the 'x' chronicles newspaper - may / june 2009

8/14/2019 The 'X' Chronicles Newspaper - May / June 2009

1/44

Vog. 43' @o 8= LRR@ + 43


2/44

Zmgbokm So Sem U Yo`mZmgbokm So Sem U Yo`mL` Selr Mclslo` of L` Selr Mclslo` of Sem U Beqo`lbgmrSem U Beqo`lbgmr

@mzrxdxmq@mzrxdxmq%Xql`s/O`gl`m/BC QOK%Xql`s/O`gl`m/BC QOK

Vmqrlo`,Vmqrlo`,

KD\ / I]@M 188< + L`cmuKD\ / I]@M 188< + L`cmu

Sosdg of 33 XdjmrSosdg of 33 Xdjmr

X}aglremq.....Qoa KbBo``mgg

Algg| Kmlmq9 Bo`sdbsmm oq Xqoxems............Xj 84Dqlyo`d ]FO Lcm`slflmc.............................Xj 41R}ajm`l}r ]FO B}gs..................................Xj 41Clc IFN Kmms M.S.?...................................Xj 43]FO Cmgd|r Xgd`m Fqok Gd`cl`j.............Xj 4=@ldjdqd Edr L`vlrlagm Bo}jdq...................Xj 46Dqm ]FOr D K|se?...................................Xj 46Edvm \o} Emdqc Sem E}k?...................Xj 46Qmrmdqbemqr so E}`s Aljfoos......................Xj 4:Kd|d` Xqoxemb| %1841,.............................Xj 4 ls*r o`m fqdkm fqok d flgk of sem seqmm]FOr...szo of zelbe clrdxxmdq gmdvl`j semosemq o`m eovmql`j$ @oz sem rnmxslbr zo}gcedvm so muxgdl`' `o sem| zo}gc edvm so xqovm'eoz d o`m+dqkmc kd` seqmz seqmm kocmgr l`sosem dlqd`c kd`djmc so nmmx semk semqm go`jm`o}je so flgk semk. Zelgm sem rnmxslbr dqm f}ggof }`r}arsd`sldsmc semoqlmr' sem| edvm o`g|cmko`rsqdsmc semlq bokxgmsm d`c sosdg l`dalgls|so xqovm semk a| d`| kmd`r.

Semrm `mus xeosor zmqm sdnm` a| Kmlmqfqok l`rlcm o`m of sem ]FOr' goonl`j o}s ds szokoqm.

Xeoso 44 FLJ]

Xeoso 41 FLJ]

Xeoso 42 FLJ]

Xeoso 43 FLJ] Bo`sl`}mc o` Xdjm 6


5/44

U Yo`m DcvmqslrmqrU Yo`m Dcvmqslrmqr ==XDQDXR\BEOGOJ\ BO]QRMRXDQDXR\BEOGOJ\ BO]QRMR

&&BMQSLFLBDSM XQOJQDKBMQSLFLBDSM XQOJQDK

) L`sqoc}bslo` so Xdqdxr|beogoj|) Sem Rmdqbe foq Glfm Dfsmq Cmdse

) Aml`j Xr|belb) Xdqdxr|beogoj|9 Sem Bqorrovmq Rblm`bm

) Jeors E}`sl j9 L`vmrsljdsl j sem Xdqd`oqkdg) Xr|beoNl`mrlr & Xqmboj lslo`

) Semoqlmr & Kocmgr of Xr|belb Muxmqlm`bm) BD Rsdsm Dxxqovmc Bmqslflbdsm l` Adrlb Xdqdxr|beogojlbdg Rs}clmr

Bo}qrmr dqm l` d}clo foqkds %kx2,' zlse zqlssm` kdsmqldgr. Bo}qrmr l`bg}cm smgmxeo`m %smgmbgdrr, bo`sdbs slkm.Bmqslflbdsm Xqojqdk l`bg}cmr koqm sed` 68 eo}qr qmboqcmc d}clo' zqlssm` kdsmqldgr' aoonr ++ xg}r }x so < eo}qrof glvm smgmbgdrr slkm' d`c ao`}r vlcmo. Zoqn ds |o}q oz` xdbm d`c rbemc}gm.

EBE L`rsls}smGdf|mssm' BD%


6/44

Algg| Kmlmq9Algg| Kmlmq9Bo`sdbsmm oq Xqoxems?Bo`sdbsmm oq Xqoxems?66Goon O}s foq SedsGoon O}s foq Seds

Sqmm$Sqmm$Bo`sl`}mc fqok Xdjm 3Bo`sl`}mc fqok Xdjm 3

Sem foggozl`j lr d` muxgd`dslo`' a|Idkmr Cmdqcoqff' qmjdqcl`j sem sqmm l` sem rmqlmrof xeosor seds foggozr. Xgmdrm `osm seds semoxl`lo`r em qmfmqr so dqm seorm of foqmrsq|muxmqsr' zeo n`oz sem clffmqm`bm amszmm`kocmgr d`c qmdg' f}gg+rlymc sqmmr' rokmsel`j semrnmxslbr rmmk rs}aaoq`g| }`dagm so }`cmqrsd`c.%rmm9 essx9//zzz.siqmrmdqbe.l`fo/koqmsqmm.esk,9

SEM SQMM*R KDS]QLS\. L` 4


7/44

Goon O}s foq SedsGoon O}s foq SedsSqmm$Sqmm$

Bo`sl`}mc fqok Xdjm 6Bo`sl`}mc fqok Xdjm 6

Emqm*r d fqdkm fqok d flgk zemqm sem]FO eovmqr ds sem sox of sem rbqmm`.

Emqm*r d`osemq fqdkm' sdnm` d fmzrmbo`cr gdsmq' zemqm sem ]FO + dxxmdql`jrkdggmq + edr !i}kxmc! ovmq so d clrsd`selggrlcm...d`c sem` clxr amel`c sem elgg amfoqmqms}q`l`j so sem bm`smq of sem rbqmm`. D`|o`mzd`s so sq| seds zlse d sl`| kocmg?

Dr foq bgdlkr seds d`| rnmxslbr edvm!c}xglbdsmc! Kmlmq*r xeosor %sem| zo`*s mvm` sq|

so c}xglbdsm sem flgkr' vlcmo d`c ro}`cqmboqcl`jr, xgmdrm goon ds sem cmsdlg l` semrmxeosor fqok 4


8/44

Algg| Kmlmq9Algg| Kmlmq9Bo`sdbsmm oq Xqoxems?Bo`sdbsmm oq Xqoxems?55Goon O}s foq SedsGoon O}s foq Seds

Sqmm$Sqmm$Bo`sl`}mc fqok Xdjm :Bo`sl`}mc fqok Xdjm :

D`c emqm dqm d bo}xgm of xeosor of dkd`' zeo*r dxxqoulkdsmg| 6* sdgg' l` adrlbdgg|sem rdkm gobdslo`. \o} bd` rmm seds `mlsemq em'òq sem aou' lr of r}fflblm`s emljes oq gm`jse soflgg sem rbm`m' dr sem ZB]FO clc.

