuando  vamos  a  distribuir  las  comidas,  encontramos  que  hay  8  personas  y  sólo  5  comidas.  Entonces  les  solicitamos  sus  tarjetas  de  embarque  y  los  enviamos  de  vuelta  a  sus  asientos.  Otra  cosa  que  sucede  a  menudo  es  que  la  gente  sentada  en  el  pasillo  de  salida  de  emergencia  no  quieren  poner  sus  bolsos  en  el  

M: Is that all? T: Well, also sometimes overweight people have difficulties fitting into their seats and fastening their seat belt. Some airlines even make them pay for an extra seat. And people in Tourist Class also complain about the food and the prices. M: Do you always charge for the food? T: Yes, we do on domestic and most European flights. We don’t charge on flights that last over 4 hours. For example, I just got back from a flight to El Cairo and on that flight we provided complimentary food. We used to serve hot food but now we serve cold trays of food, but these are free of charge. M: Yes, well, now with the current economic situation… the recession and everything, companies are really cutting back on costs. Your airline is now charging for each additional suitcase. You can only check one without having to pay extra. T: That’s true, but there are other airlines that have been charging extra for particular seats on the plane or even to use the bathroom, and they’ve been doing it for quite some time now. M: What different kinds of planes have you flown in? T: Boeing 737, MD series 80, Airbus 320 and Boeing 747. In the near future we will be flying on an Airbus 340 to America. M: What are the inconveniences of your profession? T: It’s a nightmare (a terrifying or deeply distressing dream) with all the different time zones and getting a good night’s sleep, or timing meals or other activities you might want to do, like if you want to take classes in your free time, or go to the gym or things like that. Our schedule is not fixed, so you don’t always have the same days off each week. It is also hard because I don’t have the same vacation schedule as my friends, so that complicates things if we want to take a trip together. Family holidays, like Christmas and Easter, are difficult too, since they are both peak (a pointed end, edge, or projection) season for travelling and air traffic. M: …But, is it worth it? T: Well, yeah, of course. The salary is great, the environment is fun and my office

compartimento  de  arriba.    

Eso  es  todo?  

Bueno,  algunas  veces,  personas  con  sobrepeso  tienen  dificultades  para  caber  en  sus  asientos  y  abrocharse  el  cinturón.  Algunas  aerolíneas  les  hacen  pagar  un  asiento  extra.  Y  la  gente  en  clase  turista  se  queja  sobre  la  comida  y  los  precios.  

¿Siempre  cobran  por  la  comida?  

Sí,  lo  hacemos  en  los  vuelos  domésticos  y  en  la  mayoría  de  los  vuelos  europeos.  No  la  cobramos  en  los  vuelos  de  más  de  4  horas.  Por  ejemplo,  acabo  de  llegar  de  un  vuelo  a  El  Cairo  y  en  ese  vuelo    ofrecimos  comida  complementaria.  Solíamos  servir  comida  caliente  pero  ahora  servimos  bandejas  de  comida  fría,  y  éstas  son  gratuitas.  

Sí,  bien,  ahora  con  la  situación  económica,  la  recesión  y  todo  eso,  las  compañías  están  realmente  recortando  gastos.    Tú  aerolínea  está  ahora  cobrando  por  equipaje  adicional.  Sólo  se  puede  facturar  una  sin  tener  que  pagar  extra.  

Eso  es  verdad,  pero  otras  aerolíneas  han  estado  cobrando  extra  por  asientos  en  concreto  en  el  avión  o  incluso  por  usar  el  baño,  y  ellos  lo  han  estado  haciendo  desde  hace  ya  algún  tiempo.  

¿En  qué  tipo  diferente  de  aviones  has  volado?  

...  En  el  futuro  nosotros  volaremos  en  un  ..  a  América.  

¿Cuáles  son  los  inconvenientes  de  tu  profesión?  

Es  una  pesadilla  con  todas  las  diferencias  zonales  y  conciliar  una  buena  noche  de  sueño,  o  coordinar  las  comidas  u  otras  actividades  que  tu  quieras  hacer,  como  si  quieres  ir  a  clase  en  tu  tiempo  libre  o  al  gimnasio  o  cosas  así.  Nuestro  programa/horario/calendario  no  es  fijo,  por  eso  no  siempre  tienes  los  mismos  días  libre  cada  semana.  Es  también  duro  porque  no  tengo  el  mismo  horario  de  vacaciones  que  mis  amigos  y  eso  lo  complica  todo  si  queremos  viajar  juntos.  Las  vacaciones  familiares  como  navidad  y  semana  santa,  también  son  difíciles,  ya  que  son  las  temporadas  de  máxima  "demandas"  para  viajar  y  para  el  tráfico  aéreo.  

Pero...  ¿vale  la  pena?  

Desde  luego.  El  salario  es  estupendo,  al  ambiente  es  divertido  y  mi  oficina  tiene  las  mejores  vistas.  

has the greatest views!  

*To pass with flying colours - To easily pass an exam with excellent results. **To sneak into - To go in secretly without anybody noticing.  

 

   Vocabulary.-­‐  shape:  forma  sneak:  entrar  a  hurtadillas,  escondidas  hand  out:  repartir  row:  fila  What  different  kinds  of  planes  have  you  flown  (flew/flown,  volar)  in?  nightmare  (pesadilla,  odisea)  schedule  (calendario,  programa)  timing  (coordinando)  since  they  are  both  peak  (alcanzar  su  nivel  más  alto)  season  for  travelling  environment  (ambiente)  *To  pass  with  flying  colours  -­‐  To  easily  pass  an  exam  with  excellent  results.  **To  sneak  into  -­‐  To  go  in  secretly  without  anybody  noticing.  drop  off  (dejar)  our  suitcases  come  over:  venir  unload  (descargar)  beyond  (más  allá)  our  control  Are  you  pulling  my  leg?  (¿Te  estás  quedando  conmigo?)  (arise;  surgir)  spread  (extender)  leading  (destacada,  importante)  discourse  (discurso,  conversación),  unstressed:  átona,  débil  leaflet  (folleto,  panfleto)  a  dark  suit  for  the  men  and  a  full-­‐length  evening  gown  for  the  ladies:  etiqueta  hombre  y  vestido  largo  (traje  de  fiesta)      2.  Answer  the  following  questions  from  the  previous  dialogue:  a)  What  does  Mandy  do  for  a  living?  She  is  a  flight  attendant.    b)  What  are  the  requirements  for  this  job?  You  must  be  within  a  certain  age  range,  

fit  and  physically  attractive.    c)  What  are  some  of  the  inconveniences  of  this  profession?  Changing  the  time  zones,  

so  often,  which  causes  physical  and  social  problems  since  you  are  never  able  to  coincide  with  family  and  friends  for  vacations  or  celebrations.  

 d)  Is  this  job  worth  it,  in  spite  of  (a  pesar  de)  all  the  downsides  (lado  negativo)?  Yes,  

because  it  pays  well  and  the  job  is  interesting  and  fun.    

3. Imagine you have a meeting in New York with a colleague (C) of yours who does not speak English well. You have to help him with the conversation between the two of you and the CEO. * (TRACK 11) - CEO: Good afternoon. Please have a seat.

 

 

- You: Good afternoon. - CEO: I hope you had a good flight. - You: Yes, thank you. Everything was perfect. There weren’t many people on board and we were able to sleep a little. We didn’t have any delays, so we were even able to stop by the hotel to drop off (dejar) our suitcases before we came over. - CEO: Wonderful. So, tell me, what happened with the rug shipment to South America? How could it have taken them more than six weeks? - C: No, nobody has taken them! - You (whispering): No, he is asking you about the reasons for the delay in the transportation to South Africa. - C: Ah, sorry. I mean, the transportation took two weeks, but the crane operators (operarios de grúas) at the port in Buenos Aires were on strike, so we couldn’t unload until yesterday. - CEO: I see. Well, the result is that we’ve lost over 2000 euros because in the contract it says that we are to be charged if there are any delays. - C: I’m sorry, but can’t we say that this delay was due to circumstances beyond our control? - CEO: Are you pulling my leg?

- C: No, I’m not even touching you! (Looking under the table) - You (whispering): No, he is asking you if you are joking - C: Oh, sorry. No, really, I think that our insurance might cover the costs in this case. - CEO: No, no way! - C. Sorry, no way to where? - You (whispering): No, he means that he is not in agreement/disagrees (with you) because it is impossible to get the insurance to pay in this particular case.. - C: Oh, sorry again. Anyway, we need to read the contract once more to see if it’s possible or not. - CEO: If it isn’t, we’ll lose about 2,000 euros. - You: How many containers are there at the port? - CEO: 123. And have they already gone through Customs? - C: Traditional customs, you mean? - You (whispering): No, he means whether the containers have been checked by the police control. - C: No, not yet.

*CEO: Chief Executive Officer.

drop off - leave or unload; "unload the cargo"; "drop off the passengers at the hotel" unload, put down, set down, discharge, drop

crane  operators.-­‐  operadores  de  grúa.  unload:  descargar    beyond:  on  the  other  side  of  something,  más  allá,  más  lejos.  "It  is  beyond  me"  

(no  lo  entiendo,  me  sobrepasa)    Are  you  pulling  my  leg?  (¿Te  estás  quedando  conmigo?)  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Giving reasons. You can use the following structures: Ø  Because (+ sentence): I must wait at the airport because my flight is delayed. Ø  Because of (+ noun phrase: frase nominal): The plane cannot take off because of the

strong wind. Ø  As: I have to spend the night in London as my flight has been cancelled. Ø  Since (more formal): I’ll go by train since all the flights have been cancelled. Ø  In that and for can be used in a formal or literary context. Ø  Due to (Formal, used especially in official statements): All flights were delayed due to the snow/ I couldn’t go out due to the snow. Ø  Seeing that (+ sentence; more informal): I could go and visit Ellen seeing that I have to spend the night in London anyway. Ø  With (+ noun phrase; since there is/are): With so many flights cancelled, I decided to go by train.  

 

Giving  reasons:  I  couldn't  work  today  because  of  the  strike.  The  flight  was  cancelled  due  to  the  bad  weather.  I  have  given  up  smoking  since  my  doctor  told  me  so.  I  cannot  become  a  manager  because  /as/since  I  couldn't  get  a  diploma.  Sue  is  soaked  (calada,  empapada)  because  of  the  rain.  He  left  home  because  of  you.    REBUTTAL:    When  debating,  each  party  (consisting  of  one  more  people)  present  

points  in  favour  of  their  case).  They  will  also  spend  some  time  criticizing  the  arguments  presented  by  the  other  team.  This  is  called  REBUTALL  (refutación)  

1.-­‐  Logic.-­‐  2.-­‐  Pick  the  important  points.-­‐  3.-­‐  Play  the  ball  (do  not  criticise  the  individual  speakers,  criticise  what  they  say)  

 Matter,  method  and  manner    

rebuttal rebuttal - the speech act of refuting by offering a contrary contention or argument

noun disproof, negation, refutation, invalidation, confutation, defeat        

- S: Good evening. Welcome aboard the “Sea Kiss”. Could I see your tickets, please? - P: Here you are. It's only us two - S: Thank you very much. Follow me. I’ll take you to your cabin. It is on the first deck and has a sea view. - P: Oh, how fortunate! For same reason I thought we had interior cabins - S: Yes, you are lucky. There are quite a few interior cabins and they are much smaller than yours. Here we are. This is your electronic key card to open the door. Go on in. - P: This is truly beautiful! I really like it. What an elegant and tasteful decoration… and the room is so spacious. We are going to love it here.

- S: I’m glad you like it. Here is the bathroom, the mini bar, the safe, the remote control for the TV and music… The control for the air conditioning is over there on the wall. I recommend you close the windows at night because the sea can get rough and a wave could come in through the window. - P: Oh, dear, what happens if somebody leaves the window open all night by mistake or because they are hot? Is it dangerous to do so? - S: No, it really isn’t, but just in case. Here is your telephone and you can call reception if you need anything at all. - P: At what time will dinner be served? - S: The first round is from 8 to 9 and the second one is between 9:30 and 10:30. Here is a leaflet with the meal times and a map of the ship. You can also find the schedule for the gym, the spa, and the pools. - P: Thank you ever so much. It all sounds fantastic. I can’t wait to try everything - S: Oh, I almost forgot! On Tuesday you are having dinner with the Capitan. Remember to wear formal attire: a dark suit for the men and a full-length evening gown for the ladies. - P: Oh-oh! I have a feeling I forgot my bowtie (pajarita)… Is there anything I can do? - S: Don’t worry. You can buy one in one of our many onboard boutiques. rough: b. Characterized by violent motion; turbulent: rough waters. leaflet: A printed, usually folded handbill or flier intended for free distribution. attire: To dress or clothe, especially in fine or elaborate garments. full-lenght evening gown: A long, usually formal dress for a woman. bowtie - a man's tie that ties in a bow

   

                                             

American  English   British  English  antenna   aerial  baggage   luggage  bill   bank  note  cab   taxi  closet   wardrobe  cookie   biscuit  elevator   lift  fall   autumn  faucet   tap  (llave,  grifo)  freeway   motorway  first  floor   ground  floor  garbage  (basura)   rubbish  gasoline   petrol  round  trip  (ida  y  vuelta)   return  trip    line   queue  (cola)  semester   term  subway   underground/tube    truck   lorry  vacation   holiday  

11.-­‐  Word  stress.  Listen  to  the  following  words  (track  8)  and  indicate  their  stressed  syllable:  

 Présent  (N,  Adj)  Presént  (V)  

Impórt  (N)  Ímport  (V)  

Dessért  (N)  (postre)  Désert  (N)  (desierto)  

Cóntract  (N)  Contráct  (N)  

 Contról  (N)  Contról  (V)  

Éxport  (N)  Expórt  (V)  

Óbject  (N)  Objéct  (V)  

Ínsult  (N)  Insúlt  (V)  

Old-­‐fashioned  To  overflów  Gréenhouse  

Bláckbird  Bád-­‐tempered  To  understánd  

 12.-­‐  The  schwa.-­‐  (pronunciation/sonido).  Indicate  the  syllable  which  carries  the  

schwa:  Adapt                Decimal                Medium                Synthesis              Harmony                  Syringe  (jeringuilla)    La  schwa  es  el  sonido  vocálico  más  común  en  inglés,  la  vocal  inacentuada  en  muchas  

sílabas  inacentuadas,  como  a  en  about  o  la  o  en  synonym.  Por  lo  general,  se  describe  como  el  sonido  estadounidense  "uh"  o  el  británico  "er".  Se  trata  de  un  sonido  vocálico  muy  corto  y  neutro  y,  como  todas  las  vocales,  su  calidad  precisa  varía  según  las  consonantes  adyacentes.  En  la  mayoría  de  las  variedades  del  inglés,  el  schwa  sólo  se  da  en  sílabas  átonas  (the  schwa  is  the  vowel  sound  in  many  unstressed  syllables  in  words  of  more  than  one  syllable)  

   13.-­‐  ECONOMY  There  are  many  terms  related  to  microeconomics,  macroeconomics,  finances,  etc.  Employment  rights,  market,  to  be  on  strike,  to  go  on  a  24  hours  strike,  strikebreaker  

(esquirol),  blackleg  (esquirol,  rompehuelgas),  trade  union  (sindical,  sindicato),  be  on  the  dole  (estar  parado),  be  given  the  sack  (despedir),  be  made  redundant  (despedir  a  alguien  por  reducción  de  plantilla=  to  make  somebody  redundant)  

Contract,  consumption  (consumo),  part  timer  (a  tiempo  parcial),  self-­‐employed  worker,  casual  worker,  inquiry  (pregunta,  información),  take  disciplinary  action  against  someone,  student  record  (nota  alumno),  seniority  (antigüedad),  merits  (méritos).  

Stock  market  (mercado  bursátil),  share  (participación),  interest,  crisis,  surplus  (superávit),  inflation,  recession,  taxation  (impuestos,  régimen  tributario  o  fiscal),  VAT,  taxpayer  (contribuyente).  

 What  kind  of  information  can  be  shown  in  this  type  of  chart  (gráfico)?      Term   Description  Inflation    

A  substancial  and  persistent  rise  (subida)  in  the  general  level  of  prices  related  to  an  increase  in  the  volume  of  money  and  resulting  in  the  loss  of  value  of  currency

Deflation   The  opposite  of  inflation.  A  fall  in  the  general  price  level  or  a  contraction  of  credit  and  available  money  .  

 Consumption  (consumo)  

The  utilization  of  economic  goods  in  the  satisfaction  of  wants  or  in  the  process  of  production  resulting  chiefly  (principalmente)  in  their  destruction,  deterioration,  or  transformation

Interest   A  charge  for  borrowed  money,  generally  a  percentage  of  the  amount  borrowed.  

 

Market   The  available  supply  of  (suministro)  or  potential  demand  for  specified  goods  or  services.  

   14.  The  working  enviroment.    

mousemat:  alfombrilla  para  el  ratón  computer  piece  of  paper  filing  cabinet:  archivador  notebook  highlighter  stapler:  grapadora  staple:  grapa  paper  clip  

   

printer  copy  machine  fax  machine  mail  tray:  bandeja  de  correo  adding  machine:  sumadora,  calculadora  simple  calculator  cell  phone:  móvil  briefcase:  A portable, often flat case with a handle, used for carrying papers or books.  folder:  carpeta  wastepaper  basket:  papelera    

   carrying  out:  llevar  a  cabo,  realizar  promoting:  ascender,  promocionar  overseeing:  supervisar  implementing:  llevar  a  cabo,  poner  en  práctica  managing:  dirigir  responding:    organizing  (twice)  recording:  registro  ensuring:  asegurar,  garantizar  writing  using:    reviewing:  revisión,  estudio,  examinar,  repasar  maintaining:    updating:  renovar,  actualizar  delegating  attending  chairing:  presidir,  moderar  developing:  formación,  desarrollo  arranging:  concertar,  ordenar,  fijar,  organizar    a)  Using  a  range  (gama,  línea,  surtido)    of  office  software,  

including  email,  spreadsheets,  and  databases  (bases  de  datos).    El  empleo/uso  de  un  surtido  de  software  de  oficina,  incluyendo  email,  programas  de  

contabilidad  y  base  de  datos    

spreadsheet: A piece of paper with rows and columns for recording financial data for use in comparative analysis.

 b)  managing  filing  (archivador)  systems  manage: To exert (ejercer) control over: "Managing the news . . . is

the oldest game in tow    

c)  developing  (desarrollo)  and  implementing  (llevar  a  cabo)  new  administrative  systems,  such  as  record  management;

implementing: to carry out; put into action; perform to implement a plan  

Records  Management  es  una  disciplina  que  estudia  el  tratamiento  adecuado  en  las  organizaciones  a  ciertos  activos  de  información  denominados  Records,  término  que  no  tiene  traducción  correcta  al  Castellano.  

Records  management  is  a  "field  of  management  responsible  for  the  efficient  and  systematic  control  of  the  creation,  receipt,  maintenance,  use,  and  disposition  of  records,  including  the  processes  for  capturing  and  maintaining  evidence  of  and  information  about  business  activities  and  transactions  in  the  form  of  records"  

   d)  recording  (registro)  office  expenditure  and  managing  the  

budget:    Budget(Economics, Accounting & Finance / Accounting & Book-

keeping) an itemized summary of expected income and expenditure of a country, company, etc., over a specified period, usually a financial year

     e)  Organising  the  office  layout  (distribución)  and  maintaining  

supplies  of  stationery  (mobiliario  de  oficina)  and  equipment;  organize - bring order and organization to; "Can you help me organize my files?" coordinate, organise layout

noun arrangement, design, draft, outline, format, plan, formation, geography

f)  Maintaining  the  condition  of  the  office  and  arranging  for  

necessary  repairs    g)  Organising  and  chairing  (presidiendo)  and  meetings  with  your  

staff  -­‐in  lower  paid  roles  this  may  include  typing  the  agenda  and  taking  minutes,  but  senior  managers  usually  have  an  administrative  assistant  to  do  this;  

senior: higher in rank or length of service    h)  Overseeing  the  recruitment  of  new  staff,  sometimes  including  

training  and  induction;  oversee

verb supervise, run, control, manage, direct, handle, conduct, look after, be responsible for, administer,  

 Induction  =  initiation      i)  Ensuring  adquate  staff  levels  to  cover  for  absences  and  peaks  in  

workload,  often  by  using  temping  agencies;    Ensure:  make  certain  of.  Assure,  guarantee,  insure,  

secure,  doom,  make,  proof,  check  off,  tick  off,  control,  verify    

2.

peak - the period of greatest prosperity or productivity efflorescence, flush, heyday, prime, blossom, flower, bloom period, period of time, time period  Workload: 1. The amount of work assigned to or expected from a

worker in a specified time period. temp - a worker (especially in an office) hired on a temporary basis temporary, temporary worker

worker - a person who works at a specific occupation; "he is a good worker"  

   j)  Carrying  out  staff  appraisals  (valoración),  managing  perfomance  

(rendimiento)  and  disciplining  staff;    Appraisal=  estimate,  judgment,  evaluation,  opinion  

performance - the act of performing; of doing something successfully; 5. carrying out, (realización) practice, achievement, discharge,

execution, completion, accomplishment, fulfilment, consummation    k)  Delegating  work  to  staff  and  managing  their  workload  and  

output  (productividad)   delegating - authorizing subordinates to make certain decisions relegating, relegation, delegation, deputation output

noun production, manufacture, manufacturing, yield, productivity, outturn    

 

l)  Promoting  staff  development  and  training;    m)  Implementing  (llevar  a  cabo,  poner  en  práctica)  and  promoting  

equality  and  diversity  policy    n)  Writing  reports  for  senior  management  and  delivering  

(pronunciar)  presentations  (dar  presentaciones);      o)  Responding  to  customer  enquiries  and  complaints;    Enquiries:  query,  question,  inquiry,  interrogation,  research    p)  Reviewing  and  updating  health  and  safety  policies  and  ensuring  

they  are  observed  (cumplir)   to look at or examine again to review a situation

policy - written contract or certificate of insurance; "you should have read the small print on your policy" insurance policy, insurance

ob·serve (b-zûrv) v. ob·served, ob·serv·ing, ob·serves 5. To adhere to or abide by: observe the terms of a contract.

   q)  Arranging  regular  testing  for  electrical  equipment  and  safety  

devices;  ar·ranger n.