Qmjdqcl`j sem sqmm l` semZB]FOYookl`j l` o` sem bqdfs l` fqo`s of dclrsd`s sqmm. D cd| gdsmq' `mdq sem rdkm xgdbm'v l c m o%essx9//zzz.algg|kmlmq.bok/dqbelvmr/Zmccl`j_Bdnm_relx.kxj,' emqm lr l`foqkdslo`' djdl`fqok Idkmr Cmdqcoqff' zoqse bo`rlcmql`jessx9//zzz.siqmrmdqbe.l`fo/Zmcbdnm.esk,9

Zmccl`j+bdnm bqdfs xdqsldgg| mbglxrmc a|gdqjm flq sqmm. O`g| dfsmq sem M`jglre vmqrlo` of Kmlmq*r Fosoa}be bdkm o}s clc L ambokm dzdqmof elr xeoso "5=8 dr x}aglremc l` Seqo}jeRxdbm d`c Slkm9 D Xeoso Io}q`dg of !Algg|!Mc}dqc Dgamqs Kmlmq %S}grd' ON9 Rsmmgkdqn GGB' 1883,' x. 443. Rmm Flj. 48. Selr zdr l` semelggr l` sem jm`mqdg vlbl`ls| of sem vlggdjmr/soz`rof D}màmqj' Mjj' Jlqmàdc d`c El`zlg' rokm4= klgmr MRM of Y}qlbe. Kmlmq reos ls dqo}`c1928 xk' Dxqlg 2' 4


9/44

Algg| Kmlmq9Algg| Kmlmq9Bo`sdbsmm oq Xqoxems?Bo`sdbsmm oq Xqoxems?


10/44

U Yo`m DcvmqslrmqrU Yo`m Dcvmqslrmqr4848

Dglm` D}soxr| L`t}mrsDglm` D}soxr| L`t}mrsa|a|

Xelglx Kd`sgmXelglx Kd`sgmSem ro+bdggmc Dglm` D}soxr| flgk zdr qmgmdrmc a| Go`co` a}rl`mrrkd` Qd| Rd`slggl l`D}j}rs of g


11/44

Algg| Kmlmq9Algg| Kmlmq9Bo`sdbsmm oq Xqoxems?Bo`sdbsmm oq Xqoxems? 4444Goon O}s foq SedsGoon O}s foq Seds

Sqmm$Sqmm$Bo`sl`}mc fqok Xdjm


12/44

\o}q Xmqro`dg @}kamqr\o}q Xmqro`dg @}kamqr4141

\O]QM L@VLSMC SO D XQLVDSM RBQMM@L@J\O]QM L@VLSMC SO D XQLVDSM RBQMM@L@J\O]Q GLFM RSOQ\ L@ @]KAMQR\O]Q GLFM RSOQ\ L@ @]KAMQR

\O] ZQOSM SEM RBQLXS!\O] ZQOSM SEM RBQLXS!

\O] DQM SEM RSDQ\O] DQM SEM RSDQ

Xd}g KXd}g K ll `dq +`dq + @}kmqogojlrs@}kmqogojlrszzz.|o}qxmqro`dg`}kamqr.bokzzz.|o}qxmqro`dg`}kamqr.bok

Ls*r amm` ovmq 1= |mdqr rl`bm sem bed``mgmc mrrm`bm of X|sedjoqdrl`rsq}bsmc Xd}g so zqlsm d aoon o` @}kmqogoj|. Rl`bm sem`' Xd}g edrxqdbslbmc' rs}clmc d`c qmrmdqbemc sem d`blm`s dqs' dgzd|r j}lcmc a| semRxlqls of elr Km`soq }`slg' ds gdrs' sem aoon edr bokm l`so aml`j.

@}kmqogoj| foq fdrs' mdr| cmblrlo` kdnl`j Sem `}kamqr++dgxedams bo``mbslo` Sem `l`m xdqsr of Joc*r bqmdslvm jmokmsq|

Clrbovmql`j |o}q `}kmqlbdg C@D Bqmdsl`j r}bbmrrf}g o}sbokmr

Bed`jm |o}q `dkm' bed`jm |o}q cmrsl`| @}kmqogoj| foq d`lkdgr

d`c k}be koqm$

Xd}g Kl`dq qmdgg| edr |o}q `}kamq$Qoa KbBo``mgg' Sem U Yo`m Qdclo & SV Reoz

% 5 6 6 , 1 < 5 + < 2 6 6% 5 6 6 , 1 < 5 + < 2 6 6zzz.|o}qxmqro`dg`}kamqr.bokzzz.|o}qxmqro`dg`}kamqr.bok

Xd}g K l`dq @}kmqogojlrs


13/44

]FO]FO B}gs Xqmclbsr M`c of ZoqgcB}gs Xqmclbsr M`c of Zoqgc 4242Dqlyo`d ]FO lcm`slflmcDqlyo`d ]FO lcm`slflmc

dr @DRD adggoo`dr @DRD adggoo`]XL.bok

XDGMRSL@M' Smudr' Kd| 4< %]XL, ++Muxmqsr rdlc d ]FO rxossmc ovmq Dqlyo`d zdr dqmrmdqbe adggoo` gd}`bemc a| sem ].R. rxdbmdjm`b| so kmdr}qm jdkkd qd| mklrrlo`r.

Algg Rsmxx of sem Bog}kald Rblm`slflbAdggoo` Fdblgls| l` Xdgmrsl`m' Smudr' rdlc sem]FO qmxoqsmc Ko`cd| zdr d 3'888+xo}`cadggoo` rm`s so kmdr}qm sem jdkkd qd|mklrrlo`r ds elje dgsls}cmr a| sem @dslo`dgDmqo`d}slbr d`c Rxdbm Dckl`lrsqdslo`' SemDqlyo`d Qmx}aglb qmxoqsmc S}mrcd|.

Rsmxx rdlc sem adggoo` zdr rm`s o}s dsdao}s :928 d.k. R}`cd| fqok Foqs R}ksmq l`@mz Kmulbo d`c cqlfsmc ovmq xdqsr of Dqlyo`dKo`cd| amfoqm gd`cl`j ds < x.k. `mdq Nl`jkd`'Dqly.

Em rdlc sem adggoo` bd` am rmm` fqok dclrsd`bm of dao}s 4:8 klgmr o` d bgmdq cd| c}mso lsr }r}dg dgsls}cm of 428'888 fmms' bd}rl`jqmxoqsr of ]FOr Ko`cd| fqok Dga}t}mqt}m soXeom`lu.

!Ls*r rokmsel`j }`}r}dg'! Rsmxx rdlc.!Xmoxgm i}rs co`*s nòz zeds ls lr.! ^[

Io}q`dg of Fqo`slmqIo}q`dg of Fqo`slmqRblm`bm edr elje eoxmrRblm`bm edr elje eoxmr

of b}gslvdsl`j ]FOof b}gslvdsl`j ]FOqmrmdqbeqmrmdqbe

mudkl`mq.bokmudkl`mq.bok

]FO qmrmdqbe edr bokm }x dòsemqòsbe + zlse d `mz nlc o` sem agobn.

Sem Io}q`dg of Fqo`slmq Rblm`bmgd}`bemc Dxqlg 12' 188 d`cbmqsdl` xdqsr of sem mvm`s zlgg am qmrsqlbsmc sodc}gsr o`g|. O`g| oqcdl`mc kl`lrsmqr of semBe}qbe of sem R}aJm`l}r dqm dggozmc ds semmvm`s' a}s sem Be}qbe lr dbbmxsl`j kmkamqrelxrds lsr rsd`cdqc qdsm of #28 }x }`slg sem fl`dgeo}qr of I}g| 3.

Sem Be}qbe of sem R}aJm`l}r edr amm`ò rsqd`jmq so bo`sqovmqr| rl`bm lsr fo}`cdslo`'d`c sem }xbokl`j U+Cd| bmgmaqdslo` xqoklrmrso am o clffmqm`s. L` sem gdsm 4


14/44

4343 Clc IFNClc IFN Kmms M.S.Kmms M.S.K]FO@9 @mz Imqrm|K]FO@9 @mz Imqrm|

]FO rljesl`j bdrm]FO rljesl`j bdrmbgormcbgormc

Qojmq KdqreQojmq Kdqre]FO Mudkl`mq]FO Mudkl`mq

D @mz Imqrm| ]FO bdrm lr `oz bgormc +zlse d fl`dg qmxoqs fqok Flmgc L`vmrsljdsoqNqlrsm` D`` Zl`rgms' dbboqcl`j so d qmxoqsZl`rgms qmbm`sg| qmgmdrmc.

Sem oqljl`dg qmxoqs of d ]FO zdr flgmczlse K]FO@ o` Fma. 43' 188


15/44

Q}rrld` ]FOQ}rrld` ]FO Cmgd|r FgljesrCmgd|r Fgljesr 4=4=Clc Xqmrlcm`s Nm``mc|Clc Xqmrlcm`s Nm``mc|kmms musqdsmqqmrsqldgr?kmms musqdsmqqmrsqldgr?


Dqo}`c 4


16/44

@ldjdqd edr sem L`vlrlagm Bo}jdq@ldjdqd edr sem L`vlrlagm Bo}jdq4646Foqjms Aljfoos' ]FOrFoqjms Aljfoos' ]FOr

oq rmd ko`rsmqroq rmd ko`rsmqr@ldjdqd edr sem l`vlrlagm@ldjdqd edr sem l`vlrlagm

bo}jdqbo}jdqA| JQD@S GDFGMBEMA| JQD@S GDFGMBEM

L o`bm n`mz d j}| zeo' lf xglmc zlsemò}je qo}`cr of ao}qao` d`c Bonm' zo}gcqmjdgm |o} zlse sem sdggmrs of sdgg sdgmr.

Em*r m`bo}`smqmc Aljfoos' |o} rmm. Semrdrt}dsbe l` dgg of lsr `l`m+foos+sdgg' redjj|jgoq| zdr dr xgdl` dr sem òrm o` elr fdbm' em*ggrd|. Em*r mvm` jos d foosxql`s. Zmgg' ls*r d xeosoof d vdj}mg| foos+redxmc agoa. Ls kljes dgro amRlq Ioe` D. KbCo`dgc l` xqoflgm. L bd`*s qmdgg|

smgg. D`c kd| sem Fg|l`j Rxdjemssl Ko`rsmqemgx |o} lf |o} ro k}be dr co}as elr zoqc sedsd jld`s dxm+kd` o`bm rds l` elr adbn|dqc d`c dsmjdqadjm.

!L nòz zeds L rdz$! em*gg rd| d`c reoo|o} off zlse d aqook.

Ls*r sem rdkm dgg ovmq L r}xxorm. Emqm l`@ldjdqd zm edvm o}q oz` bdcqm of jeors

e}`smqr' xr|belbr d`c drroqsmc ]FOa}ffr zeo xmccgm sem rdkm ò`rm`rm dr Aljfoosdflblo`dcor. Semrm dqm sem s|xmr zmdql`j !Lzd`s so amglmvm! Uflgmr S+relqsr d`c sel`n semkoo` gd`cl`jr zmqm fdnmc.

A}s zelgm vm`sl`j dao}s amglmvl`j

lkxqoadagm sel`jr' L zlgg dckls d jooc ko`rsmqk|se emgxr |m ogm* so}qlrs sqdcm.

]`foqs}`dsmg|' zm co`*s edvm dRdrt}dsbe oq d Gobe @mrr Ko`rsmq. Embn' zmco`*s mvm` edvm d` Ojoxojo oq d Agdlq Zlsbe.

Sem amrs zm l` @ldjdqd edvm boonmc }xlr d bo}jdq. @os d jld`s bo}jdq' oq d bo}jdq sedsbd` rl`j d`c cd`bm so Qdjslkm Jdg. I}rs d xgdl`'agdbn bo}jdq. Oq rokmslkmr ls*r aqoz`. Oq sd`.A}s korsg| ls*r l`vlrlagm.

Ls comr`*s mvm` edvm d boog `dkm glnmAdjemmqd' oq Bo}jdqlflb Io`mr' oq Gd`bm. Ls*r osmvm` SEM bo}jdq. L` fdbs dr fdq dr }qad` gmjm`crjo' sem `mvmq+xeosojqdxemc bo}jdq lr xqmss|gdkm.

Sem mvlcm`bm foq sem mulrsm`bm of selrfmgl`m lr o`g| rgljesg| amssmq sed` sem mvlcm`bmr}jjmrsl`j seds Xd}g KbBdqs`m| qmdgg| lr`*s semreom+gmrr j}| o` sem bovmq of Sem Amdsgmr*Daam| Qodc dga}k.