Synonyms: arrange, marshal, order, organize, sort, systematize    r)  Attending  (asistir)  conferences  and  training.  

attending - the act of being present (at a meeting or event etc.)

 Conference  =  meeting,  session,  summit,  gathering,  assembly,  

convention,  caucus    

Most Canadians will find their mailboxes empty today after Canada Post suspended operations across the country after 12 days of rotating strikes (huelgas rotativas) by its 48,000 unionized urban workers. The government-owned corporation(corporación propiedad del gobierno) was forced to declare the lockout (cierre forzoso) late last night after the rotating work stoppages (interrupciones, suspensiones) caused mail volume and revenue to drop

(caída de los ingresos) significantly. The move (movimiento, medida) halts nearly all mail delivery. The post office estimated it lost $97 million after the largest rotating strikes took place yesterday in Montreal and Toronto, where about 60% of the country's mail is handled. "While we'd hoped to avoid a disruption (interrupción) to service to Canadians, we feel we can't continue to let this drag on (alargarse)," says a Canada Post rep. The postal corporation also says talks with the Canadian Union of Postal Workers were at an impasse (punto muerto), with the two sides "far apart" on several key issues and no progress at the negotiating table for weeks. Canadians had already been feeling the effects of the labor dispute, not just from the rotating strikes, but because Canada Post had scaled (reducido) back mail delivery in cities to Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays before declaring the lockout.

   

Vocabulary:    The  government-­‐owned  corporation  (corporación  propiedad  del  gobierno)  Lockout  (cierre  instalaciones,  paro  forzoso)    work  stoppages  (interrupciones,  suspensiones)    revenue  (renta,  ingresos)    drop  (caída,  bajada)    halt:    detener.  handle:  ocuparse  de,  responder  disruption  (interrupción  drag  on  (alargarse)  impasse  (punto  muerto)  scaled  (reducido,  rebajado      Answer  these  questions  on  the  text:  What  economic  sector  is  decribed  to  have  gone  on  strike  in  Canada?  Urban  Postal  

workers  Which  places  are  most  affected  by  it?  Big  cities  like  Montreal  and  Toronto  What  are  the  consequences  for  the  citizens?  They  consequences  are  that  que  citizens  

are  not  receiving  the  mail,  important  letters,  telegrams,  etc.  They  do  not  get  their  own  mail  delivered  or  get  any  incoming  mail.  

Is  the  process  within  the  limits  of  employment  law?  Yes,  I  do  think  so;  The  employees  are  allow  to  do  strikes  following  some  rules.  Yes,  but  a  lockout  is  about  to  the  declared.  

 TEXT:  

Since the beginning of time, humans have looked for ways to move from one place to another. Starting with the most basic form, walking, all the way to the most sophisticated forms that exist nowadays which allow us to reach other planets, human transportation has evolved at the same pace (paso) as scientific advances. The wheel was the first great invention of humankind because it led to the development of the cart (carreta), first pulled by animals, then bicycles, tricycles and, finally, by cars.

Over the last century, the development of the automobile industry has been astounding (increíble). Currently there are millions of cars in the world, which travel along roads, highways, and freeways at speeds of up to 300km/h. Most drivers, however, must respect their country’s speed limits, which does not generally exceed 120 km/h. The latest trend in the automobile industry is investment in electric or hybrid cars, with the aim (objetivo) of reducing pollution. These days the developed cities of the world are investing in ways of reducing the use of private cars for transportation in favor of public transportation systems such as subways, buses, light railways, as well as individual means of transportation such as bicycles, scooters, skateboards, skates or, just simply, walking. The railroads, too, have seen great changes in a relatively short time, from the first railways that ran on coal, to the new high speed trains. In Spain the AVE network is getting larger and larger every day and will soon connect with France and Portugal, allowing people to travel all over Europe comfortably and quickly. In France, this kind of train, the TGV, has been running for quite some time. So, too, has the ICE in Germany or the bullet (bala) train (Shinkanshen) in Japan. The users of this kind of transportation are well aware that they are saving time. This is not only because of the high speeds at which the trains travel, but also because they leave from train stations which are located in the city center.

 Name  at  least  five  words  from  the  text  which  show  the  American  origin  of  its  author.  traveling,  freeways,  favor,  scooters,  highways,  km  (as  

opposed  to  mi.),  subways,  center.    Vocabulary:  pace  (paso)    cart  (carreta,  carro)  astounding  (increíble).  highways  (carretera,  autopista)  freeways  (autopista)  trend  (tendencia)  railroads  (ferrocarriles,  trenes),  railways  (ferrocarril)  coal  (carbón)  network  (red)  bullet  (bala)    Answer  the  following  questions  on  the  text:  a)  How  many  means  of  transportation  are  mentioned?  Walking,  carts,  bicycles,  

tricycles,  cars,  subways,  buses,  light  railways,  scooters,  skateboards,  skates,  trains,  steam  trains,  high-­‐speed  trains,  bullet  train.  

b)  What  are  cars  like  these  days?  Cars  these  days  can  be  very  fast  and  there  is  interest  in  electric  and  hybrid  cars  in  order  to  reduce  pollution  

c)  Are  trains  a  convenient  means  of  transport?  Yes,  not  only  because  of  the  high  speed  of  some  of  them,  but  also  because  train  stations  are  usually  located  in  the  city  centre  

 TEXT:  

In reference to air transport, starting at the pioneers of flight who flew in hot air balloons a few centuries ago, all the way up to the astronauts who flew rockets (cohetes

espaciales) to Mars,there have also been many advances which have made the aeronautical industry veryprosperous. There are bigger and more profitable airplanes every day which havebrought about low cost airlines. These companies offer affordable prices for all social classes, which result in airplanes packed (lleno, atestado) with passengers that just barely (apenas) cover the cost of fuel with the price of the tickets. They also make money by charging extra costs to the passengers, such as checking luggage, buying food and drinks on board, charging overweight passengers for extra seats, and some even charge to use the bathroom. On the other extreme, there are airlines like Virgin, which offer space travel starting at 150,000€. Although interested passengers will have to wait a few years, there are already some brave people who have filled the waiting list. Who knows, maybe we will spend our future spring breaks (vacaciones de primavera) in a space station instead of a train station. There are also many people who prefer maritime or river travel. In Europe there are many river cruises that go through cities like Amsterdam or Bruges. There are also others such as Venice, which offers no other kind of transport. More and more tourists are choosing to spend one or two weeks of vacation travelling through a country on its rivers or canals. Transatlantic cruises have also become more popular in recent years. The days of the Titanic when a cruise was considered an exclusive luxury for rich people are over and nowadays this form of travel is more and more affordable with a great variety of offers. There are cruises which go through the Caribbean, the Mediterranean, the Nordic Fjords, or through Argentina’s Patagonia. Passengers are not only made up of senior citizens but also families of any age or social class, young singles and, of course, couples celebrating their honeymoon. No matter what form of transportation, it is important to offer excellent service at an affordable price in order to keep the tourism industry working, especially in Spain where tourism makes up almost 12 % of the GNP of the country. profitable - yielding material gain or profit; "profitable speculation on the stock market" advantageous - giving an advantage; "a contract advantageous to our country"; "socially advantageous to entertain often" productive - producing or capable of producing (especially abundantly); "productive farmland"; "his productive years"; "a productive collaboration" useful, utile - being of use or service; "the girl felt motherly and useful"; "a useful job"; "a useful member of society"

unprofitable - producing little or no profit or gain; "deposits abandoned by mining companies as unprofitable"  

 affordable adjective inexpensive, fair, cheap, reasonable, moderate, modest, low-price, low-cost, economical beautiful clothes at affordable prices

inexpensive dear, expensive, costly, exorbitant, prohibitively expensive, unaffordable, uneconomical, beyond your means packed

adjective filled, full, crowded, jammed, crammed, swarming, overflowing, overloaded, seething, congested, jam-packed, chock-full,

bursting at the seams, cram-full, brimful, chock-a-block, packed like sardines, hoatching (Scot.), loaded or full to the gunwales The streets were packed with people.

over - having come or been brought to a conclusion; "the harvesting was complete"; "the affair is over, ended, finished"; "the abruptly terminated interview" all over, concluded, ended, terminated, complete finished - ended or brought to an end; "are you finished?"; "gave me the finished manuscript"

 GNP abbreviation for (Economics) gross national product

 18.-­‐  Vocabulary:  hot  air  balloons  (globos)    rockets  (cohete  espacial)    affordable  (asequible)  prices    barely  (apenas)      Answer  these  questions  on  the  text:  a)  What  kind  of  transport  is  used  in  Venice?  Boats    b)  How  do  low  cost  airlines  make  their  profit?  The  charge  for  almost  everything:  

extra  costs  to  the  passengers,  such  as  checking  luggage,  buying  food  and  drinks  on  board,  charging  overweight  passengers  for  extra  seats...  Apart  form  the  price  of  the  tickets,  particularly  those  of  overweight  passengers,  food  and  beverages  on  board,  luggage  and  sometimes  even  using  the  toilet.  

c)  Are  cruises  elitist  nowadays?  No,  they  used  to  be  but  nowadays  there  are  variety  of  offers  for  everybody.  No,  there  are  many  kinds  of  cruises  with  many  different  prices.  They  have  become  popular.  

 Arguing  in  favour  and  against.    

In an argumentative essay you must try to convince the reader on your point of view. First, you introduce the topic. Then, you write about its advantages and disadvantages, if you are for or against it, etc. You have to make a clear distinction between the objective facts (or the authorised opinion) and your own opinion. You must adopt a criterion to present your arguments. The most common one is importance or relevance but it is not the only one (e.g., chronological order). Provide examples and finish with a conclusion. Ø  You can use the following words and expressions: To talk about advantages and disadvantages A further (más) / major (importante) advantage… Another positive / negative aspect of… The greatest advantage/disadvantage… The most serious disadvantage… The strong point of…(punto fuerte)

The weak point of … (punto débil) To show contrast: (para contrastar, comparar) But… Despite…(a pesar de) In spite of.. (a pesar de) Even though… (aunque, a pesar de que) However.. (sin embargo, no obstante) Nevertheless…(sin embargo, no obstante) Notwithstanding…(no obstante, a pesar de que) On the one hand /on the other hand… Still…(todavía, aún) Whereas…(mientras, así) While…(mientras) Whilst…(mientras) Yet (todavía, aún) To criticize a point made As this argument is not very convincing…(este argumento no es muy convincente...) As, in my opinion, this point has not been made clear enough…(en mi opinión, este punto no ha sido aclarado lo suficiente) However,…(comoquiera que sea...) I cannot believe that… I find too many week points…(encuentro muchos puntos débiles) Nobody could even consider… Serious doubts can be raised against this…(serias dudas podrían crecer en contra de esto...) Ø  Other  useful  sentences  to  express  your  opinion:  I  firmly  believe…  In  my  view  I’m  convinced…  It’s  a  matter  of  opinion…  I  share  (comparto)  your  opinion  on  the  matter…      Ø  To  show  the  results  of  scientific  evidence:  Someone  has  published  his/her  research  on  …  His/her  theory  provides  evidence  to  support…  Someone’s  paper  clearly  shows/  proves  that…    Speed/velocity/haste  (In  her  haste  to  finish  on  time  she  made  a  number  of  mistakes;  the  letter  had  clearly  been  written  in  haste)  /rapidity    Comfort/  ease.  These  are  both  words  for  the  state  of  being  relaxed  and  free  from  pain  or  worry.    

Price/value/assess/cost    frequency noun recurrence, repetition, constancy, periodicity, commonness, frequentness, prevalence The cars broke down with increasing frequency. availability. the quality of being at hand when needed noun accessibility, readiness, handiness, attainability, obtainability the easy availability of guns

safety noun 1. security, protection, safeguards, assurance, precautions, immunity, safety measures, impregnability The report makes recommendations to improve safety on aircraft. originality noun novelty, imagination, creativity, innovation, new ideas, individuality, ingenuity, freshness, uniqueness, boldness, inventiveness, cleverness, resourcefulness, break with tradition, newness, unfamiliarity, creative spirit, unorthodoxy, unconventionality, creativeness, innovativeness, imaginativeness the startling originality of his writing

 21.-­‐  Nominal  and  verbal  modifiers  and  complements.    The  irresistible  sales  worked  out  well  Her  presentation  was  nice  and  easy  to  follow  He  is  a  very  easy  person  to  talk  to.  Her  five-­‐minute  talk  was  enough  to  convince  the  whole  audience.    When  he  started  talking  he  couldn't  stop  coughing.  I  used  to  leave  things  till  the  next  day  but  then  I  decided  to  change  She  is  looking  forward  to  meeting  us  all  again.    

Ø  The  adjective  usually  appears  before  the  noun:  a  young  man.  There  are  a  few  exceptions,  like  indefinite  pronouns:    He  said  something  unintelligible;  I  need  somebody  free  for  this  job.    Ø  After  some  verbs,  like  be  /  become  /  get  /  feel  /  taste  /  look  /  smell  /  sound  /  seem:  

reliability - the quality of being dependable (formal, digno de confianza) or reliable (fidedigno) responsibleness, responsibility - a form of trustworthiness; the trait of being answerable to someone for something or being responsible for one's conduct; "he holds a position of great responsibility"

She  is  nice  /  Peter  seems  intelligent  /  I  feel  good  /  This  milk  tastes  bitter  /  You  sound  tired.    Ø  If  there  are  two  or  more  adjectives  together,  the  relative  order  is:  -­‐  Subjective  adjectives,  which  depend  on  the  opinion  of  the  speaker:  Mary  is  a  nice  person.    -­‐  Objective  adjectives,  which  are  facts:  The  North  Pole  is  a  very  cold  place.    -­‐  Subjective  adjectives  go  before  objective  adjectives:  The  Raffles  is  a  magnificent  luxurious  hotel.    Ø  If  there  are  more  than  two  adjectives,  the  order  usually  is:  size  (the dimensions, proportions, amount, or extent of something)  +  length  (LARGO)  (length - the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place; "the length of the table was 5 feet")  +  shape  (a. The characteristic surface configuration of a thing; an outline or contour. b. Something distinguished from its surroundings by its outline. 2. The contour of a person's body; the figure.)  +  width  (ANCHO)  (1. The state, quality, or fact of being wide. 2. The measurement of the extent of something from side to side)  +  age  +  colour  +  origin  +  material:  Britney  was  a  tall  young  blond  lady;  Give  me  that  small  leather  jacket.  

Si  hay  más  de  dos  adjetivos,  el  orden  usual  es:  talla(dimensión),  largo,  forma,  ancho,  edad,  color,  origen  y  material.      Ø  A  noun  modifying  another  noun  is  place  right  before  it,  e.g.,  an  old  stone  church.  

Un  nombre  que  modifica  a  otro  nombre  se  coloca  antes        22.  Make  sentences  with  the  following  adjectives  in  the  right  order:  a)  Spanish  /  young  /  man  /  a            A  young  Spanish  man  b)  French/  a  /  silk  /  blouse                  A  French  silk  blouse  c)  Bracelet  /  silver  /  a  /  special        A  special  silver  bracelet  d)  Old  /  kind  /  a  man                                            A  kind  (amable)  old  man  e)  Car  /  pink  /  wonderful  /  a                  A  wonderful  pink  car  f)  Small  /  thin  /  hamster  /  brown  /  a                A  small  thin  brown  hamster  g)  Song  /  old  /  German  /beautiful  /  a              A  beautiful  old  German  song  h)  Delicious  /  cream  /  cakes  /  French            Delicious  French  cream  cakes  i)  Jackets  /  blue  /  American  /  new  /  navy        New  navy  blue  American  jackets  j)  Computer  /  portable  /  equipment              Portable  computer  equipment  k)  A  /  successful  /  idea  /  original  /  business            A  successful  original  business  idea  l)  Real  /  a  /  ring  /  expensive  /  gold  /  ring      An  expensive  real  gold  ring  

 ORDEN  ADJETIVOS:  a  small  old  round  black  american  leather  handbag    Opinion  before  description.    

Order  of  descriptive  words  SIZE   AGE   SHAPE       COLOUR   ORIGIN     MATERIAL   NOUN  

(sashcomn)      Adverbs:    I  always  have  lunch  in  a  little  downtown  cafe.  I  am  always  hungry  by  2  o'clock  The  have  always  tried  to  support  the  local  economy  The  guide  was  dead  (total,  absoluto)  serious  whe  he  told  us  the  legend  We  urged  her  to  quickly  phone  her  family  We  urged  her  to  phone  her  family  expeditiously    If  an  adverb  refers  to  a  whole  clause,  it  is  typically  placed  at  the  beginning  and  is  

followed  by  a  comma:  Luckily,  this  topic  is  very  simple  to  understand.  Unfortunately,  it  is  still  Monday.      

Comparison: Ø  Remember that most adjectives which come from verbs (e.g., confused, worried, tired) and those with more than two syllables use more + Adjective + than to make the comparison, and the most + Adj. + of / in for the superlative form. This train is more expensive than the one we took yesterday. The Peninsula is the most beautiful hotel in the world. (note the preposition in) Daniel is the fastest of all the players. (note the preposition of) Ø  Otherwise we use: Adj. + -er / than and the Adj. + -est for the superlative form: This taxi is older than my car. This taxi is bigger than my car. The Shinkansen is the fastest train in the world. Ø  Notice the change of endings: Nice: nicer-nicest Funny: funnier, funniest Big: bigger, biggest Ø  Keep in mind the irregular forms of some irregular adjectives: Far: further/ the furthest Old: older-elder / the oldest-the eldest Ø  To compare indicating equality we use as + Adj. + as: This assistant helps as cautiously (cautelosamente, prudentemente) as expected

Paris is just as interesting as London. Ø  For the negative we use not so / as + Adj. + as: London is not so interesting as New York. London is not so interesting as New York is. (Note that these sentences can end in an auxiliary depending on how formal the context is)

     23.-­‐  Fill  in  the  blanks  with  the  right  comparative  or  superlative  form  and  

preposition:    a)  The  President  is  more  important  than  the  General  Manager.  b)  The  hotel  by  the  beach  is  cheaper  than  the  hotel  in  the  city.  c)  Peter  is  the  most  intelligent  man  in  the  class.  d)  The  trip  was  more  expensive  than  I  thought.  e)  Woody  Allen  is  the  most  funniest  actor  in  Hollywood.  f)  We  are  not  as  aware  of  the  problem  as  you  are.      25.  Adjectives    ending  in  -­‐ed/-­‐in.    -­‐  There  are  some  pairs  of  adjectives  which  can  be  easily  confused,  like  interested  /  interesting;  bored  (estar  aburrido)/boring  (algo  o  alguien  es  aburrido),  etc.  -­‐  Some  of  those  are:  Amazed-­‐amazing  (de  asombro,  increíble,  alucinante)  Amused-­‐amusing  (de  divertido)  Annoyed-­‐annoying  (de  enfado,  rabia)  Astonishing-­‐astonished  (increíble,  asombroso)  Confused  (confundido)-­‐confusing  (confuso)  Disgusted-­‐disgusting  Embarrassed-­‐embarrassing  Excited-­‐exciting  Exhausted-­‐exhausting  Frightened-­‐frightening  (asustado)  Horrified-­‐horrifying  (horrorizado)  Satisfied-­‐satisfying  Shocked-­‐shocking      (horrorizado,  escandalizado)  Surprised-­‐surprising  Terrified-­‐terrifying  (aterrorizado)  Worried-­‐worrying    -­‐  When  the  adjective  talks  about  how  a  person  feels,  it  ends  with  –ed.  If  the  adjective  describes  things,  events,  etc.  we  use  –  ing:  23.  Write  the  correct  form  of  the  adjective  ending  with  –ed  or  –in.  a)  Jane  was  surprised  with  the  party  his  husband  had  prepared  for  her.  b)  My  son  was  very  excited  with  his  present.  c)  This  trip  is  really  exciting    d)  Aren’t  you  satisfied  with  your  salary?  e)  The  whole  situation  is  annoying  f)  I  find  his  lack  of  interest  highly  worrying      

John  is  very  bored  because  the  film  he  is  watching  is  boring.  After  8  hours  working  I  feel  very  tired.  My  job  is  tiring.  It  was  disappointing  to  realize  that  nobody  congratulated  me  on  my  birthday.  

 If  your  are  asked  to  write  a  critical  sumary,  you  may  want  to  ask  yourself  questions  

such  as:  Does  the  author  succeed?    (conseguir  o  lograr  hacer  algo)  How  and  why  or  why  not?  What  are  the  strengths/weaknesses?  Why?  (puntos  fuertes  y  débiles)  What  did  the  author  do  well/not  well)  Why?    VOCABULARIO  

goal:    objetivo  grasp:  comprender  sense:  sentido  condensed:  resumido  restate:  repetir      supporting:  mantenimiento,  apoyo,    secundario.    state:  nombrar,  citar  remainder:  resto  accurately:  precisión,  fielmente  utmost:  mayor,  sumo  function  words:  preposisiones,  artículos  deal  with:  abordar  template:  plantilla    

loose  (sueltos)  utmost  (mayor,  sumo)  concern  (interés,  preocupación)  dealt  with  (deal,  abordar)  proud:  orgulloso  glassware:  cristalería  unbeatable:  inmejorable,  insuperable  rephrase:  expresar  de  otro  modo  restate:  repetir,  replantear  succeed:  tener  éxito,  surtir  efecto  loose  (not  precise)  definition  unbeatable:  inmejorable,  insuperable  

 Vocabulario  30.  

mostly:  en  su  mayor  parte  Bering  Strait:  Estrecho  de  Bering  forebear:  antepasado  inhabited:  habitado  mainland:  masa  principal  de  un  país  o  continente  disease:  enfermedad  warfare:  enfrentamiento  bélico,  guerra  seaboard:  costa,  litoral  onward:  hacia  delante  possess:  tener,  poseer  (muy  formal)  greatly:  enormemente  candy:  golosinas  scarecrow:  espantapájaro  jack-­‐o-­‐lantern:  lámpara  de  calabaza  carve:  cortar,  tallar  glow:  brillar,  resplandecer  supposedly:  supuestamente  last:  durar  (verb)  gravy:  salsa  pecan:  nuez  beside:  además,  junto  a,    mostly:  la  mayoría  bits  and  pieces:  trastos  y  cosas  

forestry  engineer:  ingeniera  forestal  either:  cualquiera,  uno  de  dos  Whether  you  like  it  or  not  field:  campo  to  figure  out:  entender,  calcular,  resolver  drop  off:  entregar,  dejar  load  of  laundry:  cargar  la  lavadora  sew:  coser  werewolf:  hombre  lobo  toe:  punta  del  pie  trick:  engañar  treating  (treat):  tratar,  considerar,  invitar)  hood:  capucha  trick  or  treating:  broma  o  trastada  (truco  o  trato)  pull  any  tricks:  engañar  yard:  jardín,  patio  settled:  colonizar  feast:  banquete,  festín  mashed  potatoes:  puré  de  patatas    

 

Los  Estados  Unidos  de  América,  también  llamados  Estados  Unidos,  la  U.S.,  USA,  América  y  los  Estados  es  una  república  constitucional  federal  con  más  de  300  millones  de  habitantes,  y  que  comprende  50  estados  y  un  distrito  federal.  El  país,  ubicado  en  su  mayor  parte  en  la  zona  central  de  América  del  Norte,  donde  con  sus  48  estados  contiguos  y  Washington,  D.C.,  el  distrito  capital,  se  sitúa  entre  el  Pacífico  y  el  Océano  Atlántico,  bordeado  por  Canadá  hacia  el  norte  y  Méjico  hacia  el  sur.  El  estado  de  Alaska  está  en  el  noroeste  del  continente,  con  Canadá  al  este  y  Rusia  al  oeste  cruzando  el  estrecho  de  Bering.  El  estado  de  Hawaii  es  un  archipiélago  en  mitad  del  Pacífico.  El  país  también  posee  muchos  territorios  en  el  Pacífico  y  en  el  Caribe  

La  economía  de  la  USA  es  la  mayor  del  mundo  y  es  una  de  las  naciones  más  multiculturales  y  étnicas  del  mundo,  producto  en  gran  escala  de  la  inmigración  de  muchos  países.  Los  Indígenas  descienden  de  los  antepasados  que  emigraron  desde  Asia  y  que  habían  habitado  lo  que  ahora  es  la  parte  central  de  Estados  Unidos  durante  miles  de  años.  