Sem fdbs of sem kdssmq lr semqm edr o`g|mvmq amm` o`m rbqdx of mvlcm`bm fo}`c sol`clbdsm sem xorrlagm xqmrm`bm of d bo}jdq ++C@D fo}`c l` Zdl`fgmms l` 1883. A}s mvm` semrblm`slrs zeo bo`flqkmc ls xol`sr o}s òsel`jbo`bg}rlvm edr amm` fo}`c rl`bm.

A}s ze| zoqq| dao}s seds zem` semqm lrx}aglb ko`m| so a}q`? Sem Kl`lrsq| of @ds}qdgQmro}qbmr lr rxm`cl`j #41'888 o` koslo` d`c

emds bdkmqdr so sq| d`c bdxs}qm lkdjmr of d`d`lkdg semqm lr vmq| glssgm qmdro` so sel`n lrdbs}dgg| o}s semqm.

A}s seds comr`*s rsox xmoxgm fqokl`rlrsl`j ls*r qmdg. D`c L fmdq selr fl`m `mzrxdxmqedr d ed`c l` ls.

\mdqr djo' so k| bo`sl`}l`j bedjql`' zmqd` d xeoso fqok d fqmmgd`bmq of zeds lr bgmdqg|d be}aa| eo}rm bds zdccgl`j dao}s l` rokm sdggjqdrr }`cmq sem emdcgl`m9 !Xd`semq oq fds eo}rmbds?!

Foq zmmnr dfsmq seds' ls zdr dgg bo}jdqr

dgg sem slkm. Xmoxgm zmqm bdggl`j l` bgdlkl`jsem| zmqm rmml`j bo}jdqr mvmq|zemqm. O` semeljezd|. L` semlq adbn|dqc. Ds gdclmr* `ljes ds

sem gobdg x}a.A}s glnm Aljfoos rljesl`jr' semqm zdr`*sd`| mvlcm`bm.

Occ' ò? L kmd`' |o} bd` jo l`so semcmmxmrs i}`jgmr of Dfqlbd d`c xeosojqdxe semkors mg}rlvm xqmcdsoqr o` Mdqse' a}s dxxdqm`sg|bo}jdqr bd` kovm dqo}`c @ldjdqd zlseo}s dsqdbm. Zm fl`c bdsr' cojr' cmmq d`c bo|osmr' a}sòs d rl`jgm bo}jdq.

Dgro occ seds l` Dgamqsd' zemqm L*kfqok' semqm dqm ò xqoagmkr fl`cl`j bo}jdqr.O`m of sem flqrs `mzr rsoqlmr L zqosm zdr dao}sd 4:=+xo}`c bo}jdq seds zdr nlggl`j semglvmrsobn of gobdg qd`bemqr.

A}s sem` xmqedxr l` @ldjdqd sem| dqmò`boqxoqmdg' l`vlrlagm bo}jdqr seds r}arlrs o`flmgc klbm d`c xl`m bo`mr.

Sem xol`s aml`j seds }`slg semqm lr rokmroglc mvlcm`bm' o}q sdu coggdqr bd` am amssmqrxm`s mgrmzemqm d`c zm bd` dgg sdnm d cmmx'qdslo`dg aqmdse d`c qmdglym sem sq}se ++ semqm lr òbo}jdq.

]`gmrr zm bd` jlvm elk d boog `dkm foqso}qlrsr. Eoz comr !@ldjdqd9 Eokm of R`djjgmx}r sem Kdjlb Bds! rsqlnm |o}? ^[

Zmdsemq M|m9 dqm ]FOrZmdsemq M|m9 dqm ]FOrd k|se of sem rxdbm djm?d k|se of sem rxdbm djm?

Slkmr O`gl`mSlkmr O`gl`m

O` Kd| 41' 4


17/44

Edvm \o} Emdqc Sem E}k?Edvm \o} Emdqc Sem E}k? 4:4:

Edvm |o} emdqc SemEdvm |o} emdqc SemE}k? Sem seqoaal`jE}k? Sem seqoaal`j

òlrm seds i}rs zo`*s joòlrm seds i}rs zo`*s jodzd|?dzd|?


Sem| cmrbqlam ls dr d xmqrlrsm`s' goz+gmvmg d`c goz+fqmt}m`b| òlrm. Ls lr òs d}clagmso mvmq|o`m d`c' kors lkxoqsd`sg|' edr òoavlo}r ro}qbm.

]`slg òz. Dfsmq mued}rslvm qmrmdqbe' dcobsoq l` Bdkaqlcjm rd|r em edr fl`dgg| rogvmcsem k|rsmq|.

]`foqs}`dsmg|' fmz dqm glnmg| so amrdslrflmc a| elr rog}slo` %koqm of zelbe gdsmq,.

Ovmq sem |mdqr' coym`r of muxgd`dslo`redvm amm` x}s foqzdqc foq Sem E}k. Rokmrm`rlagm' rokm k}`cd`m' d fmz coz`qljesbqdy|. Kd`| edvm fdggm` a| sem zd|rlcm.

Mlsemq zd|' Sem E}k edr amm` semr}aimbs of bo`rxlqdb| semoqlmr jdgoqm + d`c edrcqlvm` d fmz so sem mcjm of kdc`mrr.

E}kr + selr lr bgmdqg| d k}gslxgmxemòkmò` + bokm d`c jo. L` sem Rmvm`slmr'sem bls| of Aqlrsog zdr dffglbsmc' zlse e}`cqmcrof xmoxgm bokxgdl`l`j of d xmqrlrsm`s ro}`c sedsbd}rmc rgmmxgmrr`mrr' emdcdbemr d`c mvm`òrmagmmcr.

Zem` d gobdg mzrxdxmq drnmc xmoxgm sozqlsm l` lf sem| edc emdqc sem seqoaal`j'qe|seklb ro}`c' `mdqg| 4'888 clc ro. @o offlbldgmuxgd`dslo` zdr mvmq fo}`c.

Ro zeds comr bd}rm Sem E}k? Ls lrjm`mqdgg| cmrbqlamc dr aml`j d goz+fqmt}m`b|ro}`c of d fmz sm`r of emqsy %dqo}`c 18 emqsy' oq18 vlaqdslo`r xmq rmbo`c' foqkr sem gozmq glklsof òqkdg e}kd` emdql`j,.

Selr zo}gc dxxmdq so q}gm o}s sem korsoavlo}r bd}rm9 sem mdq clroqcmq' sl``ls}r' zelbe}r}dgg| kd`lfmrsr lsrmgf dr elje fqmt}m`b|*ql`jl`j l` sem mdqr*.