La  población  nativa  americana  se  redujo  enormemente  por  enfermedad  y  guerras  después  del  contacto  europeo.  Los  Estados  Unidos  estaban  fundados  por  13  colonias  británicas  situadas  a  lo  largo  de  la  costa  atlántica  y  no  fue  hasta  el  4  de  julio  1776,  cuando  firmaron  la  Declaración  de  Independencia,  la  cual  proclamaba  sus  derechos  a  la  autodeterminación  y  el  establecimiento  de  una  unión  de  cooperación.  Todo  lo  concerniente  a  USA  desde  y  hacia  delante  es  bien  conocido  por  el  público  en  general,  particularmente  a  través  de  su  prolífera  industria  cinematográfica.  

 My  wife  drops  our  kids  at  school  in  the  morning:  Mi  esposa  deja  los  niños  en  el  cole  

por  la  mañana.  It  works  out  really  well.  Funciona  muy  bien.  Out  the  door.  Fuera  (ya  han  salido)  Usually  (por  lo  general,  normalmente)  ¡OJO!!!!!  Actually:  realmente  ¡OJO!!!!  I  usually  start  a  load  of  laundry:  Normalmente  comienzo  cargando  la  lavadora  and  

pick  yo  the  kitchen  (recoger  la  cocina)  and  go  take  a  shower...  and  decided  to  be  a  stay  at  home  dad...  so  even  though  my  daughter  was  still  at  home  (y  aunque  aún  mi  hija  estaba  en  casa).  It  actually  (en  realidad)...  mostly  through  word  of  mouth.  

I  often  find  myself  running  out  the  door  at  2:45  to  get  to  the  school  by  the  time  school  gets  out  at  3:00  

...in  the  spring  and  soccer  (fútbol)  in  the  fall  (otoño,  caída),  so  he  gets  a  ride  home  (es  traído  a  casa)  with  one  of  his  friends  from  practice.    

She  is  actually  really  good  at  it  She  doesn't  really  like  them  (piano  lessons)  but  we  make  her  go  I  am  already  a  sleep  at  10    Lately  (últimamente).  I  either  sew  them  myself  (  o  los  coso  yo  personalmente)  or  we  

piece  them  together  from  things...or  by  borrowing...werewolf  (hombre  lobo)  from  head  to  toe  (desde  la  cabeza  hasta  los  pies)  

trick  or  treating  (truco  o  trato)  neighborhood  (barrio).    Candy  (golosinas)  Scarecrows:  espantapájaros.  Jack-­‐o-­‐lanterns:  lámparas  de  calabaza  We  carve  faces  into  pumpkins:  tallamos  caras  en  las  calabazas  ...so  they  glow:  brillan  We  are  going  to  dress  up  as  zombies.  Hopefully  everybody  will  be  good  and  won't  pull  any  tricks  on  us  like  throwing  eggs  

or  covering  our  front  yards  (jardín,  patio)  with  toilet  paper  Thanksgiving  is  a  tradition  in  the  States.  This  day  commemorates  the  Pilgrims,  the  

first  Europeans  who  settled  (colonizar)  here.    Hunt  (cazar)  Feast:  fiesta.    

Mashed  potatoes:  puré  de  papas  gravy:  salsa  ...  and  the  list  goes  on  (la  lista  continúa)  pecan  pie:  tarta  de  nueces  everybody  helps  and  everybody  loves  it      

33.-­‐  Answer  these  questions  on  the  previous  texts:  a.-­‐  Does  this  American  family  usually  have  a  really  large  breakfast?  No,  during  the  week  they  usually  have  the  typical  continental  breakfast  and  full  fried  breakfast  only  on  the  weekend.    b.-­‐  Does  Jack  work?  Yes,  he  has  a  paper  goods  business  and  he  desings  cards  for  all  occasiones.  Besides,  he  does  housework.  c.-­‐  How  do  the  kids  get  home  from  school?  Mostly  it  is  their  father  that  picks  them  up,  although  the  son  is  sometimes  given  a  lift  by  one    of  his  friends  from  baseball.    d.-­‐  Where  do  they  usually  get  their  Halloween  costumes?  Their  father  and  grandmother  help  them  make  the  costumes  with  their  own  hands,  and  also  borrow  bits  and  pieces  from  friends.    e.-­‐  Does  Jack  like  Thanksgiving?  He  does,  although  it  is  hard  work  because  their  extended  family  is  large  and  they  prepare  real  banquets.    5.  What  do  you  say  when  you  feel  observed?    a)  I  wish  to  know  why  those  people  are  staring  at  me.    b)  I  wonder  why  those  people  are  staring  at  me.    c)  I  need  to  know  the  reason  for  those  people  to  look  at  me.      a)  is  wrong  for  grammatical  reasons:  the  verb  to  wish  is  followed  by  the  subjunctive  (  I  wish  I  knew,  I  wish  I  were…)  and  c)  is  also  grammatically  incorrect:  “the  reason  WHY  those  people  ARE  LOOKING  at  me”  would  be  correct.      16.  How  do  you  ask  someone  to  assume  responsibility  when  something  goes  slightly  wrong  in  a  delivery?    a)  Who  is  the  responsible  for  paying  for  the  delay?    b)  Who  is  payable  for  the  delay?    c)  Who  is  to  be  charged  for  the  delay?    “Responsible”  is  an  adjective  so  it  does  not  take  an  article.  b)  is  grammatically  correct  in  this  case  but  is  not  appropriate  since  it  means  who  should  be  paid  and  not  who  is  responsible    20.  Which  of  the  following  sequences  is  preferable?    a)  A  French  funny  savoury  old  dish.    b)  An  old  savoury  funny  French  dish.    c)  A  funny  old  savoury  French  dish.      (SASHCOMN)  pero  recuerda,  adjetivo  subjetivo  antes  del  objetivo.    c)  is  correct  because  it  has  the  right  sequence  of  adjectives  in  the  right  order  of  semantic  relevance.    

TEMA  3.    WORLDWIDE  RELATIONS    Vocabulary.-­‐  Messed  (mess  up)    estropear  Put  up.-­‐  ofrecer,  contribuir  con,  aportar,  levantar,  abrir,  izar,  aumentar  rudeness:  mala  educación,  grocería  bet:  apuesta    unreliable:  de  poca  confianza,  informal  Top  it  all  off:  para  colmo  de  males  sneezed  (sneeze)  estornudar  blew  (to  blew  one's  nose)  sonarse  la  nariz  chopsticks:  palillos  stuck:  clavar,  poner  sort  of  took  (tomar,  coger)  bites  (mordisco)  off  (take  off  =quitar,  despegar)  skewer:  brocheta  drawn  to  it  (atraída  a  ello)  (draw)  barely:  apenas  hug:  abrazo  bow:  reverencia  pat:  palmada  frowning  (frown):  fruncir  el  ceño  readily:  fácilmente  fight:  luchar,  pelear  host:  anfitrión  fair:  justo,  imparcial,  limpio  bring  out:  sacar  bunch:  manojo  unheard:  no  oído,  no  atendido  swear:  jurar  nod:  saludo  con  la  cabeza    We  really  messed  a  few  things  up  Nosotros  estropeamos  unas  cuantas  cosas  

realmente.  Mess  up  es  el  verbo  ...for  them  to  have  to  put  up  with  our  rudeness  ...and  to  top  it  all  off...  you  sneezed  (estornudaste)  and  blew  (sonaste)  your  nose    sort  of  took  bites  off  I'm  just  not  that  drawn  to  it.  No  me  siento  atraída  a  ello  Have  I  done  anything  else  to  ruin  business?  When  in  Rome,  do  as  the  Romans  do!        What  did  Elena  López  do  wrong  with  the  Japanese  visitors?    The  Spanish  team  as  a  

whole  were  late  when  they  arranged  to  meet  the  Japanese.  On  top  of  that,  Ms  López  sneezed  and  blew  her  nose,  she  couldn't  use  chopsticks,  handed  in  her  business  card  with  one  hand,  greeted  the  Japanese  group  by  hugging  them,  and  called  the  members  by  their  first  name.  

 Was  that  the  first  time  the  Spanish  group  lost  business  because  of  her  behaviour  

(comportamiento)?    What  did  she  do  wrong  with  the  Germans?  Previously  Ms  López  had  also  made  the  Spanish  group  cause  a  bad  impression  by  calling  the  members  of  a  group  of  German  by  their  first  name.  

 What  Spanish  custom  (tradición)  do  all  foreigners  like?  

Spaniards  are  keen  (entusiasta)  to  pay  for  bills  and  foreigners  do  not  seem  to  have  any  problem  with  that.  Quite  the  contrary.  

       SWEAR:  JURAR  Nod:  saludar  con  la  cabeza    Bad  manners:  Burping  (eructar)  Farting  (echarse  un  pedo)  Picking  your  nose  (hurgarse  la  nariz)  Scratching  your  hair  (rascarse  el  pelo)  Scratching  your  face    Talking  with  your  mouth  full  of  food  Making  noise  with  your  cutlery  while  someone  is  talking  Picking  food  from  your  teeth  with  your  fingernails  Picking  food  from  your  teeth  with  a  toothpick  Sneezing  (estornudar)  Yawning  (bostezar)  When  finished  eating,  leaving  your  cutlery  together  on  the  plate  signaling  5  o'clock  if  

the  plate  were  a  clock  face.  When  you  are  done  eating  soup,  leaving  the  spoon  in  the  bowl.  If  the  food  is  hot,  blowing  on  it  to  cool  it  down.  (blow  on:  soplar)  When  finished  eating,  leaving  your  cutlery  on  the  plate  forming  a  cross  Leaving  your  napkin  on  the  table  during  the  meal,  using  it  from  time  to  time.  (Bad  manners)  Peel  the  gruit  with  your  hands,  eat  food  from  your  knife,  tilt  the  bowl  

towards  you  for  the  last  spoonfuls.      Not  talk  with  you  mouth  full;  leave  your  cutlery  on  the  plate  when  you  are  pausing  

while  eating,  and  softly  wipe  your  mouth  before  drinking  (good  manners)    Softly  cleaning  your  mouth  after  drinking  (good  manner)        pomegranate:  granada  beyond  the  mere:  más  allá  de  lo  simple  brunette:  morena  cheeks:  mejillas,  cachetes  smooth:  liso,  suave  deep:  profundo  slender:  delgado  "legs  went  on  forever":  (go  on  forever:  parece  no  terminar  nunca)  warmth:  calor  sore  throat:  dolor  de  garganta  chest:  pecho.  nasty  cough:  desagradable  tos  hiccup:  hipo  dizzy:  mareado  

drowsy:  somnoliento,  adormilado.  feverish:  con  fiebre  bear:  llevar,  soportar  blue  high  heel  shoes:  tacones  altos  borrow:  pedir  prestado  lend:  to  lend  something  to  somebody:  prestar  algo  a  alguien  bothered:  molestó,    preocupó  trend:  tendencia  scorn:  desdeñar,  despreciar  I  have  a  nasty  cough  (desagradable  tos)  hiccups:  hipo  sneeze:  estornudar    Polite  questions:  (no  TO  WANT!!!)  I  was  looking  for  a  pair  of  blue  high  heel  shoes,  please  I'd  like  a  chocolate  ice-­‐cream,  please  May  I  have  a  new  report,  please?  May  I  use  your  toilet,  please  Please,  can  you  pass  me  the  salt?  (some  salt  at  the  table)  Is  it  ok  if  I  use  the  printer?  (To  use  a  common  printer)  May  I  use  your  dictionary  for  a  second,  please?  To  use  someone's  English  dictionary  Do  you  mind  if  I  go  out  with  you?  (Join  a  group  of  people  to  go  out)  May  I  have  a  new  report  at  your  earliest  convenience,  please?  ...  tan  pronto  como  le  

sea  posible.    (Informal)  Do  you  fancy  coming  for  a  drink?  Declining:  I  can't  be  bothered,  thank  you  (informal)  (No  tengo  ganas,  

gracias)  I  don't  feel  like  it  (informal)  (No  me  apetece)  I  don't  fancy  it  right  now,  thank  you    scorn:  desprecio    9.-­‐  Try  to  find  the  everyday  (possibly  slightly  politically  incorrect)  alternatives  for  

the  following  trendy  (trend=  tendencia)  words:    

• lazy//  motivationally  deficient-­‐  (poca  motivación)  laid-­‐back  (tranquilo,  despreocupado)  

•  •  •  uneducated  (inculto)//  alternatively  schooled  -­‐  illiterate  (ignorante,  

analfabeto)  •  •  stupid//  intellectually  challenged(deficiente)  -­‐  stupid  •  •  dishonest  (deshonesto,  fraudulento)  //  ethically  disoriented  (éticamente  

desorientado)-­‐  criminal  •  

•  fat  //  larger-­‐than-­‐average  citizen/  horizontally  challenged/  differently  sized/  person  of  size/  person  of  substance/  possessing  an  alternative  body  image  -­‐  fat  

•  • crazy  //  emotionally  different  -­‐  hysterical  •  • old  //  chronologically  gifted  (talento,  inteligente)/  experientially  enhanced  

(aumentado)  •  • ugly  //  cosmetically  different  /aesthetically  challenged  -­‐  ugly  •  • slow  pacer  -­‐  invalid  •  • visually  challenged  -­‐blindold  (ciego)  •  • bald  (calvo)  //  hair-­‐disadvantaged  (desfavorecido)-­‐bold    •  • failure  (fracaso)  //  incomplete  success  /deficient  achievement  

(realización)  -­‐failure  •  • loss//  negative  cash  flow  -­‐bankruptcy  (quiebra,  bancarrota)  •  • worst  //  least  best  (menos  mejor)  -­‐worst  •  • to  be  fired  //  get  unemployed//  to  get  a  career  change  opportunity  -­‐get  

the  sack  (despedido)  •  • asleep  //  drunk//  stoned  (colocado  -­‐from  drugs-­‐)  in  a  reduced  state  of  

awareness  (conciencia)  -­‐drugged  •  • white//  person  of  non-­‐colour  -­‐  white  •  • prostitute//  sex  care  provider  -­‐  prostitute  •  • homeless  //  involuntarily  undomiciled  /underhoused  -­‐homeless  •  • poor//  economically  exploited  -­‐slave  (esclavo)  

   

7. (semi-open activity) We have to pick up Papadopoulos from the aiport. - Sure thing, which terminal is he flying to? I think T4 - Are you coming too to pick him up? I'll try, but I have a full schedule today and I don't know if I'll be able to. Plan on (contar con) going alone. - I hate going on my own. I always get the worst jobs… It's not the worst. You get to meet people and get out of the office. - I’m not good at meeting new people, particularly foreigners.

Well, I think you are. Here, take this bottle of wine for him as a gift from us. - Isn’t he lucky? Do you think he’s got a present for us too? I doubt it, but if he does, remember not to open it until he leaves. In Greece it is rude to open a present in front of the person who gave it to you. - Isn’t that what you said about Japanese people too? Yes, it's the same in Japan. Don't you remember our last trip there? - I don’t know what you’re talking about. The look on their face when we opened the present they gave us... - How were we supposed to know? It’s not our fault… We should have looked into these things before going there. - Whatever. I’ll try to bear ( aguantar, soportar, llevar) it in mind for the next time. I'm not sure there will be a next time. I thing our new colleague Astrid, is going to take over the Asia accounts. She speaks Chinese and Japanese fluently, so you can forget about those trips for the time being (por ahora, loc.adv.) - I don’t care. Does that mean that we’ll stay at home from now onwards (a partir de ahora) and we can forget about travelling between here and there all the time? Well, now we are doing the Mediterranean, so get ready for the salziki and the taramasalata (comida griega/asiática)  

     Vocabulary:    Human  character  and  moods  (humor)  depressed:  deprimido,  abatido  range:  gama,  ámbito,  campo  epithets:  apelativos,  sobrenombres  overwhelming:  abrumada,  agobiada  unique:  único  average:  promedio,    media  empowering:  empoderar  (otorgar  poderes)  personal  traits  (características  personales)    

 ambitious:  ambicioso  boring:  aburrido  charming:  encantador  cruel:  cruel  honest:  honesto  mean:  tacaño,  mezquino,  miserable  open-­‐minded:  mentalidad  abierta    self-­‐confident:  seguro  de  sí  mismo,  confiado  (confident)  

 stubborn:  terco,  testarudo  understanding:  comprensivo  annoying:  molesto,  fastidioso  brave:  valiente  cheerful:  alegre  dull:  torpe,  lerdo,  aburrido  introverted:  introvertido  modest  pious:  piadoso  

 bad-­‐tempered:  malhumorado  carefree:  despreocupado  conservative:  conservador  friendly:  simpático,  agradable    laid-­‐back:  tranquilo,  relajado,  despreocupado    naïve:  ingenuo,  cándido,  inocentón    proud:  orgulloso  sensitive:  sensible  touchy:  susceptible  big-­‐headed:  creído,  engreído    careless:  descuidado  conventional:  tradicional,  clásico  generous  lazy:  perezoso,  holgazán    narrow-­‐minded:  cerrado,  intolerante  

selfish:  egoísta  sympathetic:  comprensivo,  compasivo  weird:  raro,  extraño  argumentative:  discutidor  cantankerous:  cascarrabias  conceited:  engreído,  presuntuoso  flirtatious:  coqueta,  piropo  kind:  amable  moody:  caprichoso,  malhumorado  polite:  educado  sensible:  sensato,  prudente  talkative:  parlanchín  alarmed:  asustadizo  complacent:  satisfecho  depressed:  deprimido,  abatido  embarrassed:  avergonzado  grumpy:    gruñón,  malhumorado  indignant:  indignado  nostalgic:  nostálgico  relaxed:  relajado  terrified:  aterrorizado,  aterrado  alert:  despierto,  atento  confident:  seguro  disappointed:  desilusionado,  decepcionado  emotional:  afectivo  homesick:  nostálgico  irritable:  quisquilloso,  irritable  offended:  ofendido  relieved:  aliviado  thrilled:  encantado  amazed:  asombrado  confused:  confundido  disheartened:  descorazonado,  desalentado  enthusiastic:  entusiasmado  hopeful:  esperanzado  resentful:  resentido,  rencoroso  touched:  emocionado  impressed:  impresionado  miserable:  abatido,  desgraciado,  desdichado,  despreciable,  vil  

puzzled:  confundido  sleepy:  soñoliento,  adormilado  weary:  cansado,  harto  worried  

   

quarrelsome:  peleador,  peléon  shy:  vergonzoso,  tímido  trustworthy:  fidedigno  bitchy:  malicioso  cautious:  cauteloso,  cauto  cowardly:  cobarde  hard-­‐working:  trabajador  loyal:  leal  naughty:  malo,  travieso,  pícaro  reliable:  fidedigno,  fiable  strict:  estricto,  severo  two-­‐faced:  falso,  dos  caras  disillusioned:  desencantado,  desilusionado  frustrated:  frustrado,  descontento  hostile:  hostil  listless:  apático,  indiferente  playful:  pícaro,  travieso,  juguetón  restless:  inquieto,  agitado,  impaciente  uncomfortable:  incómodo  ashamed:  avergonzado,  apenado  contented:  contento,  satisfecho  distressed:  afligido,  angustiado  furious:  furioso  humiliated:  humillado  merry:  alegre  pleased:  satisfecho,  contento  (happy,  contented)  satisfied:  satisfecho  upset:  disgustado,  alterado,  ofendido,    astonished:  estupefacto,  pasmado  curious:  curioso  dizzy:  mareado  glad:  contento,  alegre  hurt:  lastimado,  herido  mischievous:  pícaro  proud:  orgulloso  shocked:  estupefacto,  horrorizado  wary:  cauteloso,  desconfiado  calm:  tranquilo  dejected:  abatido,  desalentado  eager:  entusiasta,  ansioso,  deseoso  gloomy:  pesimista,  triste,  sombrío  cheerful:  alegre,  animado,  risueño  edgy:  tenso,  nervioso  groggy:  grogui,  aturdido,    indifferent:  mediocre,  indiferente,  despegado  nervous:  nervioso  rejected:  marginado,  rechazado  surprised:  sorprendido    

 inborn:  innato  trait:  característica  vary:  variar  gorgeous:  precioso,  divino,  magnífico  

gill:  agalla.  To  go  green  about  the  gills  (ponerse  blanco  como  un  o  el  papel)  gentle:  dulce,  suave,  discreto,  diplomático    I'm  not  in  the  mood:  Ahora  no  me  apetece;  no  tengo  ganas  ahora  He  feels  a  bit  under  the  weather  =  You  are  not  feeling  well  She  is  over  the  moon  with  the  news  =  She  is  extremely  happy  and  pleased  Why  are  you  in  such  a  good/bad  mood?  Don't  count  on  me:  I'm  not  in  the  mood  for  dancing  (No  cuentes  conmigo)  She  is  in  one  of  her  moods:  a  temporary  state  of  mind  or  temper  

 12. Classify the following words in the box according with their origin. Use your intuition first, and then check them up with your dictionary if necessary. Are they the same in your language?:

Italian French German Greek Arabic Casino, Fiasco,

Piano Pizza

Spaguetti Soprano, Seminar

Vendetta, Pasta

Arcade, Balcony Carpet cartoon

Caricature

Cul de sac Aubergine

Bidet Boutique

Carafe Chauffeur

Coup Cuisine Duvet Elite

Gateau Pork

Abandon, Ablation Abnormal

Accommodation Allowance

Blitz Dachshund

Delicatessen Cipher Ghetto,

Kindergarten Mattress Poodle Waltz

Bratwurst Hamburger

Muesli Strudel

Schnapps

Dogma Drama

Pseudonym Psychology Synonym Theory

Synthesis Encyclopedia Hemoglobin

Edema Oedipus

Alcove Algebra Harem Mufti

Yashmak alcohol

algorithm Arsenal

Artichoke Coffee

Yawning: bostezar Drowsiness: modorra, adormecimiento biting the nails: morderse las uñas tip of the shoe: la punta del zapato

Threat: amenaza Shoe sole: suela del zapato among: entre

 -­‐  Men  kiss  each  other  hello  -­‐  To  stick  to  a  hand  shaking  

 a)  What  is  more  important  according  to  the  text:  verbal  language  or  body  language?  Body  language,  but  in  the  sense  that  it  is  much  harder  to  fake,  so  it  reveals  more  of  a  person's  personality  and  intentions.  

 b)  What  can  be  offensive  in  Arabic  or  Asian  countries?  Handing  in  things  with  your  left  hand  and  showing  the  shoe  sole.  

 

c)How  can  we  know  if  one  person  feels  comfortable  with  another?  When  they  do  not  sit  near  to  the  other  person,  sit  with  their  arms  and  legs  crossed,  avoid  making  eye  contact,  change  posture  and  look  at  their  watch.  

 d)  What  must  we  do/  not  do  in  formal  work  situations?  We  have  to  control  our  own  body  language,  observe  the  other's,  and  try  not  to  take  any  initiative  regarding  body  contact  and  gestures  

       

The first impression is always the most important. It has been proven that attention is focused in the first few seconds. Therefore, you will easily remember the physical features (rasgos físicos) of someone you have been introduced to, but not his/her name. Physical appearance and body language transmit an impression which stays in other people's minds. Human resources managers admit they cannot help but be influenced by this first impression. If it is negative, even if the candidate has very good qualifications, they tend (tender) to offer the job to someone else. Employers need persons who transmit energy and security, without being too aggressive. Some people have these inborn qualities, some do not. If you belong to the latter (últimos), do not despair (desesperar). All you need to do is modify your body language to feel and be felt as a refined, reassuring (tranquilizadora) person. Let us analyze the process of body positions involved in an interview and how to correct common mistakes. - Standing: If you have to wait, do not lean (apoyarse) on the wall to rest your spine and feet. That will create an impression of indolence (desidia) and carelessness (descuido). Observe those waiting for their buses or at the underground station. They present the widest rank of lazy postures like leaning on the walls, standing with separated legs and feet, charging the weight onto one hip (cadera) and then the other, crossing arms, etc. To make things worse, they usually combine these acts with the bending of their spines, acquiring an S-like aspect, for example, protruding (sobresalir) belly (barriga)-arched back-lowered head (parte baja posterior de la cabeza). All these gestures are wrong and should be avoided, more so when you realize that someone is watching you. They are hazardous (peligrosas) for your health as they alter your bone structure little by little. They also make breathing difficult. A good posture is the foundation of not only good health, but also of looks and energy. It is health promoting because it enables (permitir) you to breathe (respirar) better. When you slump (bajar, descender), your rib cage (caja torácica) collapses, preventing (impidiendo)the diaphragm from expanding fully, making respiration shallow (menos profunda) and inadequate. In addition, it also provides you with a thinner and taller silhouette. A good standing posture sends across a message of self-assurance (confianza en uno mismo) and self-confidence (sinónimos). And, as we all know, when you look confident, you feel it too. Practise in front of a mirror. Basically a good standing posture entails (implica) level, widened shoulders, level hips, a lengthened (alargada) but not stiffened (tensada) spine (espina dorsal), slightly bent (flexionadas) knees and a tension- free lifted head. Imagine a string (cuerda) attached to the centre of your head pulling it up as if you were a marionette. Feel your shoulders placed back and the sensation of your head floating. Do

not force yourself into it. Using force to realign (realinear) your body only stiffens up (poner tenso) muscles. Do not push your head up with your shoulders or back; follow the upward (hacia arriba) motion (movimiento) of your head, relaxing into a proper alignment (alineación). Remember that upwards does not necessarily mean ceiling-ward (hacia el techo), your chin (barbilla, mentón) should be parallel to the floor. Think of lengthening (alargar, extender) instead of contracting your body - moving your head away from your body, widening your shoulders and moving your torso far from your hips. Once you have a good position, check your limbs (extremidades). Arms should not be crossed (negative attitude,meaning uneasy sensations, something to hide), not inside your pockets (nervousness) or hanging along your hips as if you were a soldier (fear, nervousness). The best way is to keep both hands slightly crossed on your lap (regazo) Legs should be kept closed together with knees slightly bent, or adopt the "Miss" posture, i.e. place your feet together, put your right foot half a step outwards (hacia fuera) while the right knee is slightly bent and the other leg completely straight, supporting the weight of the body. - Walking in: Your time has arrived; you are asked to go in. You will probably be nervous and tend to look down at the floor. Or you will try to look secure and walk with long loud (enérgicos) steps waving (agitando) your arms towards your interviewer. Unfortunately, all these are incorrect. Keeping your spine head and body upright, walk confidently but carefully into the room, with normal silent steps. Avoid long strides or short quick geisha-style steps. You should walk as if there is an imaginary straight line in front of you. You should look straight up at those coming towards you. While you walk, your toes should not be turned in or out. Keep them straight, slightly bent outwards. Looking at the soles of your shoes will tell you if you have been walking correctly or not. If one side is worn out (desgastado) it shows that you tend to walk with your toes in or out, or one in and the other straight, or any kind of combinations. To correct these problems, you must first be aware of them. If possible, videotape your movements and look at them critically. To rectify any fault, practise in front of a mirror, keeping the right body posture, toes straight, normal light steps following an imaginary line and with your chin (barbilla, mentón) parallel to the floor. You can put a telephone book or something heavy on your head to avoid looking down. - Sitting: Do not sit until you have been asked to. Do not flop down (dejarse caer)when you sit. Sit down slowly, first on the edge of the chair of sofa, then go backwards until your spine leans (apoyarse) straight on the back of the seat. Never slump (dejarse caer, desplomarse). Doing so is aesthetically awful (sagging (hundiendo) breast on protruding belly (sacando barriga)) as well as indicating carelessness. Avoid sitting on the edge of the seat with your body leaning towards the table, as it indicates impatience. Never cross your arms as it is a sign of a defensive attitude. Gestures not only express but also influence other people's feelings. Imagine two shop attendants, one with crossed arms and one without. Unconsciously you will head towards the one with "open" arms as it signals a willingness to help (disposición a ayudar). Legs should not be crossed. Keep them closed together, like your feet. - Hands: Avoid a limp or damp handshake (evitar una estrechez de mano floja o húmeda). Gripping (agarrar) a hand too hard or pumping (mover con fuerza) it is also a no-no (algo prohibido)Also avoid fiddling (juguetear) with rings, pens, papers, coins, etc, because doing so reveals (revelar) your nervousness. Touching or scratching your face or head in the presence of others is impolite (maleducado) and repulsive.

When you are talking, do not put your hand across your mouth. Apart from mopping (limpiar) out the sound, it will indicate you are lying. Your hands should be on your lap (regazo) or handbag or on the arms of the seat. You can move them a little while you converse with the interviewer, but never raise (levantar, alzar) your elbows (codos) and arms along Italian-style, as it shows the passionate character of a person who can easily lose control. - Eyes: The eyes are our most important facial features. You can tell how someone feels by just looking at them. Keep eye contact with the interviewer, but do not look at him/her so intently that it might seem aggressive or arrogant. To look down is a consequence of feeling insecure, inferior or having something to hide. However, pausing to think and looking down for a few seconds is alright. If you are tired of looking at the other person's eyes, relax by looking at the space between his/her eyebrows (cejas). - Standing up: When the interview is over do not stand up (levantarse) and hold out (tender) your hand. A person who invades the vital space of others or who touches them first is viewed as dominant. The interviewer will think you are trying to wrest (restar) control from him/her and he/she will resent (ofender) it. Wait until he stands, then rise. Do it softly by holding your back as straight as possible, and helping yourself with a hand on the seat, while you keep your eyes on your interviewer. Let him/her finish and be the first to hold out his hand to you. As you turn to leave, smile and say "thank you". You will have transmitted a very positive image of yourself, and if your qualifications are right, you are likely to be offered the job. I look forward to hearing from you in due course (en su debido momento)

 take  up:  iniciar,  comenzar,  emprender.  I  would  like  to  take  up  my  career  here  career:  carrera,  profesión  gain:  ganar,  obtener.  This  would  enable  me  to  gain  knowledge  and  experience  I  would  be  particularly  glad  to  join.  Yo  estaría  particularmente  contento  At  your  earliest  convenience:  tan  pronto  como  usted  pueda.  Depth:  profundidad  to  have  pride:  estar  orgulloso  commitment:  responsabilidad,  entrega,  dedicación  to  attend  appraisal/assess  as  required:  asistir  a  evaluación,  valoración  To  ensure  that  all  hygiene  regulations  are  adhered  (observadas)  to  at  all  times  Based:  con  sede  en  Annual  leave:  vacaciones  remuneradas  fringe  benefits:  beneficios  adicionales  convey:  transmitir  devise:  crear,  concebir,  idear  avant-­‐garde:  innovador,  vanguardia  conquer:  conquistar,  vencer  long-­‐lasting:  duradero  

   appealing:  atractivo,  atrayente  straightforward:  sencillo,  claro,  conciso  post:  empleo,  puesto  duties:  funciones,  responsabilidades  +  due  course:  a  su  debido  tiempo  convey:  transmitir,  comunicar  whiter:  más  blanca  avant-­‐garde:  vanguardista  conquer:  vencer,  conquistar  therefor:  por  tanto,  por  eso  

swear:  jurar  (swear  the  truth)    Phrasal  verb:  give  in:  ceder,  sucumbir,  rendirse    =  yield  give  out:  repartir,  distribuir    =  distribute  give  up:  dejar,  ceder  =  stop  doing  something  give  off:  emanar,  desprender  =  send  out  a  liquid,  gas  or  smell  give  round  =  pass  something  round  to  be  shared  maple:  arce  outwards:  hacia  afuera    

 Advertising  slogans:  

Connecting  people:  Nokia  //    A  diamond  is  forever:  De  Beers  //  I'm  loving  it:  McDonald's  //  Probably  the  best  larger  in  the  world:  Carlsberg.        

Phrasal  verb:  give  in:  ceder,  sucumbir,  rendirse    =  yield  give  out:  repartir,  distribuir    =  distribute  give  up:  dejar,  ceder  =  stop  doing  something  give  off:  emanar,  desprender  =  send  out  a  liquid,  gas  or  smell  give  round  =  pass  something  round  to  be  shared  (compartido)  

   Multiword  verbs:    Come  on,  hurry  up  or  we'll  be  late!  He  drank  up  and  ate  up  in  no  time  because  he  was  in  a  rush  //  drink  up:  acabar  de  un  trago  //  eat  up:  acabarse,  devorar:  I  eat  up  the  last  of  the  potatoes  Smoking  in  restaurants  is  usually  frowned  upon  //  mal  visto,  produce  malas  caras  Make  up  your  mind  and  let's  do  something  //  formar,  inventar  +  If  you  don't  look  after  your  things,  you'll  lose  them  When  she  heard  the  terrible  news,  she  passed  out//  desmayarse,  perder  el  conocimiento  Can  you  help  me  make  a  decision?  I  can't  make  my  mind  up  When  the  little  boy  saw  the  size  of  his  opponent  he  just  gave  in  Don't  rush  to  make  a  decision,  think  it  through  carefully  //  don't  rush:  no  te  apures  It  took  me  three  years  to  do  the  research  (investigación)  and  just  three  months  to  write  up  my  doctoral  thesis  //  write  up:  hacer  un  informe,  reportar,  anotar.        

History

Native Canadians (the Inuit or Eskimo = Esquimales) are thought to have lived there for millennia, but it was at the end of the 15th century that the first European explorers arrived, mainly from Britain and France. The French explorer Samuel de Champlain is known as "the father of Quebec", the French-speaking part. The Seven Years' War in Europe (1756-1763) had important consequences for Canada, since France lost most of its colonies in North America, including Quebec. Canada became independent gradually. It achieved its right to self-government in 1867 and continued adding territory to the Confederation until the 20th century. The culmination of its autonomy from the United Kingdom was the Canada Act (1982). In 1995 there was a referendum to decide the independence of Quebec, but they voted to remain (seguir, permanecer) part of Canada. The country still belongs to the Commonwealth of Nations, formed by former British colonies which recognize Queen Elizabeth II as the head of state. Geography Canada is the second largest country in the world, after Russia. However, only 32 million people live there, most of them close to the border (frontera) with the USA. It is formed by large areas of forests, lakes, agricultural land, frozen tundra and high mountains with maple trees (arces), the symbol of the country. Canada comprises one francophone province (Quebec), one bilingual (New Brunswick) and eight Anglophone (de habla inglesa) Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island and Saskatchewan) together with three territories. Ottawa is the capital and Toronto is the largest city, as well as the centre of finance, science and culture, whereas Montreal is the largest French-speaking city. Famous writers Canadian literature is characterized by the "garrison mentality" (looking outwards and building metaphorical walls against the outside world in order to create their own identity). Important elements are nature, frontier life and ethnic and cultural diversity. The most famous Canadian writers belong to the 20th and beginning of 21st

century: Lucy Maud Montgomery (Ann a/Green Gables: Ana de las Tejas Verdes), Margaret Atwood (The Blind Assasin), Yann Martel (Life of Pi), Rohinton Mistry (A Fine Balance), Alice Munro (The Love of a Good Woman) and Michael Ondaatje (The English Patient). Main celebrations Canadians share some celebrations with Britain (e.g. Boxing Day: 26/12, día de regalos) and the USA (e.g. Thanksgiving, although they celebrate it on the second Monday in October). Specific Canadian holidays are Canada Day (1st July), which commemorates the independence of the country and Victoria Day (the Monday before May 24th), celebrating the birthday of Queen Victoria.

 

Answer  the  following  questions  on  the  text:    Is  Thanksgiving  celebrated  in  Canada  on  the  same  day  as  in  the  Usa?  No,  Thanksgiving  in  the  States  is  celebrated  the  fourth  Thursday  of  November  and  in  Canada,  on  the  second  Monday  of  October    How  many  languages  are  officially  spoken  in  Canada?  Two:  English  and  French    What  is  Canada's  current  status  with  respect  to  the  UK?  It  is  an  independent  country  but,  as  a  former  British  colony,  it  belongs  to  the  Commonwealth  of  Nations,  so  the  British  monarch  is  its  head  of  state    What  does  the  "garrison  mentality"  refer  to?  This  mentality  is  assumed  to  come  from  part  of  the  Canadia  identity  that  fears  (teme)  the  emptiness  (vacío)  of  their  landscape  and  fears  the  oppressiveness  of  other  nations  (namely:  a  saber,  the  US)    /fear/  temer;  /emptiness/  vacío;  /landscape/paisaje;      Vocabulary  page  112/114    Expressing  sadness  (tristeza)  relaxing  facial  muscles  and  looking  down  Expressing  indifference/impotence/ignorance  (raising  eyelids  (párpados)  and  shrugging  the  shoulders  (encogiéndose  de  hombros)  Expressing  fear  (opening  your  eyes  wide)  Expressing  thirst:  simulating  swallowing  (tragar,  beber)  Expressing  disgust:  shrugging  the  nose  and  showing  the  teeth  Indicating  that  somebody  is  mad  (putting  your  index  finger  next  to  your  temple  (sien)  and  rotating  it.  Indicating  hout/cold  temperature  (blowing  (solplar)  slightly  and  fanning  (abanicar)  your  face  with  your  hand/faking  (imitando)  a  slight  river)  Indicating  big/small  size  (putting  both  hands  apart  in  parallel/putting  the  thumb  (dedo  gordo)  and  index  (dedo  índice)  of  the  same  hand  in  parallel)  Showing  agreement:  nodding:  (cabeceo)  the  head    To  wait  briefly  (raising  a  hand  with  the  palm  towards  the  person)  Banging  (golpeando)    Refusal  (rechazo,  negativa):  raising  both  hands  with  the  palms  towards  the  interlocutor/shaking  (agitar)  your  head  wagging  (meneando)  a  finger  and  breaking  eye  contact  Expressing  worry  (frowning  (fruncir  el  ceño)  and  rubbing  (frotar)  the  face)  Expressing  tiredness  (cansancio)/boredom:  screwing  (frotarse)  the  eyes  up  and  puffing  (resoplar)  Expressing  pain:  (screwing  the  eyes  up  and  biting  the  lower  lip)  (regañar  los  ojos  y  morderse  el  labio  inferior)  Wishing  good  luck  (giving  a  thumbs-­‐up  (levantar  el  pulgar)  while  nodding  for  emphasis)  Misbehave  (portarse  mal)  Indicating  that  certain  people  really  get  along:  progresar,  mejorar  (crossing  the  index  finger  and  the  middle  finger  of  the  same  hand)  Indicating  that  certain  people  really  hate  each  other:  knocking  the  fists:  puños  together              

accuracy:  precisión,  exactitud  awareness:  conciencia  seek:  buscar,  tratar  de  encontrar  greater:    más  grande  que  behaviour:  comportamiento,  conducta  disregarded:    ignorar,  despreciar  mistrusted:  desconfianza,  recelo  frowning  and  rubbing:  ceñir  y  frotar  tiredness:  cansancio,  fatiga  puffing:  soplar,  resoplar  biting  the  lower  lip:  morderse  el  labio  giving  the  thumbs-­‐up:  levantar  el  dedo  pulgar  

domain:  campo,  ámbito  swallowing:  trago  (beber)  shrugging:  encogerse  de  hombros  nodding:  mover  la  cabeza  briefly:  por  poco  tiempo  misbehaved:  portarse  mal  banging:  golpear  wagging  a  finger:  desaprobar  nodding:  cabecear  get  along:  llevarse  bien  (cruzar  los  dos  dedos)  knocking:  golpear  fists:  puños    draw  upon:  hacer  uso        

   1.-­‐  Which  type  of  information  is  least  expected  to  appear  in  a  job  advert?  Retirement  conditions  2.-­‐  What  type  of  food  are  you  most  likely  to  find  in  a  VIP  lounge?  Pastries  3.-­‐  In  what  type  of  tourism  do  people  try  to  avoid  causing  negative  enviromental  impact  where  they  go?  Ecotourism  4.-­‐  What  is  another  way  of  saying  "at  the  exact  time"?  On  time.  /Nota:  antes  de  tiempo:  in  time/  5.-­‐  How  do  you  give  somebody  a  deadline  for  a  reply?  I  need  an  answer  from  you  by    next  month  6.-­‐  Which  country  is  not  in  Africa?  Belize  7.-­‐  If  you  are  a  prudent  person  you  do  things...  just  in  case  8.-­‐  He  got  ON  the  train,  she  got  in  the  taxi  and  they  got  ON  the  bus  9.-­‐  Which  order  is  preferable?  A  long  unfunny  brown  joke  10.-­‐  How  would  you  contradict  somebody?  I  appreciate  your  claims  and  reasons,  notwithstanding  (no  obstante)  I  must  disagree  with  you.  11.-­‐  And  again?  (How  would  you  contradict  somebody?)  However  reasonable  your  arguments,  I  don't  quite  agree  with  them  12.-­‐  What  is  the  prettiest  colour  there  is?  It's  a  matter  of  opinion  13.-­‐  If  you  have  been  busier  than  usual  lately,  you've  been  extra  busy  14.-­‐  If  everybody's  willing  to  accept  something...  they'll  all  readily  (fácilmente,  de  buena  gana)  accept  it.  15.-­‐  What  may  happen  if  more  than  one  person  is  willing  (estar  dispuesto)  to  pay?  There  might  be  a  little  fight  over  the  bill.  16.-­‐  Which  of  the  following  English  words  has  a  non-­‐European  origin?  Futon  17.-­‐  In  a  job  interview,  the  interviewer  should...  be  the  one  to  hold  out  his  hand  to  you.  18.-­‐  Which  of  the  three  sentences  conveys  its  message  most  naturally?  I've  been  sent  a  secret  valentine  card  this  year    19.-­‐  How  should  you  not  star  a  covering  letter?  I  wish  to  obtain  information  about/  My  name  is  X  and  I'm  interested  in...  20.-­‐  What  kind  of  attitude  is  common  in  Canadian  literature?  The  Garrison  mentality.    