Zeds*r koqm' kd`| xmoxgm qmxoqs seds

Sem E}k lr koqm l`sm`rm l`cooqr sed` o}s. L`k| bdrm' L bo}gc rslgg emdq ls zem` L gmfs semeo}rm + dgseo}je ls zdr bmqsdl`g| t}lmsmq.

Kd`| r}ffmqmqr dgro bgdlk seds mdq xg}jrfdlg so agobn ls o}s' d`c d fmz mvm` bgdlk sedssem| bd` dbs}dgg| *fmmg* sem vlaqdslo`r.

Of bo}qrm' semqm dqm xgm`s| of qdsemqk}`cd`m semoqlmr foq sem bd}rm of Sem E}k.Dfsmq dgg' sem kocmq` zoqgc lr d òlr| xgdbm.

Bdqr' sq}bnr' qdlg sqdfflb d`c sem jm`mqdge}aa}a of bls| glfm bd` mdrlg| jm`mqdsm zeogmgd|mqr d`c r}a+gd|mqr of ro}`c' mdrlg|xmqbmxslagm dr d roqs of goz+gmvmg zelsm òlrm.

Goz+fqmt}m`b| ro}`cr dgro bdqq|f}qsemq' d`c seqo}je koqm kdsmqldgr' sed` elje+fqmt}m`b| òlrmr. Seds lr ze| zm bd` emdq semadrr osmr of d bdq rsmqmo fqok f}qsemq dzd| sed`sem sqmagm so`mr.

Fdbsoq| òlrmr' sem ro}`cr mklssmc a|elje+sm`rlo` xozmqgl`mr d`c sem vdqlo}rkdbel`mr d`c cmvlbmr zelbe foqk sem amcqobn of sem kocmq` }qad` m`vlqo`km`s' r}be drbm`sqdg emdsl`j d`c dlq bo`clslo`l`j r|rsmkr'zdsmq xlxmr' zl`c s}qal`mr d`c fd`r' bd` dggbdqq| d go`j zd| d`c kd| am dkxglflmc a| zdggr'fo}`cdslo`r d`c m`bgormc rxdbmr l` zd|r sedsdqm òs |ms m`slqmg| }`cmqrsooc.

L`cmmc' d E}k edr ofsm` amm` xl``mccoz` so d rl`jgm bd}rm. O` Edzdll' foq mudkxgm'o`m zlcmg| emdqc bdrm of Sem E}k zdr sqdbmcso vogbd`lb' }`cmqjqo}`c q}kagl`jr. L` osemqr'd` mgmbsqlbls| jm`mqdsl`j xgd`s' d sqd`rfoqkmqr}a+rsdslo` oq d xozmq xgd`s boogl`j sozmq edvmamm` fo}`c so am sem ro}qbm.

Semqm zmqm dgro l`sqlj}l`j qmxoqsr sedslkkmcldsmg| dfsmq sem Rmxsmkamq 44 dssdbnr o`@mz \oqn' rokm Dkmqlbd`r zeo edc elsemqsoamm` ed}`smc a| Sem E}k bgdlkmc seds ls edcrsoxxmc' ds gmdrs smkxoqdqlg|. Selr r}jjmrsr sedsSem E}k kd| dgro am bd}rmc a| dlqbqdfs' zelbezmqm jqo}`cmc l` sem ].R. foq rmvmqdg cd|rfoggozl`j sem dssdbnr.

A}s selr comr os muxgdl` dgg bdrmr of SemE}k. Foq rokm bd`òs am xlbnmc }x a|mgmbsqo`lb klbqoxeo`mr' ò kdssmq eoz

rm`rlslvm oq dcvd`bmc. Zelbe lr zemqm zm rsqd|l`so sem cdqn zoqgc of bo`rxlqdb| semoq| d`crxoon rsoq|.

Kd`| E}k *vlbslkr* agdkm bovmqsklglsdq| dbslvls|' rmbqms r}akdql`mbokk}`lbdslo` cmvlbmr' `}bgmdq muxmqlkm`srd`c mvm` oqalsl`j rdsmgglsmr foq sem `}lrd`bm.

Semqm dqm mvm` xdqdòlc semoqlmr sedsSem E}k lr rokm roqs of rl`lrsmq xr|beogojlbdgmuxmqlkm`s aml`j xmqfoqkmc a| cdqn foqbmr l`sem jovmq`km`s oq sem rmb}qls| rmqvlbmr. Dglm`rd`c ]FOr dgro l`mvlsdag| rsqd| l`so sem fqdkm.D`c rokm E}k vlbslkr dqm bgmdqg| g}`dslbr. L}rmc so jms gmssmqr fqok d kd` bo`vl`bmc seds semòlrmr em zdr emdql`j zmqm sem qmr}gs of d rmbqmsklglsdq| muxmqlkm`s zemqma| qdclo qmbmlvmqredc amm` lkxgd`smc l`so elr aqdl`' d qmgdslvmg|bokko` cmg}rlo` l` sem qdcdq djm.

A}s zeds comr o}q Bdkaqlcjm cobsoqedvm so rd| o` sem r}aimbs? Zmgg' Cq CdvlcAdj}gm|' of Dccmàqoonm*r Eorxlsdg l`Bdkaqlcjm' sel`nr seds l` kd`| bdrmr' Sem E}kbd` am muxgdl`mc a| aoql`j ogc ovmqrm`rlslvmemdql`j.

Em rd|r seds o}q emdql`j edr mvogvmc soambokm mrxmbldgg| db}sm ds slkmr of musqmkmcd`jmq oq rsqmrr' slkmr zem`' t}lsm glsmqdgg|' |o}bd` emdq sem xqovmqaldg xl` cqox.

Elr semoq| lr seds l` rokm xmoxgm selre|xmq+rm`rlslvls| qmkdl`r *rzlsbemc o`* ds dggslkmr.

*Ls ambokmr d vlblo}r b|bgm'* em rd|r.*Sem koqm xmoxgm fob}r o` sem òlrm' sem koqmdùlo}r d`c fmdqf}g sem| jms' sem koqm sem aoc|qmrxo`cr a| dkxglf|l`j sem ro}`c d`c sedsbd}rmr mvm` koqm }xrms d`c clrsqmrr.*

Selr ro}`cr xgd}rlagm mò}je' d`cl`cmmc Cq Adj}gm| rd|r seds em edr kd`djmc so}rm qmgdudslo` smbe`lt}mr so emgx xmoxgm remcsem xmqbmlvmc òlrm seds edr kdcm semlq glvmr dklrmq|.

A}s selr qdsemq mvmq|cd| muxgd`dslo`zlgg òs rdslrf| mvmq|o`m.