TEMA  4.-­‐    Stay  and  eat    /Hence/:  de  ahí,  por  lo  tanto,  por  consiguiente  /prospective/:  posible,  eventual,  futuro  /end  up/:  terminar,  acabar  /average/:  media,  promedio    Why  does  the  prospective  (posible)  client  require  a  king  size  bed?  Because  the  is  too  tall  and  large  even  for  the  average  double  bed    Does  this  type  of  room  cost  the  same  as  an  individual  one?  No,  there  is  an  increment  over  the  standard  room  price.    Does  the  prospective  client  like  the  room  price?  No,  he  considers  it  to  be  far  too  expensive    Does  he  end  up  making  the  reservation  on  the  phone?  No,  he  say  that  he  is  going  to  try  to  make  the  reservation  on  the  Internet    Does  he  decide  to  try  another  hotel  before  making  his  mind  up?  He  does  not  say  anything  of  the  sort  (tipo,  clase)      Persuading.-­‐  /exerting/:  ejercer,  emplear  /encourage/:  animar  /skill/  habilidad  /trustworthy/:  digno  de  confianza  /assertive/:  autoritario,  enérgico,  firme  /reliable/:  fiable,  fidedigno,  responsable  /knowledgeable/:  entendido,  informado  /conversely/:  al  contrario  /bossy/:  mandón  /patronizing/:  condescendiente  /deserve/:  merecer(se)  /regret/:  arrepentirse,  lamentar  /soaking  wet/  empapada  hasta  los  huesos  /dressing  gown/:  bata  /hassle/:  rollo,  lío  /staring/:  mirar  fijamente    PERSUADING:  You  deserve  nothing  but  the  best  (No  te  mereces  nada  más  que  lo  mejor);  hence...  You  should  take  into  account  that...  You  won't  regret  it  (no  lo  lamentarás)      Exercise  6.-­‐  Dialogue  Reception,  Jonathan  speaking.  How  can  I  help  you?  I'm  afraid  I've  got  a  problem.  My  shower  broke  while  I  was  in  the  middle  of  having  a  

shower  and  I  don't  know  what  to  do.  

Don't  worry  ma'am.  I'll  send  a  maintenance  person  to  see  what's  wrong  and  sort  the  problem  out.  

But  what  am  I  supposed  to  do  in  the  meanwhile?  I'm  soaking  wet  (empapada  hasta  los  huesos)  and  cold,  with  soapy  hair  (pelo  enjabonado)  and  all  the  towels  in  the  bathroom  are  wet  too.  

I'm  really  sorry,  ma'am.  What  we  can  do  is  bring  you  dry  new  towels  and  dressing  gown  and  we  can  let  you  use  the  bathroom  of  a  nearby  bedroom.  

So,  where  can  I  finish  my  shower  then?  Let's  see...  the  closest  vacant  room  is  241,  which  is  right  on  the  right  hand  corner  

from  where  your  room  is.  And  then,  what  can  I  do  afterwards?      While  you  finish  your  shower,  the  maintenance  people  will  have  a  look  at  your  

bathroom  and  try  to  fix  it.  You  mean  by  the  time  I  finish  having  my  shower  I  can  go  back  to  my  room  and  I'll  

find  everything  sorted  out?  Oh,  most  likely,  yes  What  about  going  to  the  changing  room  next  to  the  swimming  pool  in  the  basement?  As  you  like,  ma'am,  but  I  think  it'd  be  easier  for  you  and  less  hassle  (rollo,  lío)  Hello,  I'm  calling  your  from  the  second  floor.  I'm  the  client  whose  shower  broke  

fifteen  minutes  ago.  I'm  afraid  I  forgot  the  key  in  room  241  where  I  had  my  shower  and  I'm  in  the  middle  of  the  corridor  in  my  dressing  gown  and  a  towel  around  my  head.  Everybody's  staring  at  me!  

Well,  actually,  the  plumbers  have  just  arrived  at  the  reception  desk  after  solving  the  problem  with  your  shower.  Don't  worry,  I'm  sending  you  the  bellboy  to  open  your  room  for  you  now.  

   

8. Read and interpret the following dialogue between two friends, one of which has just visited an apartment and is giving her negative impressions to her friend (TRACK 38): Andy: Have you seen the apartment? Kim: Yes, and I’m not going to buy it. A: Why? Was it ugly? How was it? K: It wasn’t really terrible, but it was old, too small and quite expensive. A: How many square meters did it have? K: Only 50. They told me it had two bedrooms, two bathrooms, a large living-room, a kitchen and a veranda (Mirador, balcón cubierto con cierre de cristales.) with a superb view of the city skyline. A: And…? K: And it had a small living room (salón) The kitchen was actually part of the living room. It was old and dirty, with chipped (cascada, rota, astillada) brown cupboards and old electrical appliances. The living room had beige carpet and you could see the stains (manchas) on the floor and patches where the carpet was missing as if it had been chewed (mordida) on by a dog. There was flowered wall paper and old fashioned furniture. A: I see. K: The bedrooms were dark and small. I couldn’t even walk straight in, I had to enter sideways. And if I opened the window, I could shake hands with the next door

neighbour. A: Were the bedrooms facing the patio? K: Yes, as were the bathrooms. Well, what they called bathrooms, but there wasn’t a bathtub (bañera). Only one bathroom with a toilet and a sink, and another one with a rusty mouldy shower (ducha oxidada y mohosa) A: How terrible! But then, the price… K: The price was outrageously (escandalosamente) high. The real estate agent asked me for 300,000 euros. A: It’s expensive, but not that much if you take into account the prices in Madrid. K: Yes, I know, but I can’t help comparing the capital of Spain, to my hometown, the capital of Washington State. A: What do you mean? K: I mean that I could buy a large house there for the price I have to pay here for an apartment which only has 50 square meters. For example, the house I lived in when I was a child, was a lot bigger. It had three storeys (plantas), a front and back yard (patio, jardín), and a two-car garage. Inside there were four large bedrooms, three full bathrooms… A: What do you mean by “full”? Were there many people inside? K: No, ha, ha, ha… All three had a bathtub and a shower, apart from the toilet and the sink. You know, we don’t use bidets. Well, anyway, there was a large kitchen with a dining room attached, a large living room with a fireplace and a deck (terraza) overlooking a lake. Then, the basement was the recreation room. A: Recreation room? K: Yes, we had a TV, a pool table, and video games. A: Wow! You guys must have been rich. K: Not really, we were middle class. That’s typical in that area of the States. A: You know what? Do you know where I could find information about living and looking for a job there? It must be paradise!

       What  kind  of  flat  is  Kim  looking  for?  She  wanted  a  modern  two-­‐bedroom  flat  nice,  newish  (bastante  nuevo),  luminous,  

spacious  and  inexpensive    What  didn't  she  like  about  the  flat  she  visited?  She  didn't  like  the  small  size  of  the  rooms,  the  American  kitchen  or  the  bathrooms.  

As  for  the  decoration,  she  found  the  apartment  dark,  cheap  (de  mal  gusto),  nasty  (repugnante,  asqueroso)  and  shabby(gastado,  muy  usado).  And  she  didn't    like  its  price  either!  

 Do  you  think  Andy  sympathizes  with  her?  Perhaps  not  so  much  at  the  beginning  but  he  gradually  does  when  she  starts  

describing  the  flat.    In  which  ways  is  Washington  described  to  be  better  than  Madrid?  Apparently,  you  can  live  in  quite  a  mansion  for  a  very  reasonable  price.    

 At  the  hotel  and  at  the  restaurant.  Liquour  cabinet.  Soft  drinks:  refrescos  refreshments:  refrigerio,  refresco  spirits:  bebidas  alcohólicas,  licores  off-­‐licence  beverages:  A  store  that  sells  bottles  or  cans  of  alcoholic  

beverages  for  consumption  off  the  premises  (fuera  del  local).  peanuts:  cacahuetes  crisps:  chips  nuts:  nueces  beermat:  posavasos  coaster:  posavasos  straw:  pajita  wardrobe:  armario  cupboard:  armario  hanger:  percha  peg:  colgador,  perchero  drawer:  cajón,  gaveta  knob:  tirador,  pomo  dressing  room:  camerino  changing  room:  vestuario,  probador  (en  una  tienda)  chest  of  drawers:  cajonera,  cómoda  purse:  monedero  chest:  arcón  canopy:  dosel,  toldo  (cama)  plaster:  escayola,  yeso  bin:  cubo  basura,  papelera  valence  sheet:  faldón  de  la  cama  bedding:  ropa  para  la  cama  restroom:  baño,  servicios  toilet  holder:  portarrollos  basin:  lavabo,  lavamanos,  cuenco,...  bathtub:  bañera  tray:  bandeja  mixer:  batidora  tap  shower:  grifo  de  la  ducha  bath  screen:  mampara  ducha  plug:  enchufe  magnifying:  (espejo)  de  aumento  shaving  mirror:  espejo  de  tocador  fitted  cabinet:  armario  empotrado,  hecho  a  medida  handle:  mango,  tirador,  manija      ¡OJO!  Se  dice:  I  can't  make  my  mind  up...    bay:  bahía  lead  to:  llevar,  conducir  seated:  sentado  draft  (there  seems  to  be  a  draft)=  corriente  de  aire  vegan:  vegetariano  estricto  net  curtain:  visillo  

magazine  rack:  revistero  lace  curtain:  cortina  de  encaje  night  stand:  mesilla  de  noche  =  bedside  table  hourglass  sundial:  reloj  de  arena  shop  window:  escaparate  grandfather  clock:  reloj  de  caja,  de  pie  officials:  oficial,  funcionario,  directivo  display  cabinet:  armario  de  muestra,  vitrinas  donde  se  colocan  cosas  grandmother  clock:  otro  tipo  de  reloj  chandelier:  lámpara  tipo  araña  (de  luces)  glass  cabinet:  vitrina  glass  door:  puerta  de  cristales,  puerta  vidriera  crockery:  loza,  vajilla  plate/dish:  plato,  fuente  food  warmer:  calienta  comidas  garnish:  guarnición  stool:  banco,  taburete    side  dish:  ración,  guarnición  en-­‐suite  bedroom:  "en  suite"-­‐  The  hotel  has  en-­‐suite  bathrooms  dry  cleaning:  limpieza  en  seco  escape  route:  salida  nursery:  guardería  linen  sheets:  sábanas  de  lino  exclusive  hand  woven  rugs:  alfombras  tejidas  a  mano    gathering:  concurrencia  buzz:  zumbido,  rumor  bruch:  entre  desayuno  y  almuerzo  stroll:  paseo  acclaimed:  aclamado  amidst:  en  medio  de,  entre  reveal:  dejar  ver,  revelar  features:  rasgos,  características  cater:  satisfacer,  proveer,  atender,  satisfacer  stylish:  con  mucho  estilo,  elegante  grand:  grandioso,  espléndido  imposing:  impresionante,  imponente  trained:  cualificado  butlers:  mayordomo    

Hotel Ritz Madrid is located in the very heart of Madrid, opposite the Prado and Thyssen Bornemisza museums and just a short stroll from the picturesque Retiro Park and Botanical Gardens. Madrid's most emblematic hotel has 137 individually decorated rooms and 30 suites, each furnished in true belle époque style incorporating linen sheets and exclusive hand woven rugs that make the Hotel Ritz Madrid experience so unique. Dining In The highly acclaimed Goya restaurant offers a wide selection of typical Spanish and Mediterranean specialties amidst (en medio de, entre) a relaxed and elegant atmosphere. In spring and summer the famous Ritz Terrace and Garden open to reveal (dejar ver) their splendour to the cream of Madrid's society. Here one can lunch, dinner or alternatively take a cocktail "al fresco" before embarking on a discovery of one of

Europe's most exciting capitals. Recreation and Health In-house fitness center with sauna, massage service, and solarium. Golf, tennis, riding, and other sport activities nearby. Features (rasgos, características) Elegant public areas. Banquet and reception rooms for 20 to 450 people. Hair salon. Private car airport transfers included in suite rates. Garage facilities. Business center. Plan an event. To cater for: proveer comida para. There are five salons available for meetings at the Hotel Ritz, ranging from small and stylish (pequeño y con estilo) to grand and imposing (grandioso e imponente), as well as the...distinctive (particular) in character whilst providing an impressive (imponente, impresionante) setting (escenario) for any type of event. Trained and experienced teams (equipos cualificados y experimentados) of chefs, butlers... Butler (mayordomo), housekeeper, servant, maid, chambermaid, cleaner. The butler is the chief male servant of a household who is in charge of other employees, receives guests, directs the serving of meals... Valet, in modern american english a valet is a person who parks the car for you at a hotel or restaurant.

     What  type  of  hotel  is  the  Ritz  Madrid?    A  top  five-­‐star  hotel,  with  a  great  tradition  of  

luxury  and  glamour.  What  does  its  clientele  seek  (buscar)  when  they  stay  at  this  hotel?  They  tipically  

seek  comfort  and  luxury.  Apart  from  its  elegant  atmosphere  and  top  service  and  facilities,  it  is  very  well  located  within  the  centre  of  Madrid  

 What  type  of  meals  does  its  restaurant  offer?  It  has  a  very  good  reputation  and  it  

excels  (destacar)  in  Spanish  and  Mediterranean  food.    Is  it  possible  to  celebrate  parties  there?  Yes,  its  infrastructure  allows  parties  for  up  

to  450  people.        

15. Read the following text on how to make a soufflé: This recipe is from my sister-in-law and it is a great dish to serve for a Sunday brunch. Put it together the night before, refrigerate and pop (put inside) in the oven about an hour and a half before serving. Delicious! RECIPE INGREDIENTS Butter, softened (ablandar)

10 slices white bread 12 ounces SHARP cheddar cheese, shredded (rallado) 12 ounces mozzarella cheese, shredded 8 eggs, lightly beaten (ligeramente batidos) 3-1/2 cups half & half 1/4 teaspoon paprika 1 teaspon minced onion 1/2 teaspoon curry powder 1/8 teaspoon red pepper (ground): MOLIDA 1 teaspoon Worcestershire sauce 1 teaspoon dry mustard (mostaza en polvo) DIRECTIONS Butter sides and bottom of a 13 x 9 inch baking dish or 2 (9-inch) square or round baking dishes. Remove crusts (corteza) from bread, butter each slice, and cut in cubes. Place half of the buttered cubes in baking dish (or, if using two dishes, use a 1/4 of the bread) and sprinkle (espolvorear) with half the cheddar and mozzarella cheeses (or if using two dishes, use a 1/4 of the cheese). Then add the remaining bread in another layer (capa) and top with the remaining cheeses. Combine eggs, half & half, paprika, onion, curry powder, red pepper, Worcestershire sauce and mustard. Pour over (servir por encima, vertir, derramar encima) bread and cheese mixture. Cover and refrigerate overnight. Bake at 325 degrees for 1 hour, or until knife inserted in the center comes out clean and top is lightly browned. It makes 8 to 10 servings. (LOST of IMPERATIVES, FEW ARTICLES and OTHER FUNCTIONS WORDS)

awkward: delicado, incómodo, inoportuno tow-­‐way:  remolcar  

awkward/ˈɔːkwəd/ �adjective 1 hard to do or deal with. 2 causing or feeling uneasy embarrassment.

3 not smooth or graceful.

(the examples below are divided according to their level of courtesy): You may say PLEASE at the beginning or at the end of your request, but the FORMER is more polite.

Please, kindly give me an explanation for what’s happened. Would you be so kind as to…? Kindly sit down and keep your arms to yourself. Can you, please, do the following for me: …? Don’t interrupt the speaker, please. Stop what you’re doing at once. Do sit down, will you? Don’t you ever dare (atreverse) do that again

     FIJARSE  BIEN!!!!  a)  Do  you  mind  if  I  smoke?  Fine  by  me,  just  ask  your  father  as  well.    b)  Is  it  alright  if  I  leave  early?  I'm  afraid  it  won't  be  possible  today.  We  are  short  of  

staff    c)  Is  it  okay  if  Sammy  commes  with  us?  No  problem,  our  pleasure    d)  Is  it  okay  if  I  borrow  (te  pido  prestadas)these  keys?  Yes,  take  them  e)  Is  it  ok  if  I  drink  my  tea  here?  No,  go  ahead  f)  Would  you  mind  if  I  asked  you  something?  No,  what?  g)  May  I  use  your  pencil?  I'am  actually  busy  with  it  right  now  h)  Would  you  like  some  company  (aquí  hacer  compañía)?  Sure,  make  yourself  

comfortable  i)  Would  it  be  alright  if  I  parked  here?  No,  this  is  a  tow-­‐away  zone.  (zona  de  

remolque,  grúas)  j)  Is  it  okay  if  I  turned  the  lights  off?  Not  just  yet;  please  leave  it  on  (dejar  

encendido).    ESSAYS  

We’ve known each other since our first year in kindergarten. She has always been my best friend, and our friendship has remained (permanecido) intact throughout the years. We lived in the same neighbourhood (barrio), our parents were friends, our brothers were friends and our first dates were friends. How could we not be friends? I’ve always trusted her because she has backed (respaldar) me up in bad situations, like when I was bullied (intimidado) at school and she defended me in front of the bad guys, or when I lost my dog and she helped me to look for it until we found it five days later and 200 km away, or when my wife and I got a divorced and she took me on a cruise to the Caribbean to cheer me up (animar) She has always given me good advice, as she is very reflexive and looks at things from a distance to see the problems and analyse them and try to find the best solutions. She is not only bright, but very witty (ocurrente) and intelligent. She studied Law and Economics, and joined the Bar just a year after finishing her studies. She can sometimes be a bit stubborn (cabezota), but she is always willing to compromise. Although she seems very serious, she’s very talented and creative. She can write exquisite poems, paint beautiful water colours, and dance classical ballet.

Physically, you could say that she is an attractive woman. She is still quite pretty. She is tall, slim, classy, always dresses very well. Her face is oval with pronounced cheekbones (pómulos) and full lips, which makes her look very exotic. Her green eyes used to be very pretty, but she’s now wearing thick round glasses and has got laughter lines (líneas de expresión, sonrisa) If I were her, I’d wear contact lenses and let my hair grow longer, since she has a hair cut that, in my opinion, does not suit her at all. She is only 45 but it makes her look ten years older. Anyway, what I do not understand is why she never got married. After having gone out with Jean Paul for ten years, she got tired of him and they broke up, which left him depressed. Since then, she has never gone out with anyone else.

   remained:  permanecido,  quedarse,  mantenerse  neighbourhood:  vecindad,  barrio  back  up:  respaldar,  dar  apoyo  moral  bully:  intimidar,  amedrentar  cheer  up:  animarse,  alegrarse,  dar  ánimos  bright:  brillante  witty:  ocurrente,  agudo,  gracioso  stubborn:  cabezón,  terco,  testarudo  willing:  dispuesto,  gustoso,  deseoso  classy:  elegante,  con  estilo  cheekbones:  pómulos  laughter  lines:  líneas  de  expresión  (líneas  de  risa)      

Cultural Identity in Education Contents 1. Introduction 2. Cultural identity in the modern world 3. Cultural identity in educational system 4. The role of cultural identity in educational process 5. Conclusion 6. Bibliography Introduction Nowadays, the problem of cultural identity should not be underestimated. In fact, in the modern globalized world there is a strong trend to losing national identity in the result of the amalgamation (fusión) of culture, or, to put it more precisely, in the result of the growing impact of western culture on other culture of the world. At the same time, individuals naturally (de manera natural) cannot live without identity. This is why willingly or not they develop certain cultural identity under the impact of a variety of internal and external factors that actually shape their personality. In fact, individuals’ identity is inseparable from their personality [1]. Consequently (por consiguiente), human relations are, to a significant extent (en gran medida) predetermined by their cultural identity that affects dramatically their

communication. As a result, it is always necessary to take into consideration the peculiarities of cultural identity of each individual, especially in education because modern education, being an extremely complicated process, is based on the idea that each individual is unique and his/her needs should be met (reunir, cumplir) in the process of education. Cultural identity in the modern world Before discussing cultural identity in the context of education, it is primarily necessary to briefly dwell upon (brevemente hacer incapié) the concept of cultural identity in the modern world. In fact, the modern concept of cultural identity is based on two key elements, notably (particularmente, notablemente) modern identity implies being alike (parecido) other people within a group and common categorizing (clasificación) of outward phenomena (fenómeno exterior, externo), such as race or clothes people wear [2]. However, in recent year such an attitude to identity is considered to be simplistic and specialists insist that it should be expanded (ampliarse). Obviously, such a definition of identity implies that cultural identity is basically formed in the process of the development of individual, i.e. it is acquired in the result of social relationships of an individual with other people. In stark contrast, to this position, there is an ultimately opposite view on cultural identity as the product of human nature. […] Conclusion Thus (así, de este modo), taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that nowadays the cultural identity is extremely important and affects the educational process dramatically. It is necessary to underline that in the current situation cultural identity cannot remain (seguir, continuar) fixed (fijada), especially in the sphere of education but, instead, should be constantly modified in order to make students conscious of their own cultural identity and that it is not always an objective concept. Moreover (es más, parece ser que), one of the major tasks (tarea) of progressive (progresista) educators is to treat students equally and objectively, taking into consideration their cultural identity. What is more, teachers possess certain authority in education process, consequently, they should use it properly in order to avoid revengeful (revanchas, venganzas) or scornful (desprecio) attitude to students. At the same time, in relation to lower class students (estudiantes de estrato social bajo), teachers could change the cultural identity of such students for better and improve (aumentar) their self-esteem (autoestima). . GRAMMAR REVIEW 22. Hiding the agent. There are several ways to hide the identity of the agent: Ø  Using the 3rd person plural personal pronoun:  They always say that children these days are less cultured than ever, but it can’t be true Ø  Using a general noun like “people”, “experts”, etc. People think we are manipulated

by the big stores at Christmas. Ø  Using the passive voice. We use the passive voice when the subject of the sentence is not important, not known, you want to hide its identity for whatever reason, or there is a more prominent part: The results of the elections were broadcast (emitidas) by 8 p.m. For example, it is also used in polite situations, not to blame someone: A dish has been broken.

In many shop windows we can read: "English spoken".

Conditional: The waiter would serve the liqueurs (active form) The liqueurs would be served by the waiter (passive form) Ø  With modals: The waiter may serve the first course (active form) The first course may be served by the waiter (passive form) Ø  Auxiliary + perfect infinitive: The waiter should have served the aperitifs (active form) The aperitifs should have been served by the waiter (passive form)

 If the passive corresponding to the active past continuous is needed, normally the non- continuous past form is used: The waiter has been serving olives and nuts all day (active form) Olives and nuts have been served all day (passive form) Usually the passive is constructed with the corresponding form of be + past participle, but we can also use get in a more familiar register: John got carried away (ARRASTRADO, EMBELESADO) by the crazy music. Only transitive verbs can be used for passive constructions, but not all of them can be converted into passive. Those are: become / contain / fit / hold / lack / resemble / suit: *The computer is contained in the box. Some intransitive verbs can also sometimes be used in a transitive way and form a passive structure: The cargo will be flown out tomorrow (fly out: salir, despegar). More buses will be run on the day of the general strike (run). This sculpture must be stood on the stand (stand: colocar de pie). The dog has to be walked daily (walk).