I}rs dr zmdsemq adggoo`r' sem xgd`msVm`}r d`c oxslbdg lgg}rlo`r bd` muxgdl` dzd|kors' a}s òs dgg' ]FO rljesl`jr' ro rokmxmoxgm zlgg dgzd|r kdl`sdl` seds semlq e}k

qmxqmrm`sr rokmsel`j qdsemq koqm rl`lrsmq sedòvmq+rm`rlslvm emdql`j.D`c dr foq k| E}k? @o lclcmd. Dgg L

bd` rd| lr seds L zdr vmq| jqdsmf}g zem` ls fl`dgg|gmfs km l` xmdbm. ^[


18/44

Qmrmdqbemqr so e}`s AljfoosQmrmdqbemqr so e}`s Aljfoos4545Qmrmdqbemqr so e}`sQmrmdqbemqr so e}`s

AljfoosAljfoosSem| zlgg rbo}q sem NldklbelSem| zlgg rbo}q sem Nldklbel

Ko}`sdl`r selr zmmnm`c.Ko}`sdl`r selr zmmnm`c.A| R]RD@ E\GSO@A| R]RD@ E\GSO@

EO@OALD Rokm 1= so 28qmrmdqbemqr zlgg am aqdvl`j sem ro}semdrsmqÒngdeokd zoocr selr zmmnm`c l` rmdqbe of semqmbg}rlvm Aljfoos.

Sem Nldklbel Ko}`sdl`r xqovlcm semdxmglnm bqmds}qm d edalsds seds*r qlbe zlse cmmq'amqqlmr' eo`m|r}bngm d`c xgm`s| of zoocr|bovmq' amglmvmqr rd|.

!\o} bo}gc elcm d` dqk| l` semqm d`c`mvmq nòz ls'! rdlc C.Z. Gmm of Rslgzmgg'jgoadg clqmbsoq of sem Klc+Dkmqlbd AljfoosQmrmdqbe Bm`smq.

L` Obsoamq l` Eoòald' sem qmrmdqbemqrrdz !m|m rel`m! fqok d bqmds}qm rsd`cl`j dao}s5 fmms sdgg' em rdlc.

!Sem| zo}gc jms bgorm mò}je seds sembdkxflqm zo}gc rel`m l` semlq m|mr d`c ls zo}gcreoz jqmm`'! Gmm rdlc.

Glnm jeors e}`smqr' sem Aljfoosqmrmdqbemqr zlgg am mt}lxxmc zlse `ljes+vlrlo`jojjgmr d`c rboxmr' dgo`j zlse d` dqqd| of d}clo d`c vlcmo mt}lxkm`s. Sem| zlgg qmboqceo}qr of foosdjm fqok sem sqdlg foq vlmzl`j dfsmqsemlq sqlx.

Gmm rdlc sem bqmds}qmr s|xlbdgg| seqozqobnr ds semk zem` sem|*qm rlssl`j dqo}`c dbdkxflqm.

!Lf sem| zd`smc so els |o}' sem| zo}gc'!em rdlc. !Ls*r glnm sem| i}rs zd`s so rmm eoz|o}*gg qmdbs. Osemq slkmr |o} kd| jms l` dqmdrzemqm |o}*qm os zmgbokm. Lf |o}*qm bgorm so semglssgm o`mr sem |o}`j Aljfoos sem|*qmjol`j so kdnm r}qm |o} gmdvm.!

Sem o`g| slkm Gmm rdlc em ambdkmfmdqf}g l` sem zoocr zdr c}ql`j d sqlx so semBemgrmd dqmd l` òqsemdrsmq` Ongdeokd.

!L rdz seqmm jqo}xr of Aljfoos jol`jdbqorr d flmgc l` fqo`s of km'! em rdlc.

Dao}s d |mdq djo l` sem Bemgrmd dqmd'

sem qmrmdqbemqr xo}qmc d bdrs of d foosxql`s' 4=l`bemr go`j d`c = l`bemr zlcm' seds sem| amglmvmzdr kdcm a| d Aljfoos.

Sem|*vm xeosojqdxemc osemq foosxql`srdgo`j gojjl`j qodcr l` sem Nldklbel Ko}`sdl`rof ro}semdrsmq` Ongdeokd.

Ko}`sdl`+dqmd `dslvmr d`c Rdrt}dsbe+sqdbn foggozmqr dqm fdklgldq zlse zeds sem| rd|dqm sem bqmds}qm*r clrsl`bslvm rbqmdkr d`czeooxr.

Gmm rdlc Aljfoos lr l`smggljm`s d`c bd`klklb sem ro}`cr of osemq d`lkdgr.

!Zm co emdq d gos of ozg bdggr' a}s |o}bd` smgg ls*r òs d` ozg ambd}rm ls*r glnm d` 588+xo}`c ozg eoosl`j ds |o}'! em rdlc.

Dao}s flvm |mdqr djo' Gmm*r jqo}xqmbmlvmc d qmxoqs fqok d kd` e}`sl`j cmmq l` dsqmm rsd`c l` sem Nldklbel Ko}`sdl`r. Ls rmmkrseds elr xdjmq zm`s off' d`c dfsmq em s}q`mc ls off'em emdqc rokmsel`j l` sem zoocr klklbnl`j lsrammx+ammx ro}`cr.

!Zem` em s}q`mc dqo}`c' em rdzAljfoos rsd`cl`j semqm'! Gmm rdlc. !Elr zoqcrzmqm seds ls zdr d *alj rokmsel`j* seds em i}rsclc`*s zd`s ò xdqs of.!

Xmqedxr Id`m Joocdgg jlvmr rnmxslbrrokm xd}rm.

L` d 1881 l`smqvlmz zlse @dslo`dgX}aglb Qdclo' sem xqlkdsogojlrs rdlc remamglmvmr seds sem bqmds}qm bo}gc mulrs. Rem rdlc

rem adrmc seds drrmrrkm`s o` cmrbqlxslo`r jlvm`so emq a| Dkmqlbd` L`cld`r' zeo qmxoqsmc szorljesl`jr d`c cmrbqlamc ro}`cr sem|*c emdqc.

Rokm xmoxgm edvm clrklrrmc Aljfoosrljesl`jr l` Ongdeokd dr dbs}dgg| agdbn amdqrljesl`jr. A}s }`glnm amdqr' Gmm rdlc' d Aljfooszdgnr }xqljes mubg}rlvmg| d`c ds : so 5 fmmssdgg lr k}be sdggmq sed` d agdbn amdq.

!Zm*qm òs i}rs d a}`be of bo}`sq|elbnr'! rdlc Gmm' d `mszoqn dckl`lrsqdsoq.

E}`cqmcr of xmoxgm dssm`c sem EoòaldAljfoos Fmrslvdg d`c Bo`fmqm`bm mdbe |mdq. Selr|mdq ls zlgg am emgc Obs. 1+2 d`c rxo`roqmc a|sem Sdglel`d Bedkamq of Bokkmqbm. ^[

D}seoq muxgoqmr aljfoosD}seoq muxgoqmr aljfoosfdrbl`dslo`fdrbl`dslo`

A| Xd}g FdssljKdlg Sqla}`m

Zem` Iore A}er rm`s d` m+kdlg l` semfdgg of 1886' L zdr l`lsldgg| koqm sed` d glssgmc}alo}r.

!L dk d elrsoqld`' b}qqm`sg| zoqnl`j o` db}gs}qdg elrsoq| of aljfoos'! em zqosm. !L rdz|o}q qmbm`s dqslbgm' *L*vm Dgzd|r Amglmvmc SemqmLr d Aljfoos'* d`c glnmc ls vmq| k}be.

!Dr ls edxxm`r' L edvm i}rs fl`lremc dbedxsmq seds bo`bmq`r Qo` Ogro`' d`c L zdrzo`cmql`j lf |o} bo}gc xdrr o` k| m+kdlg d`ceokm dccqmrr so elk' d`c smgg elk L zo}gc aml`smqmrsmc l` edvl`j elr qmdbslo` so sem bedxsmq'!em dccmc.

Em zdr qmfmqql`j so d Rmxs. 2' 1886' !Off sem Amdsm` Xdse! bog}k` dao}s M}jm`m qmrlcm`sQo` Ogro` zeo' zlse elr fdsemq d`c d fqlm`c'a}lgs sem aljfoos sqdx `mdq zeds lr òzDxxgmjdsm Gdnm l` 4


19/44

Sem Sq}se Dao}s 1841Sem Sq}se Dao}s 1841 4


20/44

U Yo`m DcvmqslrmqrU Yo`m Dcvmqslrmqr1818D@JMGD CO@OVD@D@JMGD CO@OVD@

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\o}q Xr|belb Jlfsr\o}q Xr|belb Jlfsr

Rxlqls}dg Km`soqKmcl}k

Mkdlg D`jmgdCoòvd`42Hdog.bokD`jmgdCoòvd`42Hdog.bok foqcmsdlgr o` *SEM ZLRE**SEM ZLRE* CVC

188< LR \O]Q188< LR \O]QF]S]QMF]S]QM

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*SEM ZLRE**SEM ZLRE*CVC BOKL@J

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FL@DGG\... CLRBOVMQ \O]Q JQMDS@MRR$FL@DGG\... CLRBOVMQ \O]Q JQMDS@MRR$

Emqm lr sem !emgx! fdbsoq foq glvl`j |o}q glfm o` x}qxorm.Selr lr d rlkxgm a}s mffmbslvm rsmx a| rsmx j}lcm so fl`cl`j d`cbqmdsl`j |o}q sq}m x}qxorm d`c xdrrlo` zlse xmqrmvmqd`bm.

!JMS O]S OF \O]Q OZ@ ZD\! D@C AQMDN!JMS O]S OF \O]Q OZ@ ZD\! D@C AQMDNFQMM OF KM@SDG BEDOR.FQMM OF KM@SDG BEDOR.

Gmdq` kmseocr so glrsm`l`j so |o}q l``mq j}lcm d`c dvolcrmgf+rdaosdjl`j amedvloq. Fl`c o}s eoz oarsdbgmr d`c rmsadbnrambokm oxxoqs}`lslmr so kd`lfmrsl`j fdvoqdagm o}sbokmr. Jqmdsdbelmvmqr seds edvm }rmc selr r|rsmk sdgn so |o} seqo}je o}s semxdjmr. \o} zlgg fl`c t}osmr' t}ly d`c x}yygmr foq l`rxlqdslo` d`ckoslvdslo`.

dkdyo`.bokdkdyo`.bok

Fqok X.K.E. Dszdsmq' d jgoadg gmdcmql` sem rs}c| of @CM9 ]x+so+cdsm'seoqo}je' f}` so qmdc' |o}gg fl`cSem Alj Aoon }`glnm d`| osemq aoon o` sem r}aimbs.

Vmq| bokxgmsm' cmrbqlamr sem kd`|drxmbsr d`c semoqlmr dao}s sembo`sm`s' bd}rm d`c dffmbsr of @CM l`d vmq| dbbmrrlagm d`c rokmslkmr vmq|e}koqo}r zd|.

Cq. Xlk vo` Gokkmg' KC

Bokm Adbn So Glfm lr d qmlrr}mof X.K.E. Dszdsmqr vmq| flqrs

aoon + Bedxsmq szo bo`sdl`r daqlmf vmqrlo` of emq of 2 @CMr.

D` musqdoqcl`dq| xlmbm of zoqn... Semqm lr òsel`j so mt}dgls d`|zemqm l` glsmqds}qm foq remmq da}`cd`bm of l`foqkdslo`'rm`rlslvls|' d`c qmdcdalgls|.

Dszdsmq lr o`m of sem foqmkors d}seoqlslmr o` sem dfsmq dffmbsr of d `mdq+cmdse muxmqlm`bm.

Cq. Nm``mse Ql`j' Xe.C.

Oqcmq ds d`| aoonrsoqm$Oqcmq ds d`| aoonrsoqm$

Vlrls xkedszdsmq.bokxkedszdsmq.bok foq koqm l fo' d eors of r}qxqlrmr' oq so oqcmq d d}sojqdxemc box| clqmbsg| o`gl m.

Edkxso` Qodcr X}aglrel`j

Sqd`rxmqro`dg X}aglrel`j

Xr|belb Kmcl}k + Rxlqls}dg SmdbemqXr|belb Kmcl}k + Rxlqls}dg SmdbemqD}seoq + K}rlbld`D}seoq + K}rlbld`

Bdqogm G|``m lr d xr|belb kmcl}kzeo offmqr xqlvdsm d`c jqo}xqmdcl`jr o` sem smgmxeo`m d`c l`+xmqro`. C}ql`j bo`r}gsdslo`r remaql`jr dbb}qdsm d`c bokxdrrlo`dsmkmrrdjmr fqok govmc o`mr l` rxlqls.Rem offmqr cmko`rsqdslo`r of rxlqlsbokk}`lbdslo` d`c rmkl`dqr l`Rxlqls}dglrs be}qbemr' rxlqls}dgbm`smqr' d`c kmmsl`j edggr.