Usually we have a direct object in the active structure which becomes the subject of the passive one, but sometimes there are two objects in the active voice: the direct and the indirect object: Mary told me the news. The news were told to me (by Mary)  I was told the news (by Mary). See a few more common examples and notice how they are likely (probable) to be preferred (preferido) to their respective active counterparts in most situations: You will be shown the right way (Somebody will show you the right way). She was told to be reasonable (Somebody told her to be reasonable). We were offered a cup of tea (They offered us a cup of tea). He should be promised nothing (They should promise him nothing). Note in the example above that the main preposition to indicate agent hood is by. Authorship may be indicated by a double possessive: She really likes that play of Shakespeare’s. To denote the means or the instrument prepositions with or in are used: The garden was covered with snow. The letter is written in ink (tinta). He was killed with a stone (Notice the difference in the responsibility of the action: He was killed by a stone).

The parcel is goint to be sent tomorrow or will be sent tomorrow The composition must be finished by tomorrow morning Yesterday my bed was made by my husband The car has been fixed this morning We were/were going to be considered for the job but we were rejected it in the

end They should be explained what to do so that they don't make mistakes The bride (novia) and the bridegroom (novio) have been asked to wait at the altar

when they arrive My boss was sent all the dossiers of her employees an hour

ago Our new model is going to be shipped/ will be shipped over next Wednesday I hate to be told what to do by everybody all the time                          

   trend:  tendencia  amalgamation:  fusión  willingly:  con  gusto,  de  buen  agrado  shape:  forma  a,  formar,  determinar  actually:  en  realidad,  en  efecto  met  (to  meet):  reunir,  cumplir  briefly:  por  poco  tiempo,  brevemente  dwell:  pensar,  hacer  hincapié  upon:  en,  encima  de,  sobre...  (once  upon  a  time...érase  una  vez)  alike:  parecido  categorizing:  clasificar,  catalogar  outward:  externo,  exterior  phenomena:  fenómenos  race:  raza  ...  such  an  attitude:  tal  actitud,  postura  thus:  así,  de  este  modo  remain:  seguir,  permanecer,  continuar  fixed:  fijo,  permanente  instead:  en  lugar  de,  en  vez  de  possess:  poseer,  reunir  revengeful:  revanchista,  vengativa  scornful:  deseñoso,  despreciativo  self-­‐esteem:  autoestima,  honra  ink:  tinta  cargo:  cargamento,  carga    Summarize  the  text  in  section  19  of  unit  3  The  author  talks  about  the  importance  of  body  language  in  job  interviews.  S/he  starts  

by  noting  (nota,  apuntar  algo)  how  important  first  impressions  are,  and  goes  on  to  describe  which  features  (rasgos)  are  crucial  for  job  interviews.  Thus  (de  este  modo),  when  standing  (estar  de  pie,  parado)  it  is  important  not  to  lean  (apoyarse)  against  anything,  which  can  give  an  appearance  of  indolence  or  lazines  (pereza,  holgazanería).  A  good  posture  with  widened  shoulders  (hombros  anchos)  and  level  hips  (caderas  niveladas)  can  be  practiced  in  front  of  a  mirror.  When  talking  try  to  look  secure  and  use  long  steps.  You  should  sit  down  slowly,  in  a  controlled  way,  an  never  cross  your  arms  since  it  is  a  defensive  sign.  Handshakes  should  be  firm  but  not  too  hard.  When  you  are  talking  you  should  not  put  your  hands  in  front  of  your  mouth.  Our  eyes  are  our  most  important  facial  feature,  since  you  can  assess  (evaluar)  someone's  mood  (humor)  by  just  looking  at  them.  Hence  (por  lo  tanto,  por  consiguiente),  eye  contact  should  be  kept  with  the  interviewer  but  not  in  an  aggressive  way.  When  the  interview  is  over  (terminado,  acabado),  stand  up  slowly  and  let  the  other  person  offer  you  his/her  hand.  As  you  leave,  say  "thank  you".  The  author  has  obviously  great  command  of  what  works  and  does  not  work  for  the  applicants  (candidatos,  aspirantes)  in  this  type  of  meetings.  

   

26. Transform eacho of these sentences into the passive voice  

a) The hotel was run by the president very cleverly. (The president ran the hotel very...) b) These premises are sold today (by Peter). (Peter sells these...) c) The purse may have been left by Anna deliberately. (Anna may have left her...)

d) The assignments have been finished by the students. (The students have finished...) e) A brunch will be prepared by my friend at midday. (My friend will prepare a brunch...) f) A pay rise was offered to me by my boss. (My boss offered me a...) g) Basque is spoken by the personnel of this hotel. (The personnel of this hotel can...) h) A speech must be given during the ceremony. (The must give a speech during...) i) All the details must be considered before we make the decision / making the decision/ the decision is made. (We must consider all the details before making the decision) j) This sentence was written in haste (apresuradamente) by the authors. (The

authors wrote this sentence in haste) 25. Adding and omitting elements. It is rather common in the English language to leave long and complex elements towards the end of the sentence. Compare the following examples. Which of the three sounds least natural?: Ø  To talk to Steven when he is in a good mood is very easy. (Least natural) Ø  It is very easy to talk to Steven when he is in a good mood. Ø  Steven is very easy to talk to when he is in a good mood. As you can see, in the second and third sentences the information about Steven is put towards the end of the sentence, so the subject position is filled with “it”. Consider a few more similar examples: Ø  It is raining cats and dogs outside. Ø  It was late so we packed up and left. Ø  It is true that prices have been raised too fast lately Elements can be omitted to avoid repetitions: Ø  The third and fourth candidates walked in for the interview. Ø  The tallest men and women were selected for the match. Ø  I drank tea and she coffee. Subjects can only be omitted when the clause forms part of a coordinated sentence (two or more clauses link by "and", "or", "but"  Ø  She inhaled the smoke and///////started to cough profusely. Ø  They disagreed with the decision and /////// left the meeting.

Ø  *We established the norms because //// had been appointed to do it. (INCORRECT) /FALTA EL SUJETO/

a) To hide away from me won’t solve anything. OK b) There is a man waiting outside for you, shall I call him in? c) It was three days a week that we had to have the treatment. d) It was after midnight that I left the office. OK e) I’ve had enough with this place – I’m leaving for good! OK f) They shook hands and left. g) The doctor told us the diagnosis so s/he gave us the treatment. h) Although the student had studied hard, they failed. i) The secretary is not here because he went for a coffee or is making photocopies. (Se ve claramente en la tercera cláusula como no se pone el sujeto "he", está bien, pues es una frase coordinada y cuyo nexo es "or") j) She wrote a new novel and he did too.   27. Read this factual information about Australia. Pay attention to the highlighted words and expressions. Australia is the sixth largest country in the World. Surprisingly enough (lo realmente sorprendente), there are only 20 million inhabitants, who live in the largest cities such as Canberra, the capital, Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide. Australia has been populated for over forty two thousand years by the Australian aborigines. After the sporadic visits of northern fishermen, and European explorers and dealers which started in the 17th Century, the eastern half of the continent was claimed (reclamada) by England in 1770. In 1788 this part of the world was established as a penal colony – an uncomfortable situation which made it gain the nickname of “the world’s rubbish bin”, due to the appalling (vergonzoso) sociocultural profile (perfil) of its early European inhabitants (mainly delinquents and criminals) in New South Wales. During the 19th Century five other British colonies were established after the arrival of settlers (colonos, pobladores), the demographic increase, and the exploration of new areas. On March 25th 1954, all six colonies federated and formed the Australian Commonwealth. From this moment it has had a liberal democratic political system and it has remained a monarchy within the British Commonwealth. In the conventional organization of continents, Australia belongs to Oceania, which also groups the Pacific islands. However, English speakers typically refer to the “Australian continent”, in spite of the fact that Australia does not constitute a continent from a geological point of view. New Zealand and its neighbouring islands do not form a continent together with Australia either, as they do not belong to the Sahul platform, but this association is motivated by historical and political proximity.

In geology, a “continent” is a well defined concept and, for example, from a geological viewpoint, India is a separate continent from Asia. The early writings about the discovery of this new land by European explorers date back to the beginnings of the 17th Century. It seems highly probable that it took place in the 16th Century, because the northern coast of Australia appears represented in the Spanish and Portuguese cartography of the time, and some sketches (esbozos) in French cartography. However, what is certain is that in 1601, Portuguese Godinho de Heredia reached the point known today as Van Diemen cape (cabo). Luis Váez de Torres, a Portuguese sailor at the service of the Spanish crown, most probably caught sight of (to catch sight of: ver) the northern Australia coast as he navigated through the strait that holds his name, between New Guinea and the Peninsula of Cape York between the 1st

and the 9th October 1606. In 1770 the Endeavour expedition lead by James Cook navigated and charted (trazar) the east coast, disembarked for the first time in the continent in Botany Bay on April 29th. Cook then sailed northwards and, before leaving, he disembarked in Possession Island, in the Strait of Torres on August 22nd 1770. There he formally claimed the eastern Australian coast and called it New South Wales. Since his discovery resulted in the first European settlement (colonización), he is often considered the discoverer of Australia, although the true discovery had taken place more than a hundred and sixty years before. Alter his return to England, the reports that had been written during the expedition caused great interest about the continent since it was considered that it could be a solution to the problem of the overpopulated British prisons, which was worsened by the loss of the American colonies. Therefore, on May 13th 1787 eleven ships left from Portsmouth commanded by Ar. Phillip towards Botany Bay with about one thousand five hundred people on board, including sailors and officials, apart from 772 cows. The fleet (flota) arrived at Botany Bay but, since the place was inhospitable, they went to Port Jackson, the current location of Sydney. The captain became the first colony governor and the day of the disembarkation, January 26th 1788, the first national day. The Northern Territory was funded (financiado) in 1863 as part of the Southern Australia colony. Victoria and Southern Australia had been funded as “free”, that is to say, that they were never penal colonies, although they had previously received some prisoners from Tasmania, but never from the United Kingdom. Western Australia was also funded free, but later on it accepted the transportation of convicts due to the lack of labour hand it was suffering. New Zealand belonged to New South Wales until 1849, when it became a colony of its own.

The transportation of convicts was not progressively abolished in the whole Australia until 1840-64.  

   

Australia  and  New  Zealand  surprisingly  enough:  lo  realmente  sorprendente  populated:  poblada  (sparsely  populated:  poca  densidad  de  población)  

dealer:  comerciante  claimed:  reclamada    penal  colony:  colonia  penal  appalling:  vergonzoso,  terrible,  horroroso,  pésimo  profile:  perfil  settler:  colono,  poblador   La Commonwealth o Comunidad Británica de Naciones, creada en 1931, es una asociación de estados independientes, en su mayoría ex colonias, más algunas dependencias británicas, tales como Las Bermudas, Las Islas Malvinas y Gibraltar. Los miembros trabajan juntos para lograr ciertos fines como la paz mundial, fomento del comercio y la defensa de la democracia. Cada dos años se celebra una reunión de todos los jefes de gobierno de la Comunidad (the Commonwealth Conference), para debatir asuntos de carácter político y económico. Cada cuatro años se celebran los Commonwealth Games, competencia deportiva en el que uno de los miembros es el anfitrión.  remained:  quedar,  permanecer,  seguir  In  spite  of  the  fact  that:  a  pesar  de  que    date  dack  to  the  beginnings:  retrocede  a  los  comienzos  de  sketches:  bocetos,  esbozos  cape:  cabo  (geog.)  Cape  Town  (cabo  Ciudad)  to  catch  sight  of    (caught  :pp):  ver  strait:  (geog.)  estrecho  endeavour:  esfuerzo    lead:  conducir,  llevar,  guiar  charted:  trazar,  hacer  un  seguimiento  sail  (sailed):  navegar,  zarpar  northwards:  hacia  el  norte  claim  (claimed):  reclamar  settlement:  convenio,  colonización  alter:  cambiar,  modificar  report:  informe,  noticia...  worsen  (worsened):  empeorar  fleet:  flota  disembarkation:  desembarco    had  been  funded:    ha  sido  dotada/financiada  due  to  the  lack  of  labour:  debido  a  la  falta  de  mano  de  obra  abolish:  abolir,  derogar  landmass:  masa  continental,  masa  de  tierra  shelf:  plataforma  remoteness:  lejanía  settled:  colonizado,  poblado  isolation:  aislamiento    distinctive:  distintivo,  característico  mild:  suave,  templado  sharp:  puntiagudo  peak:  cima,  cumbre,  pico  treaty:  tratado  number:  ...  cantidad  sharply  and  conflicts  escalated:  conflictos  repentinamente/bruscamente  intensificados    deep:  profundo  being  overtaken:  siendo  adelantada,  superada  dairy  products:  productos  lácticos      

 Answer  the  following  question  about  the  text:    Is  Australia  densely  populated?  a)  No,  quite  the  contrary,  it  is  sparsely  populated.    Is  Autralia  an  independent  country  from  the  United  Kingdom?  b)  Yes,  although  its  head  of  state  is  the  Queen  of  England  and  it  belongs  to  the  British  Commonwealth.    Does  it  form  a  continent  of  its  own?  c)  Politically,  historically  and  geographically  it  does,  but  geologically  it  does  not.    When  was  Australia  discovered  and  by  whom?  d)  Australia  was  known  for  hundreds  of  years  by  the  aborigines,  and  later  on  by  northern  fishermen,  and  European  explorers  and  dealers,  but  it  was  England  that  claimed  it  in  1770.    Does    New  Zealand  belomng  to  the  same  continent  as  Australia?  e)  The  general  public  considers  New  Zealand  to  belong  to  the  same  continent  because  of  the  physical  proximity  between  both  countries.  However,  geologically  New  Zealand  is  not  on  the  same  continental  shelf.    What  did  the  Europeans  bring  to  New  Zealand?  f)  The  Europeans  arrived  in  the  17th  century  and  the  brought  their  culture,  advances,  etc.  However,  conflicts  also  arose  (surgir)  and  the  local  culture  and  animal  life  were  negatively  affected.    Is  it  true  that  Australia  was  for  a  long  time  a  British  penal  colony?  Australia  was  first  colonised  by  the  British  in  order  to  relieve  (calmar,  liberar)  the  overly  full  British  prisons.  However,  only  relatively  small  parts  of  Australia  were  used  as  penal  settlements.  Indigenous  Australians  inhabited  the  rest  of  the  continent  as  well.    The  threat  of  Aboriginal  attack,  together  with  the  fact  that  the  continent  was  surrounded  by  water  was  considered  enough  insurance  to  prevent  any  convicts  ever  escaping  back  to  England  -­‐  which  was  the  primary  and  original  purpose  of  the  colonies.    As  well  as  Sydney,  convict  colonies  were  begun  in  Victoria,  Moreton  Bay  (Queensland),  Hobart  and  Newcastle.  The  colony  of  South  Australia  was  never  a  penal  settlement  (asentamiento,  poblado,  resolución).  Swan  River  (Perth)  began  as  a  free  settlement,  but  convicts  were  sent  there  later  as  free  labour.      It  was  decided  that  with  the  loss  of  the  American  colonies  after  the  American  war  of  independence  that  England  needed  a  place  to  send  convicts.  Upon  receiving  favourable  reports  by  Lieutenant  Cook,  on  his  return  from  his  first  expedition,  that  New  South  Wales  (the  name  given  to  the  eastern  half  of  Australia)  was  an  ideal  place  for  a  convict  settlement  and  as  the  French  were  expanding  in  the  Pacific,  it  would  be  advantageous  to  settle  NSW  rather  than  let  the  French  get  a  foothold  (afianzarse)      What  is  not  typically  considered  a  room  facility  in  a  hotel  bathroom?  A  sink  What  do  you  say  on  the  phone  when  you  want  to  spend  the  night  in  a  hotel?  I'd  like  to  make  a  reservation  for  a  room  When  a  room  is  cheaper  if  you  book  it  on  the  web,  the  hotel  has  launched  an  offer  on  the  internet  How  do  you  call  a  two-­‐way  journey?  A  return  journey  Which  of  the  following  persuasive  sentences  is  the  least  polite?    If  you  know  what's  good  for  you,  you'd  do  what  I'm  suggesting  Which  of  the  following  is  another  word  for  "loft"  (of  a  house)?  Attic  

Which  of  the  following  is  not  likely  to  appear  by  the  fridge  of  a  hotel  room?  A  plaster  Which  of  the  following  sentences  is  an  unlikely  instruction?  The  batteries  are  to  be  checked  Which  of  the  following  three  sentence  is  the  least  polite?  Kindly  shut  up  What  is  fundamental  in  descriptive  essays?  to  organize  the  information  properly  What  would  you  typically  say  to  protect  the  identity  of  the  person  who  told  you  a  secret?  I've  been  told  you're  quitting  (renunciando,  abandonando)  They  were  paralyzed  with  fear  Which  of  the  following  is  preferable?  They  both  greeted  each  other  and  left  If  you  don't  give  food  for  free  you  charge  for  it  What  would  you  ask  somebody  who  pays  a  high  price  for  something?  Is  it  worth  it?  Which  of  the  following  words  does  not  belong  to  the  British  English  variant?  Garbage  What  do  you  say  when  you  get  to  the  grocery  (tienda  de  comestibles)  store?  Who's  last?  How  do  you  show  concern  (preocupación)  for  somebody?    Are  you  alright?  Which  of  the  following  post  does  not  depend  on  the  floor  housekeeper  of  a  hotel?    Valet  How  would  you  express  helplessness  (indefensión,  impotencia)  indirectly?  I  don't  know  what  I'm  supposed  to  do...                                                                            

         

OJO CON LAS CONJUNCIONES.-

BOTH Mary and I agree on where to go for our summer holidays

Neither Mary nor I can make our minds up about where to go for our...

Either Mary or I will come will come with you so that you don't have to be waiting there by yourself  

   LESSON  5.  GREEN  BUSINESS    

TO- Listen to me, Juan, what you have to do is come for the weekend just to try. That way you’ll be able to advertise it so much better. TA- I’d love to, honestly. If my boss agrees, I’ll come this weekend straightaway. Could I bring my family with me? TO- Hmmmm, I don’t think so, sorry. Double rooms cost 200 € a night. You might find it excessive… I could ask anyway, if you want me to. TA- That’d be really kind of you. I hate leaving my family on their own for the whole weekend. If that were the price I’d consider going with them just for one night. TO- I’ll do what I can. Ahhhh, you’ll see what a wonderful place this is. The landscape is just gorgeous, clean unpolluted air… The hotel is completely integrated in nature and the personnel are really kind. TA- They are locals, aren’t they? TO- Yes, almost without exception. We’ve been training them for the last couple of years and many of them have quite high posts now. They are just as concerned as us to offer a type of leisure that is ecological and makes guests happy… so that they come back and pass on the info. TA- Is the energy clean? TO- Almost 100%. We have solar panels that produce hot water and help towards heating. Fireplaces do the rest, and there is one in almost every room, but most clients don’t even bother lighting them. The hotel is one of the few in the area with a water recycling system and top rate insulation.

TA- I see why you got the Eco-hotel Award last year. TO- And the good thing is that all this ecological concern sells. I mean, like the courtesy toiletries such as the tiny shampoo and shower gel bottles and all that. Natural products are environmentally friendly, good for your skin and they smell gorgeous. Clients just love them. TA- It sounds great and really well thought out. I’m eager to see everything by myself. Please try to do your best so that we’re given a good price. TO- Very well then. I’ll call you back in a while with an answer, OK?

TA- Alright then. Talk to you soon.    

sustainable: 1. Capable of being sustained. 2. Capable of being continued with minimal long-term effect on the

environment: sustainable agriculture.

straightaway - without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening; "he answered immediately"; "found an answer straightaway"; "an official accused of dishonesty should be suspended forthwith"; "Come here now!" forthwith, immediately, instantly, like a shot, at once, right away, straight off, directly, now

 landscape: The aspect of the land characteristic of a particular

region: a bleak New England winter landscape

gorgeous adjective

1. magnificent, grand, beautiful, superb, spectacular, splendid, glittering, dazzling, luxurious, sumptuous, opulent

LOCAL(en el texto) 1. resident, native, inhabitant, character

(informal), local yokel (disparaging) That's what the locals call the place. fireplace - an open recess in a wall at the base of a chimney where a fire can be built; "the fireplace was so large you could walk inside it"; "he laid a fire in the hearth and lit it"; "the hearth was black with the charcoal of many fires" hearth, open fireplace

chimney - a vertical flue that provides a path through which smoke from a fire is carried away through the wall or roof of a building

 

advertise - make publicity for; try to sell (a product); "The salesman is aggressively pushing the new computer model"; "The company is heavily advertizing their new laptops" advertize, promote, push praise - express approval of; "The parents praised their children for their academic performance" propagandise, propagandize - spread by propaganda plug - make a plug for; praise the qualities or in order to sell or promote bill - advertise especially by posters or placards; "He was billed as the greatest tenor since Caruso"

insulation - the act of protecting something by surrounding it with material that reduces or prevents the transmission of sound or heat or electricity protection - the activity of protecting someone or something; "the witnesses demanded police protection" lining - the act of attaching an inside lining (to a garment or curtain etc.) toi·let·ries An article, such as toothpaste or a hairbrush, used in personal grooming

or dressing. tiny adjective small, little, minute, slight, mini, wee, miniature, trifling,

insignificant, negligible, microscopic, diminutive, petite, puny, pint-sized (informal), infinitesimal, teeny-weeny, Lilliputian, dwarfish, teensy-weensy, pygmy or pigmy Though she was tiny, she had a very loud voice.

thought-out adj conceived and developed by careful thought a well thought-out scheme eager adjective 1. anxious, keen, raring, hungry, intent, yearning, impatient, itching,

thirsty, zealous Robert was eager to talk about life in the Army.

Who  is  the  travel  agent  talking  to?  What  is  his  job  about?    A  tour  operator,  that  is,  somebody  who  typically  combines  tour  and  travel  components  

to  create  a  holiday.  The  most  common  example  of  a  tour  operator's  product  would  be  a  flight  on  a  charter  airline  plus  a  transfer  from  the  airport  to  a  hotel  and  the  services  of  a  local  representative,  all  for  one  price.  

     What  is  the  travel  agent  trying  to  convince  his  interlocutor  to  do?    To  try  a  sustainable  hotel  for  a  weekend,  so  that  he  can  advertise  it  subsequently.    Is  the  tour  operator  keen  on  that  type  of  tourist  product?  He  is  very  keen  on  that  type  of  hotel  but  he  wants  to  go  with  his  family  and  finds  it  

rather  expensive.    keen: eager or enthusiastic; very enthusiastic about, interested in or

fond of She's keen on sailing; She's been keen on that boy for years.  What  features  are  mentioned  that  may  qualify  the  hotel  as  "sustainable"?  

The  natural  surroundings,  the  integration  of  the  hotel  therein,  the  personnel,  both  their  local  origin  and  their  attitude,  the  use  of  clean  energy,  recycling  and  insulation  system,  and  the  use  of  natural  products   feature 1. aspect, quality, characteristic, attribute, point, mark, property, factor, trait, hallmark, facet, peculiarity The gardens are a special feature of this property. surrounding adjective nearby, neighbouring, adjacent, local, bordering, adjoining, abutting Aerial bombing of the surrounding area is continuing. plural noun

environment, setting, background, location, neighbourhood, milieu, environs a peaceful holiday home in beautiful surroundings

therein - (formal) in or into that thing or place; "they can read therein what our plans are" in that, in this formality - compliance with formal rules; "courtroom formality"

 attitude noun 1. opinion, thinking, feeling, thought, view, position, approach, belief, mood, perspective, point of view, stance, outlook, viewpoint, slant, frame of mind the general change in attitude towards them 2. manner, air, condition, bearing, aspect, carriage, disposition, demeanour, mien (literary) He has a gentle attitude.

3. position, bearing, pose, stance, carriage, posture scenes of the king in various attitudes of worshipping  

   Does  the  tour  operator  decide  to  go  there  in  the  end?    It  depends  on  whether  he  can  get  the  accommodation  at  a  good  price    Where  do  you  think  this  hotel  is  located?  Anywhere  in  the  countryside,  away  from  urban  centres  

countryside

noun country, rural areas, outdoors, farmland, outback (Austral. & N.Z.), green belt, wide open spaces (informal), sticks (informal) I've always loved the English countryside.  

 weekly  basis:  una  vez  por  semana,  semanalmente  

next to nothing: Fig. hardly anything; almost nothing. This car's worth next to nothing. It's full of rust. I bought this antique chair for next to nothing.

ever: all times, always

leak (filtrar, escape, goteo) verb 1. escape, pass, spill, release, discharge, drip, trickle, ooze, seep, exude, percolate The pool's sides had cracked and the water had leaked out. 2. disclose, tell, reveal, pass on, give away, make public, divulge, let slip, make known, spill the beans (informal), blab (informal), let the cat out of the bag, blow wide open (slang) He revealed who had leaked a confidential police report. noun 1. leakage, leaking, discharge, drip, oozing, seepage, percolation It's thought a gas leak may have caused the blast. 2. hole, opening, crack, puncture, aperture, chink, crevice, fissure, perforation a leak in the radiator 3. disclosure, exposé, exposure, admission, revelation, uncovering, betrayal, unearthing, divulgence Serious leaks involving national security are likely to be investigated.

 AT  LEAST:  por  lo  menos,  como  mínimo    

premises a. Land and the buildings on it. b. A building or part of a building.

kitchenette, kitchenet [ˌkɪtʃɪˈnɛt] n a small kitchen or part of another room equipped for use as a kitchen

research noun investigation, study, inquiry, analysis, examination, probe, exploration, scrutiny, experimentation, delving, groundwork, fact-finding His groundbreaking research will be vital in future developments. verb investigate, study, examine, experiment, explore, probe, analyse, look into, work over, scrutinize, make inquiries, do tests, consult the archives They research the needs of both employers and staff.

dripping - a liquid (as water) that flows in drops (as from the eaves of house) drippage flow, flowing - the motion characteristic of fluids (liquids or gases) dripping - the sound of a liquid falling drop by drop; "the constant sound of dripping irritated him" drip sound - the sudden occurrence of an audible event; "the sound awakened them" dripping - extremely wet; "dripping wet"; "soaking wet" soaking, sopping

Llave, grifo tap - a faucet for drawing water from a pipe or cask hydrant, water faucet, water tap faucet, spigot - a regulator for controlling the flow of a liquid from a reservoir plumbing fixture - a fixture for the distribution and use of water in a building

draught proof, draughtproof; US draft proof, draftproof adj

(sealed against draughts) a prueba de corrientes de aire loc adj

We need to install a draft proof door on the garage. México sellado (para evitar el paso del

aire) adj El médico nos recomendó tener ventanas selladas para

que no entraran corrientes de aire al cuarto del bebé. draught noun 1. breeze, current, wind, movement, flow, puff, influx, gust, current of air Block draughts around doors and windows.

(TAMBIÉN: nombre 1 corriente (de aire) 2 (de líquido) trago 3 draught (beer), cerveza de barril 4 GB draughts pl, juego de damas)

amazed: asombrado, sorprendido adjective astonished, surprised, stunned, staggered, bewildered, astounded, dazed, confounded, perplexed, gobsmacked (informal), dumbfounded, flabbergasted (informal), stupefied I was amazed to learn that most people travel without insurance.

gain verb 1. acquire, get, receive, achieve, earn, pick up, win, secure, collect, gather, obtain, build up, attain, glean, procure Students can gain valuable experience doing part-time work. 2. profit, make, earn, get, win, clear, land, score (slang), achieve, net, bag, secure, collect, gather, realize, obtain, capture, acquire, bring in, harvest, attain, reap, glean, procure The company didn't disclose how much it expects to gain from the deal. profit lose, forfeit 3. put on, increase in, gather, build up Some people gain weight after

they give up smoking. 4. attain, earn, get, achieve, win, reach, get to, secure, obtain, acquire, arrive at, procure Passing exams is no longer enough to gain a place at university.

support (apoyo, respaldo) verb 1. help, back, champion, second, aid, forward, encourage, defend, promote, take (someone's) part, strengthen, assist, advocate, uphold, side with, go along with, stand up for, espouse, stand behind, hold (someone's) hand, stick up for (informal), succour, buoy up, boost (someone's) morale, take up the cudgels for, be a source of strength to He supported the hardworking people. help oppose, undermine, hinder, reject, go against, walk away from, hold out against, stab in the back, turn your back on 2. provide for, maintain, look after, keep, fund, finance, sustain, foster, take care of, subsidize I have children to support, and a home to be maintained. provide for live off, sponge off 3. bear out, confirm, verify, substantiate, corroborate, document, endorse, attest to, authenticate, lend credence to The evidence does not support the argument. bear out deny, contradict, refute, challenge 4. bear, hold up, carry, sustain, prop (up), reinforce, hold, brace, uphold, bolster, underpin, shore up, buttress the thick wooden posts that supported the ceiling 5. follow, back, champion, encourage, favour, advocate, side with, espouse I've supported Newcastle all my miserable life.

encourage - contribute to the progress or growth of; "I am promoting the use of computers in the classroom" (ANIMAR, ALENTAR) promote, further, boost, advance connive at, wink at - give one's silent approval to conduce, contribute, lead - be conducive to; "The use of computers in the classroom lead to better writing" back up, support - give moral or psychological support, aid, or courage to; "She supported him during the illness"; "Her children always backed her up"

SHARP:

(keen) ‹eyesight› agudo, bueno;‹hearing› fino, agudo, bueno;

tell off - reprimand; "She told the misbehaving student off" (REPRENDER, LLAMAR LA ATENCIÓN) brush down call on the carpet, chew out, chew up, chide, dress down, have words, bawl out, berate, rebuke, reproof, scold, take to task, call down, lambast, lambaste, lecture, reprimand, remonstrate, trounce, jaw, rag - censure severely or angrily; "The mother scolded the child for entering a stranger's car"; "The deputy ragged the Prime Minister"; "The customer dressed down the waiter for bringing cold soup"

flat out rude: completamente grosero cool [kʊ:l] I nombre

1 fresco, frescor 2 familiar calma to keep/loose one's cool, mantener/perder la calma

II

adjetivo 1 (algo frío) fresco,-a: it was cool last night, hacía fresco anoche ➣ Ver nota en fresco 2 (agradable) a cool drink, una bebida fresca a cool place, un sitio fresquito 3 sereno,-a, tranquilo,-a to keep cool, mantener la calma 4 familiar guay

deputy noun representative, stand-in, substitute, ambassador, agent, commissioner, delegate, lieutenant, subordinate, proxy, surrogate, second-in-command, nuncio, legate, vicegerent, number two France's minister for culture and his deputy attended the meeting. adjective assistant, acting, supporting, helping, substitute, stand-in, temporary, fill-in, subordinate, depute (Scot.) the academy's deputy director

stoop (descender, bajar, inclinarse) verb 1. hunch, walk with a stoop, be bowed or round-shouldered She was

taller than he was and stooped slightly. 2. bend, lean, bow, duck, descend, incline, kneel, crouch, squat He stooped to pick up the carrier bag of groceries.

growl (GRUÑIDO) - the sound of growling (as made by animals) growling cry - the characteristic utterance of an animal; "animal cries filled the night"

mild adjective 1. faint, slight, vague, minimal, feeble He turned to her with a look of mild confusion. 2. gentle, kind, easy, soft, pacific, calm, moderate, forgiving, tender, pleasant, mellow, compassionate, indulgent, serene, easy-going, amiable, meek, placid, docile, merciful, peaceable, forbearing, equable, easy-oasy (slang) He is a mild man, reasonable almost to the point of blandness. gentle strong, powerful, violent, severe, harsh, unpleasant, unkind 3. temperate, warm, calm, moderate, clement, tranquil, balmy The area is famous for its mild winters. temperate cold, wild, violent, bitter, rough, fierce, harsh, stormy 4. bland, thin, smooth, tasteless, insipid, flavourless The cheese has a soft, mild flavour. 5. soothing, mollifying, emollient, demulcent, lenitive Wash your face thoroughly with a mild soap. 6. light, humane, compassionate, clement, lenient, merciful A mild punishment might be 50 pressups on the spot

disguise (DISIMULANDO) - make unrecognizable; "The herb masks the garlic taste"; "We disguised our faces before robbing the bank" mask conceal, hide - prevent from being seen or discovered; "Muslim women hide their faces"; "hide the money" cloak, mask, dissemble - hide under a false appearance; "He masked his disappointment" dissimulate - hide (feelings) from other people masquerade - take part in a masquerade camouflage - disguise by camouflaging; exploit the natural surroundings to disguise something; "The troops camouflaged themselves before they went into enemy territory"

How to tell people off in a mild way:

I'm really upset about the situation

I don't think that's fair/on

I'm not having/putting up with this. (No puedo soportar/tolerar esto)

Enough is enough

More direct and aggressive:

I've had enough of this nonsense (tonterías). I'm not taking any more.

What do you think you're doing?

Are you mad or something?

I think you have gone crazy.

What on earth/the hell (demonios) was all that about? ¿Qué rayos/qué demonios/qué narices...?

Who is responsible for this mess (desastre, lío, embolado) now?

Are you trying to say that you know better?

Well, let me tell you that you've got a lot to learn!

nonsense - a message that seems to convey no meaning

Few ironical comments:

Oh, so you know better than everybody else, do you?

Was that the "wonderful idea" that was going to solve the problem?

I'm so "overwhelmed" ("abrumado") that I don't know what to say

Please, spare me with your expertise next time

Is that the best you can come up ("hasta donde puedes llegar)" with?

5.- Now think of what you would say in the following situations:

a) Your secretary has forgotten to send an important letter yet again

When I ask you to do something, I expect you to do it

b) Your employee has missed the deadline to write up a proposal

I'm very annoyed with you for having missed the deadline and I sincerely hope you have an explanation

c) Your boss has failed (fallado) to promote you again this year

I honestly don't think this is fair

d) Your partner has hidden information from you

I thought we trusted each other so I'm very hurt (dolido) about this

e) You've caught your child lying

That was bad, I'm very angry at ??? you. What do you have to say for yourself?

I am angry with you Explanation: This should be the right way to say that you are not happy with someone. Angry on: cannot be used in English. Even though 'on' is the right preposition to use after 'angry' in Arabic, and it would be wrong to use it in English. Angry at: again is not 100% acceptable in English in such a sentence. If you want to use 'at' the sentence would be: I am angry at what you did/have done. Explanation: English is again terribly illogical here. As I tried to explain before, this site is a poor way to try to learn English. The answers you are getting are not all correct or complete (see the question on do/have). "on you" is definitely wrong in all cases. With a personal object like "you", meaning the person being spoken to, there are two expressions that mean EXACTLY the same thing. One is somewhat more formal than the other: 1. "I am angry with you." (somewhat more formal 2. below) – with the modifier "angry", you must use "with" 2. "I am mad at you." (somewhat less formal than 1. above) – with the modifier "mad" (which means the same as "angry"), you must use "at" If your sentence has a different type of object; a person, act, or thing ABOUT which the speaker is angry = mad, then the sentence is constructed with "about":

"I am angry/mad ABOUT what Jim said."

f) The bank has charged you for something that doesn't correspond to you.

I expect this matter to be solved as soon as possible

g) The insurance company refuses to pay some domestic damage

I strongly suggest you reconsider this matter or I'll be forced to take legal actions

h) Your landlord has raised your rent for the second time this year.

This is completely unjustifiable and I'm afraid I refuse to pay.

T.: Boo, I’ve just come back from an allegedly (supuestamente) ecological trip in Brazil and it was a con.(estafa, fraude) F.: How do you mean? In what way? T.: Well, everything looked green, but it was a fake… what they call “green-washing” (publicidad ecológica engañosa). F.: Oh, dear. If it was all foreign then it must have been very dear (muy caro) T.: The company takes you by plane to the middle of the wild forest… everything looks green… everything IS green! But then you realise that they pollute (contaminar) the air and everything they do is against the most elementary green rules. Even the hotel is part of an American chain. All the management posts are in the hands of Americans. F.:It sounds terrible. Was it really that bad? T.: Exactly. The prices were impossible. It was all very classy, very posh, very exclusive, but not ecological or sustainable in the slightest. T.: To give you an idea, all the plastic things were non-recyclable, the fountains weren’t recyclable either, and the golf course had obviously caused a great agricultural area to shut down. F.: You should leave your impressions on the web to warn (prevenir, informar) other people against this place T.: Exactly, that’s what I thought!

allegedly /əˈledʒədli / || /əˈledʒɪdli/ adverbio (indep) supuestamente, según se dice; she ~ visited him that morning supuestamente or según se dice lo habría visitado esa mañana

con (ESTAFA) noun

swindle, trick, fraud, deception, scam (slang), sting (informal), bluff I am afraid you have been the victim of a con.

pollute verb 1. contaminate, dirty, mar, poison, soil, foul, infect, spoil, stain, taint, adulterate, make filthy, smirch, befoul beaches polluted by sewage pumped into the sea expensive adjective costly, high-priced, lavish, extravagant, rich, dear, stiff, excessive, steep (informal), pricey, overpriced, exorbitant He has a lot of expensive recording equipment.

classy adjective (Informal) high-class, select, exclusive, superior, elegant, stylish, posh (informal, chiefly Brit.), swish (informal, chiefly Brit.), up-market, urbane, swanky (informal), top-drawer, ritzy (slang), high-toned Her parents lived in Rome's classy Monte Mario quarter.

slight adjective 1. small, minor, insignificant, negligible, weak, modest, trivial, superficial, feeble, trifling, meagre, unimportant, paltry, measly, insubstantial, scanty, inconsiderable It's only made a slight difference.

warn - notify of danger, potential harm, or risk; "The director warned him that he might be fired"; "The doctor warned me about the dangers of smoking"

The golf course had obviously caused a great agricultural area to shut down

shut down - cease to operate or cause to cease operating; "The owners decided to move and to close the factory"; "My business closes every night at 8 P.M."; "close up the shop" close down, close up, fold, close adjourn, retire, withdraw - break from a meeting or gathering; "We adjourned for lunch"; "The men retired to the library"

timetable noun 1. schedule, programme, agenda, list, diary, calendar, order of the day The timetable was hopelessly optimistic.

C: My name is Les Read. I’m calling about a reservation I made just under a month ago. I’d like to change it for Easter because I’ve got timetable problems. R: I'll have to check whether there are vacancies (habitaciones libres) at that time of year. It's usually quite busy. C: You mean I have to change my vacations? R: No, no, I haven´t checked it yet. C: Please, go ahead and check. The dates would be between April 12th and 19th. R: How many people is the reservation for? C: Six people: two adults and four children. They’re quite small so we’d rather sleep all together in the same room. R.: I can see you had reserved a family room. You could actually (en realidad) use the same room in Easter (semana santa) C: Oooh, what a relief. R: This family room has views of the cow stable. The children might like to go there early in the morning to help milk the cows (OJO ORDEÑAR LAS VACAS) C: Can we have cow’s milk? R.: Of course you can, but not straight after milking the cow. It needs to be pasteurised first. C: Everything sounds like fun, thanks. I’m sure they’ll love your resort. R: There're lots of things they can do. They can help in the organic orchard (huerto) go fishing in the river, go horse riding C: Yes, I know. I’ve read the brochure with the list of activities for children. Knowing my children, they’ll want to try everything. R: Very well, sir. We'll expect you on April 12th then What type of holidays is the prospective client looking for?

Family holidays in a sustainable resort with children activities

What sort of problem does he have?

He can't come on the dates he had made the booking for

Is the Ruralia Natural Resort the sort of place he was looking for?

Definitely

Is the family going there in the end?

prospective - of or concerned with or related to the future; "prospective earnings"; "a prospective mother"; "a prospective bride"; "the statute is solely prospective in operation"

Yes, even the same room is available

Cuando el infinitivo termina en "d" o "t" la pronunciación de -ed es: /id/: needed, attended, visited, created

Cuando el infinitivo termina en una consonante sorda, la pronunciación de "ed" es /t/: stopped, worked, spotted, missed

9 VOICELESS CONSONANTS - 9 CONSONANTES SORDAS

Cuando el infinitivo termina en una vocal o en consonante sonora, la pronunciación de "ed" es /d/: played, grabbed, lived, controlled

15 VOICED CONSONANTS - 15 CONSONANTES SONORAS

threat (amenaza) noun 1. danger, risk, hazard, menace, peril the threat of tropical storms 2. threatening remark, menace, commination, intimidatory remark He may be forced to carry out his threat to resign. 3. possibility, prospect, likelihood, chance, risk, danger, probability The company was reprieved from the threat of closure. 4. warning, foreshadowing, foreboding The people who lived there felt a permanent sense of threat.

gather (reunir, juntar) verb 1. congregate, assemble, get together, collect, group, meet, mass, rally, flock, come together, muster, convene, converge, rendezvous, foregather In the evenings, we gathered round the fire and talked.

FLORA Y FAUNA

A) BIRD: Beak, crown, breast, nape, back, belly, tail, wings, feet, legs

Beak (pico de pájaro)

crown: ... The top or highest part of the head. The crest of an animal, especially of a bird.

breast [brest] nombre 1 (general) pecho (de mujer) pecho, seno 2 Culin (de pollo, etc) pechuga ♦ LOC: figurado to make a clean breast of it, confesarlo todo

nape - the back side of the neck (NUCA) back 1 /bæk/ sustantivo countable ( Anat ) (of human) espalda f;(of animal) lomo m;

belly / ˈbeli/ sustantivo (pl -lies) (of person) vientre m, barriga f (fam);(of animal) panza f, vientre m;

foot 1 /fʊt/ sustantivo (pl feet) countable (of person) pie m;(of animal) pata f;(on sewing machine) pie m;

leg 1 /leɡ/ sustantivo ( Anat ) (of person) pierna f;(of animal, bird) pata f

tail 1 /teɪl/ sustantivo (of horse, fish, bird) cola f;(of dog, pig) rabo m, cola f; wing 1 /wɪŋ/ sustantivo (ALAS) countable or uncountable ( Zool ) ala f‡;a bird on the ~ un pájaro volando ; B) HORSE: hoof, face, rump, throat, loin, forearm, knee, back, crest hoof 1 /hʊf / ||/huːf/ sustantivo (pl hoofs or hooves) ( Zool ) (of horse) casco m, vaso m (RPl), pezuña f (Méx); (of cow) pezuña f rump /rʌmp/ sustantivo countable (of horse) grupa f, ancas fpl throat: garganta, cuello loin /lɔɪn/ sustantivo (lomo) loins pl ( Anat ) (liter) entrañas fpl; The part of the body of a human or quadruped on either side of the backbone and between the ribs and hips (caderas).

fore·arm 2 (fôrärm, fr-) n. 2. The corresponding part of the foreleg in certain quadrupeds, such as a horse. crest [krɛst] n 1. (Life Sciences & Allied Applications / Zoology) a tuft or growth of feathers, fur, or skin along the top of the heads of some birds, reptiles, and other animals 4. (Life Sciences & Allied Applications / Zoology) a ridge on the neck of a horse, dog, lion, etc. mane [meɪn] nombre 1 (de león, persona) melena 2 (de caballo) crin C) FISH: eye, mouth, pectoral fin (aletas pecho), dorsal fin (aleta dorsal), gill (branquias, agallas), tail or caudal fin (cola), snout (hocico, morro) gill 1 (gl) (BRANQUIAS, AGALLAS) n. tail 1 /teɪl/ sustantivo: COLA   (of horse, fish, bird) cola f;(of dog, pig) rabo m, cola f;

snout /snaʊt/ sustantivo (of animal) hocico m, morro m

d) LANGOSTINO: KING PRAWN (algo parecido): Leg, tail, eye, scales, mouth, antennae, thorax, abdomen SCALES: escamas

e) FLOWER: bud (capullo), sepal, leaf (leaves), stamen (estambres), stem, thorn (espina)

bud 1 /bʌd/ sustantivo ( Bot ) brote m, yema f;(of flower) capullo m;

leaf 1 /liːf/ sustantivo (pl leaves) (of plant, tree) hoja

stamen / ˈsteɪmən/ sustantivo estambre m

stem 1 /stem/ sustantivo (of plant) tallo m;(of leaf) peciolo m, pecíolo m

thorn espinas

f) TREE: branch (ramas), roots, leaves, bark (corteza), crown/canopy, fruit, trunk (tronco), seeds CANOPY .- 5. The uppermost layer in a forest, formed by the crowns of the trees. Also called crown canopy.

trunk (of tree) tronco m (torso) tronco m (of elephant) trompa f

bark 1 /bɑːrk / || /bɑːk/ sustantivo uncountable (on tree) corteza f countable (of dog, seal) ladrido m;her/his ~ is worse than her/his bite perro que ladra no muerde or (Esp) perro ladrador, poco mordedor

POLL es una especie de loro o la coronilla (parte redonda sin pelo) de los monos o curas poll - a tame parrot poll parrot parrot - usually brightly colored zygodactyl tropical birds with short hooked beaks and the ability to mimic sounds

BARBELLS (pesas de gimnasio, piercing)

NOSTRILS: agujeros de la nariz

barbell (bärbl) n. A bar with adjustable weights at each end, lifted for sport or exercise. ANUS: ano

claw 1 /klɔː/ sustantivo (of tiger, lion) zarpa f, garra f; (of eagle) garra f; (of crab, lobster) pinza f;

Sustainable Tourism According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), “the development of sustainable tourism responds to the needs of tourists and of hosting regions, and it aims (aspirar, querer) at protecting and improving their future opportunities. This form of tourism is focused towards the management of all resources so that they satisfy all economic, social and aesthetic needs. At the same time they have to respect cultural integrity, the elementary ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems. For there to be sustainable tourism, the environment has to be preserved in the short, medium and long term, and boost (estimular) local economic growth, as well as aiming at the client’s satisfaction. In many regions of this planet this is the only alternative to economic growth. Let’s remember the recent tragedy in Haiti, with such little economic growth shared with the Dominican Republic, so much richer thanks to the development of the tourism industry. For this country in ruins, making a sustainable tourism plan could help the population get out of misery. If they manage to obtain international help, they could promote the creation of sustainable hotels and everything that goes with it: little restaurants and shops around the hotels, sports facilities like golf courses, transport infrastructure (taxis, rental cars, aeroplanes…) and all the providers of services for all these small industries. This would be a golden opportunity particularly for young people and for women. Another advantage of this type of tourism would be intercultural communication, since the population would get to know people from different countries and tourists would know the culture, art, handcraft, and habits and way of life of the locals. The risk that both European and American multinationals attempt to colonize tourist opportunities should be prevented. If they start building luxury hotels without considering the environment, they will end up contaminating natural resources and exploiting the place economically, taking the benefits back to their respective countries, and leaving back just the salaries of no or little qualified employees, like waiters and cleaners

Hosting (acoger, hospedar)

improve verb 1. enhance, better, add to, upgrade, amend, mend, augment, embellish, enhance damage, harm, mar, worsen, impair 2. get better, pick up, look up (informal), develop, advance, perk up, take

a turn for the better (informal) The weather is beginning to improve. 3. make better, perfect, polish, strengthen, temper, refine, cultivate, elevate, hone He said he wanted to improve his football. 4. recuperate, recover, rally, mend, make progress, turn the corner, gain ground, gain strength, convalesce, be on the mend, grow better, make strides, take on a new lease of life (informal) He had improved so much the doctor cut his dosage.

management / ˈmænɪdʒmənt/ sustantivo uncountable (act) ( Busn ) dirección f, administración f, gestión f;

resource / ˈriːsɔːrs / || /rɪˈsɔːs/ n countable recurso m; natural/human ~s recursos naturales/humanos;

FOR THERE TO BE: Por consiguiente

PRESERVED: protegido

boost [bu:st] I nombre estímulo, empuje: that drink sure gave me a boost!, ¡esa bebida sí que me

ha puesto en órbita!

II

verbo transitivo 1 empujar hacia arriba (los beneficios, precios) aumentar 2 (la moral) levantar 3 (el turismo, las exportaciones, etc) fomentar

Turismo sostenible.

Acorde con la Organización Mundial del Turismo (WTO), el desarrollo del turismo sostenible responde a las necesidades de los turistas y las regiones que los acogen y su objetivo de proteger y mejorar sus futuras oportunidades.

Esta modalidad de turismo está orientada hacia la administración de todos los recursos y así poder satisfacer todas las necesidades económicales, sociales y estética (medioambiental???)

Al mismo tiempo, ellos deben respetar la integridad cultural, el proceso básico/elemental ecológico, la diversidad biológica y el sistema de soporte vital (el mantenimiento de la vida)

Por consiguiente, el medio ambiente tiene que estar protegido en el corto, medio y largo espacio de tiempo y fomentar el crecimiento económico local, así como el objetivo de "conseguir" la satisfacción del cliente.

En muchas regiones de este planeta, ésta es la única alternativa de crecimiento. Basta recordar la reciente tragedia en Haite, con tan pequeño crecimiento económico compartido con la República Dominicana, más rica gracias al desarrollo de la industria turística. Para esta región en ruinas, la realización de un plan de turismo sostenible, podría ayudar a la población a salir de la miseria.

attempt 1 /əˈtempt/ verbo transitivo (try) to ~ to + inf/-ing tratar de or intentar + inf

Prevent: (prevenir, impedir, evitar): foreclose, forestall, preclude, forbid, save, obstruct, frustate, keep, keep out, keep away, kibosh, stop, block

prairie / ˈpreri / || / ˈpreəri/ n countable or uncountable pradera f, llanura f;

admission fee: entrada, cuota de admisión

brochure - a small book usually having a paper cover booklet, folder, pamphlet, leaflet

camping site - a site where people on holiday can pitch a tent (=campsite) city centre - the central part of a city cruise ship - a passenger ship used commercially for pleasure cruises twin beds npl (two single beds) camas gemelas nfpl downtown 1 / ˈdaʊnˈtaʊn/ n uncountable (AmE) centro m (de la ciudad); (before n) ~ New York el centro de Nueva York; fortnight (esp BrE) quince días, dos semanas; ( Busn ) quincena guesthouse / ˈ ( Tourism ) (in UK) casa f de huéspedes, pensión f hiking trail camino de montaña n holiday-maker n

Brit a person who goes on holiday US and Canadian equivalents vacationer vacationist

HOSTEL: a hotel providing overnight lodging (alojamiento) for travelers. Auberge / hostelry / inn / lodge / youth hostel

inn /ɪn/ sustantivo (tavern) taberna f; (hotel) hostal m, hostería f; ( Hist ) posada f

motor home n casa rodante nf

package deal n

(all-inclusive offer) paquete nm TODO INCLUIDO

parking lot n US aparcamiento

ROUND TICKET (US) A round ticket covers a round trip, which is otherwise called a two-way or return trip.

return ticket n Brit a ticket entitling a passenger to travel to his destination and back again US and Canadian equivalent round-trip ticket

single ticket n Brit a ticket entitling a passenger to travel only to his destination, without returning US and Canadian equivalent one-way ticket Compare return ticket

sightseer - a tourist who is visiting sights of interest excursionist, rubberneck, tripper holidaymaker, tourer, tourist - someone who travels for pleasure

sunscreen/sun lotion/sunblock - a cream spread on the skin; contains a chemical (as PABA) to filter out ultraviolet light and so protect from sunburn sunburn ['sʌnbɜ:n] nombre quemadura de sol theme park n

(fairground) parque de atracciones nm

mountaineering / ˈmaʊntnʲˈɪrɪŋ / || / ˌmaʊntɪˈnɪərɪŋ/ n uncountable

alpinismo m, andinismo mountaineering - the activity of climbing a mountain mountain climbing unrelated / ˈʌnrɪˈleɪtəd / || / ˌʌnrɪˈleɪtɪd/ adjetivo ‹facts/events› no relacionados (entre sí) I'm sick of this computer hanging all the time FRUSTRATION I'm over the moon with your news, congratulations HAPPINESS I don't give a damn (condena) about what you say or do ANGER (enfado) (damn: Used to express anger, irritation, contempt, or disappointment) Leave me alone, I beg you! DESPERATION Oh, my goodness, I don't know what to do now. ANGUISH (angustia) I've never ever met somebody as capable (capaz, compentente) as you, well done!. ADMIRATION I'm desperate to know if he's been promoted. I really can't wait! CURIOSITY Oooh, poor thing, pull yourself together; you'll be alright. SYMPATHY I don't mind at all that she's more successful than me. As if I care!. JEALOUSY

What? I don't mind... whatever you like. INDIFFERENCE I'm definitely going for it this time. I promise!. DETERMINATION I don't know what's wrong with me. I don't fancy doing anything. APATHY (apatía) Hurray! We're the best in the west! ENTHUSIASM. pull yourself together interj

informal (regain your composure)

recobrar la compostura loc sobreponerse

Altering the position of the direct and the indirect objects The secretary gave the documents to his boss. // The secretary gave his boss the documents. (Note that if the indirect object appears before the direct object, the preposition disappears). The guest bought a small present for her hostess. // The guest bought her hostess a small present. This shift is possible only with a small number of verbs. (cf. The city dedicated a monument to the hero. // *The city dedicated the hero a monument). Another alteration occurs when the sentence is not fully assertive (1).- either because it is conditional, 2).- there is a negative linking element at the beginning, 3).- there is a “negative” adverb of frequency). This causes the relative order of the subject and the verb (or auxiliary) to modify Not only was he happy, he also gave the day off to all his employees to show his gratitude.

Not only did they sing the national anthem (himno nacional), the stood up (dar la cara, defender) with great solemnity

He didn't like herring (arenque) salad, nor (tampoco) did he like raw (crudo) herring (arenques crudos) nor /nər/ , /nɔːr / ||/nɔː(r)/ conjunción neither … nor … see neither 1 (usu with neg) tampoco;I mustn't be late — ~ (must) I no debo llegar tarde — yo tampoco or ni yo; ~ does my client deny the fact that … tampoco niega mi cliente el hecho de que... Into the room ran a king penguin (pinguino emperador) In the garden is an oak (roble) tree (mal) ESTÁ MAL LA FRASE: The city dedicated the hero a monument. Subject + verb + objects+ complements. Primero CD y después CI. 20. Provide a subject-verb/auxiliary inversion when possible: a) The two squirrels (ardillas) scurried (corrieron a refugiarse) upon (encima de, sobre) the roof. UPON THE ROOF SCURRIED THE TWO SQUIRRELS. b) A bloody scarf was hanging from the lamp. FROM THE LAMP WAS HANGING A BLOODY (sangrienta) SCARF c) If I were a millionaire, I wouldn’t quit my job. WERE I A MILLONAIRE, I WOULDN'T QUIT MY JOB d) He seldom (rara vez, pocas veces, casi nunca)brushes his teeth. SELDOM does he brush his teeth e) A strange stain (mancha) was found on the wall. ON THE WALL WAS FOUND (ojo es el participio pasado de FIND) a STRANGE STAIN. f) If you had known what was coming, you would have warned (advertido) me, wouldn’t you? HAD YOU KNOWN WHAT WAS COMING, YOU WOULD HAVE WARNED ME, WOULDN'T YOU?

FRASES COORDINADAS: AND, OR, BUT, NOR (cuando la primera frase es negativa)

I drink coffee and eat biscuits ( el sujeto en la segunda frase se omite;

esto sólo es posible en frases coordinadas)

You can either stay or go; it's up to you

He means well, but he always has his mind somewhere else.

She doesn't worry about trivial things nor does she spend any time on them (inversión en la segunda oración)

BOTH Mary and I agree on where to go for our summer holidays

Neither Mary nor I can make our minds up about where to go for our...

Either Mary or I will come will come with you so that you don't have to be waiting there by yourself.

Algunos verbos están complementados por otros que les siguen. El último puede tener su propio sujeto " I suggest that you study your part well before the meeting" o no. En este caso, el verbo de la oración subordinada puede ser un verbo terminado en "ing" or un infinitivo con la partículo "to".

He gave up playing (DEJÓ DE TOCAR) the cello after the accident.

The usher (ACOMODADOR) used to ask for a tip

Verbs of command (e.g., order, demand) and volition (e.g., want, desire) are normally followed by an infinitive with ‘to’: The piano man asked the audience to be quiet. I would like you to teach me how to play the trombone. Sometimes, verbs indicating the beginning or the end of an action can take either. The baritone began coughing / to cough helplessly.

They are at the point of setting up (establecer) a record company. There is a curious change in meaning when some verbs indicating the end of an action are followed by an ‘–ing’ form or an infinitive:

The band stopped to greet their fans. (meaning: they stopped what they were doing previously) The band stopped greeting their fans. (meaning: they ceased to greet them because they had had enough)

used [jʊ:zd] adjetivo 1 usado,-a, viejo,-a 2 [jʊ:st] to be used to, estar acostumbrado,-a a: she's used to getting up early, está acostumbrada a levantarse temprano I just can't get used to this hot weather,

typo errata nf either 3 pronombre (esp BrE) cualquiera; (with neg) ninguno, -na; (in questions) alguno, -na; ~ (one) would be suitable cualquiera (de los dos) serviría; I couldn't wear ~ of those dresses no podría ponerme ninguno de esos vestidos

loath /ləʊθ/ adjetivo (pred) to be ~ to + inf resistirse a + inf

abhor /əbˈhɔːr / || /əbˈhɔː(r)/ verbo transitivo -rr- (frml) detestar, aborrecer(conj.⇒)

The piano man asked the audience TO BE quiet

I would like you to teach me how TO PLAY the trombone

Algunos verbos que indican el comienzo o el final de una acción puede tomar cualquiera (ver):

The baritone began coughing/to cough (TOSER) helplessly (SIN PODER CONTENERSE).

They are at the point of setting up (ESTABLECER) a record company

Hay un cambio curioso cuando los verbos que indican el final de una acción están seguidos por la partícula "ing" o por infinitivo:

The band stopped to greet their fans (meaning: they stopped what they were doing previously). Aquí se entiende que la banda paró para saludar a sus fans.

The band stopped greeting their fans (meaning: they ceased to greet them because they had had enough). Aquí se entiende que la banda paró de saludar a sus fans

Although / Even though: aún, aunque

Whether: si. I don't know whether he's in (or not)

Since: desde que (ever)... Since I saw (pasado) her

furthermore adv

(in addition, moreover) además adv

besides 1 /bɪˈsaɪdz/ preposición (in addition to) además de;

thread 1 /θred/ sustantivo countable or uncountable (filament) hilo m;to follow/lose/pick up the ~ of a

plot/conversation seguir(conj.⇒)/perder(conj.⇒)/retomar el hilo de una trama/conversación; to hang by a ~ pender de un hilo

Embedded clauses (encierra oraciones) Although/ Even though she's always had a very good musical ear, she doesn't play any instrument. Whether or not the plan succeeds, we've had enormous fan working on it Since their ideas were brilliant, we decided to incorporate them all If she is expected to make an informed decision, she says she needs to know more data Please repeat evetyhing to me while we're waiting for them to come. The conductor told the musicians to STAND UP The soprano is about TO SING her part The public wants the singer TO DO more encores (repetición: otra, otra!) We started to collect/collecting old records

flashbacks: escenas restrospectivas Of course, flashbacks have to follow a certain logic and be dosified in a motivated way, like the clues (pistas) in a mystery story unbiased: imparcial reliable: fiable narrative irony: Make the reader believe that s/he knows more than the narrator. A Narrative sample: Falling in love. It was 5 o’clock in the evening and the Paseo de la Castellana avenue was collapsed with traffic. On arriving at the junction at María de Molina street, I saw that the traffic jam (atasco) carried on all the way to the airport route. I thought it was a mistake to have taken a taxi. I was covered in perspiration (transpiración, sudor, sweat) with anxiety, which was increasing with the little electronic noise of the taximeter. I had another glimpse (a brief, incomplete view or lood) and it indicated 30 euros. I got even more nervous when I thought how much the final price of the journey was going to be by the time we arrived at the airport. Probably more than the plane ticket itself. I was flying with a low budget company and had manager to pay only 60 euros for my return flight to Rome. Dario would be waiting for me there when I arrived and I was eager(enthusiastic) to see him again. I considered whether I should get off the taxi and get the underground, but the problem was the size and weight of my luggage. It took almost an hour for us to arrive at the airport and I paid a small fortune for a journey that was barely 9 kilometers. Once inside the terminal building I ran to the check-in desk expecting to be told that it was too late to check in only to be told that my flight was going to have a delay of at least seven hours. Angry, frustrated, and sweaty, I decided to go to one of the cafeterias in the building. There were no trolleys in sight (visible)... He pointed out (indicar, señalar) that there were three more free chairs. I thought to my self.... certainly not bein sat... at the terminal...We rushed (to move or act swiftly, hurry) to each other IRELAND.- Ireland is the third largest island in Europe. It lies to the northwest of continental Europe and is surrounded by a large number of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland is the Irish Sea, which separates it from the Great Britain island. The government of the island of Ireland is divided between two independent jurisdictions: 1).- the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and 2).- Ireland (the state, also known as "the Republic of Ireland"). The Republic covers five-sixths of the island. The island has lush (abundant) vegetation, a product of its mild but changeable oceanic climate,

which avoids extremes in temperature. Ireland has been populated for over 9,000 years but there is very little information about the Palaeolithic and Neolithic inhabitants of this island. During the last 1,000 years, there has been influence from the Normans and the Vikings, who funded several ports. However, 80% of the Irish population comes from the original inhabitants who came after the Ice of Age. During many years it was believed that the Irish were of a Celtic origin but recent DNA evidence demonstrates that the people from the west are closely related genetically to the population in the north of Spain (apparently, the toponym “Galicia” comes from the root “Gael”, which derived into “Celt” in Latin). The total population of Ireland is over 4 million and approximately 1.7 million in Greater Dublin. In 1841 the population was about 6.5 million and it went down to 5,1 million in 1850 after the Great Irish Famine /death of millons of people from starvation (hambre) and disease (enfermedad)/ not only due to life loss but also massive emigration. The population continued decreasing until 1960, where there were only 2.8 million people living in the country. Today, Dublin, the capital, has over 1,500,000 inhabitants. After this, the largest towns are Cork, Limerick, Galway and Waterford. Ireland has traditionally been an emigrant country due to the economic situation. This situation has changed in the last 15 years and today over 10% of the population living in this country is of foreign origin. Ireland’s economy has depended for centuries on agriculture, but today services and industry take the lead in the country’s economy. The latter represents 38% of the GNP, around 80% of exportations and 30% of jobs. In particular, Ireland is one of the main exporters in the world in services and products related to software. One of the many things for which Ireland is admired worldwide is its music. “Irish Music” is the generic term for music that has been created in various genres on the island of Ireland. The indigenous music of the island is termed “Irish traditional music”. It has remained vibrant (lively, vital) through the 20th, and into the 21st century, despite globalizing cultural forces. In spite of emigration and a well-developed connection to music influences from Britain and the United States, Irish music has kept many of its traditional aspects and has itself influenced many forms of music, such as country and roots music in the USA, which in turn (a su vez) have had some influence on modern rock music. It has occasionally been fused with rock and roll, punk rock and other genres. Some of these fusion artists have attained mainstream success (han logrado importantes éxitos), at home and abroad. In recent decades Irish music in many different genres has been very successful internationally. However, the most successful genres have been rock, popular and traditional fusion, with performers such as Enya, Bob Geldof, The Corrs, The Chieftains, Riverdance, Van Morrison, Sinéad O'Connor, and, of course, U2, achieving success nationally and internationally. Hence: De ahí To name but a few A survey: un estudio, encuesta Researchers took into account not just income... cozy: de los más conveniente

a) What is the earliest link between Ireland and Spain? Early inhabitants from the west of Ireland have been found to be genetically related to the population in the north of Spain, so it is thought that the latter migrated (emigraron) there at some point in the past b) What is the Great Irish Famine? The Great Famine was a period of mass starvation, disease and emigration between 1845 and 1852. It was caused by a potato disease commonly known as potato blight (plaga, cáncer, peste) linked to the fact that one-third of the population was entirely dependent on the potato for food. c) What has its economy been based on in the past? What is it based on today? Ireland's economy used to be based mainly on agriculture. Today, it has been largely replaced by services and industry, mainly software development. Bush: monte near-death: cercana a la muerte downward slope: ladera baja overtaking: adelantando honking: tocando la bocina edge: borde, orilla burst: reventar skidded: derrapado collarbone: clavícula bashed: golpeado life-threatening injuries: peligro para la vida wreck: restos shuttle bus: public transport on pain: hurt, injuries flee/fled/flee: huir, escapar tow truck: grúa, remolque goatherds: cabreros scrapheap: desguaces As the soon-to-be spouse: como pronto me casaría

allegedly: supuestamente good bill of health: informe médico physician: médico Hat's off to: quitarse el sombrero Mummified: momificada handover: entrega intricately: detalladamente eye socket: órbita ojo savage: salvaje overruled: invalidado, desautorizado fear (feared): temer incantations: ensalmos sought after: deseado, buscado burial: entierro slaves: esclavos what did you do during your work breaks? We made the most of our time by taking extra classes. Which of the following sentences is right? By the time we arrived, the show was almost over MAL: By the time... the show has almost finished. By the time... the show has almost ended. WRONG: Whichever she wears, she always looks splendid. GOOD: No matter what she wears, she always looks splendid. It doesn't matter what she wears... GOOD: a wonderful crispy chilly winter morning Which of the following is NOT a Canadian celebration?

July 4th. Sí lo es Boxing Day and Thanksgivig Day. Which replay to "thank you" would be inappropiate? At all. Which of the following sentences does NOT show that the speaker is really upset? Too much is too much. Sí lo son: I don't think that's on (No creo que eso sea todo) I'm not putting up with this (No puedo soportar esto) Which of the following sentences would be a natural reply? Knowing you, I bet you didn't appreciate her answer Which of the following trees is not deciduos (de hoja caduca)? Oak tree (roble), Pine tree (pino). MAPLE (arce) Crow: cuervo If you manage to do something... you succeed in doing it. Which of the following sentences is meaningful (con sentido)? For there to be plants, water is needed. MAL: If plants are to be, watter is required. If plants are there to be, water is necessary. Which of the following inversions is NOT acceptable?

Under the pillow the boy's tooth is. Está bien: Were I in your place, I'd back out of that deal. Not only did he congratulate me, he also invited me out for a meal. Which sentence is NOT acceptable? She helped me preparing the schedule. Están bien: She helped me to prepare... She helped me prepare the... Which is the most natural way of expressing regret (lamentar) or confession? What we did was against the most elementary rules of the company