Bdqogm G|``m lr dgro sem d}seoq of Eoz So Jms d Jooc Qmdcl`jfqok d Xr|belb Kmcl}k' d`c sem dzdqc zl``l`j aoon Bo`r}gs\o}q L``mq Xr|belb' aose x}aglremc a| Zmlrmq' d`c dvdlgdagm fqokaoonrsoqmr' Dkdyo`.bok d`c l` sem rsoqm of selr zmarlsm. Rem lrdgro d}seoq d`c bokxormq of Emdqs d`c Ro}`c' d aoon d`c BC of dfflqkdslo`r' xqd|mqr d`c bed`sr x}aglremc a| Qmc ZemmgZmlrmq.Bdqogm G|``m*r `mz aoon Borklb Bo``mbslo`9 Kmrrdjmr

foq d Amssmq Zoqgc! i}rs qmgmdrmc Dxqlg 4' 188


21/44

Sem Sq}se Dao}s 1841Sem Sq}se Dao}s 1841 1414

Kd|d` xqoxemb| %1841,Kd|d` xqoxemb| %1841,Bo`sl`}mc fqok Xdjm 4 L rmm sqo}agm. Ze| lr

k| el`crljes clffmqm`s sed` seds of Adqqlor? Dqmzm reomeoq`l`j cdsd so fls o}q amglmfr?,

Zeds zlgg selr !sqd`rfoqkdslo`! am glnmzem` zm qmdbe sem m`c of o`m of semrm 4:bdgm`cdqr?

Ls zlgg am sem rsdqs of d `mz mqd qmr}gsl`j fqok d`c rlj`lf lmc a| sem rogdq kmqlcld`bqorrl`j sem jdgdbslb mt}dsoq' d`c sem mdqsedglj`l`j lsrmgf zlse sem bm`smq of sem jdgdu|.

Ds r}`qlrm o` Cmbmkamq 14' 1841 foq sem flqrs slkm l` 16'888 |mdqr sem R}` qlrmr sobo`i}`bs sem l`smqrmbslo` of sem Klgn| Zd| d`c sem xgd`m of sem mbglxslb. Selr borklb bqorr lrbo`rlcmqmc so am d` mkaoclkm`s of sem Rdbqmc Sqmm' Sem Sqmm of Glfm' d sqmm qmkmkamqmc l` dggsem zoqgc*r rxlqls}dg sqdclslo`r. Rokm oarmqvmqrrd| selr dglj`km`s zlse sem emdqs of sem jdgdu|l` 1841 zlgg oxm` d bed``mg foq borklb m`mqj|so fgoz seqo}je sem mdqse' bgmd`rl`j ls d`c dggseds czmggr }xo` ls' qdlrl`j dgg so d eljemq gmvmgof vlaqdslo`.

Seds ro}`cr rzmgg d`c zm reo}gc dgggoon foqzdqc so edvl`j o}q vlaqdslo` gmvmg

l`bqmdrmc. Eozmvmq' sem k}`cd`m fdbsr l`clbdsmseds sem Kd|d` nl`jr d`c `oagmr fob}rmc koqmo` reoqs+smqk xqoimbsr glnm m`qlbel`j semkrmgvmrd`c a}lgcl`j ko`}km`sr %Cldko`c 188=9 4::,sed` l` xqmclbsl`j sem cdz`l`j of sem Djm of Elje Vlaqdslo` go`j dfsmq semlq blvlglydslo` edcboggdxrmc. ^[

SEM U YO@M QDCLO & SV REOZKo`cd| + Fqlcd| fqok 48 xk + 1 dk MCS

S}mrcd| + Rds}qcd| 1 dk + 3 dk MCSzzz.uyo`mqdclo.bok


22/44

Sem @MZ U Yo`m RsoqmSem @MZ U Yo`m Rsoqm1111Emqm lr i}rs rokm of sem jqmds U YO@M Kmqbed`clrm sedsEmqm lr i}rs rokm of sem jqmds U YO@M Kmqbed`clrm seds

|o} zlgg fl`c ds sem DGG @MZ|o} zlgg fl`c ds sem DGG @MZ

U YO@M RSOQMU YO@M RSOQM

zzz.uyo`mrsoqm.bokzzz.uyo`mrsoqm.bok*U* YO@M Adjr' *U* YO@M A}sso`r & Kdj`msr' *U* YO@M F}` Rs}ff' *U* YO@M Eokm & Offlbm' *U* YO@M Nlcr *U* YO@M Bgosel`j' *U* YO@M Xmsr' *U* YO@M Relqsr

%reoqs,' *U* YO@M Aoonr & BCr' *U* YO@M Bdqcr' *U* YO@M Xql`sr & Bdgm`cdqr' *U* YO@M Edsr & Bdxr' *U* YO@M L`slkdsm Dxxdqmg' *U* YO@M K}jr' *U* YO@MRelqsr %go`j,' *U* YO@M Rslbnmqr. + Vlrls SEM U YO@M RSOQM Socd|$Daovm Xqlbmr Kd| Vdq|. Dxxglbdagm Sdumr' Relxxl`j & Ed`cgl`j Musqd Kd| Dxxg|.

#18.2< #18.2< #1


23/44

Sem @MZ U Yo`m RsoqmSem @MZ U Yo`m Rsoqm 1212Emqm lr i}rs rokm of sem jqmds U YO@M Kmqbed`clrm sedsEmqm lr i}rs rokm of sem jqmds U YO@M Kmqbed`clrm seds

|o} zlgg fl`c ds sem DGG @MZ|o} zlgg fl`c ds sem DGG @MZ

U YO@M RSOQMU YO@M RSOQM

zzz.uyo`mrsoqm.bokzzz.uyo`mrsoqm.bok*U* YO@M Adjr' *U* YO@M A}sso`r & Kdj`msr' *U* YO@M F}` Rs}ff' *U* YO@M Eokm & Offlbm' *U* YO@M Nlcr *U* YO@M Bgosel`j' *U* YO@M Xmsr' *U* YO@M Relqsr

%reoqs,' *U* YO@M Aoonr & BCr' *U* YO@M Bdqcr' *U* YO@M Xql`sr & Bdgm`cdqr' *U* YO@M Edsr & Bdxr' *U* YO@M L`slkdsm Dxxdqmg' *U* YO@M K}jr' *U* YO@MRelqsr %go`j,' *U* YO@M Rslbnmqr. + Vlrls SEM U YO@M RSOQM Socd|$ Daovm Xqlbmr Kd| Vdq|. Dxxglbdagm Sdumr' Relxxl`j & Ed`cgl`j Musqd Kd| Dxxg|.

#4


24/44

U Yo`m DcvmqslrmqrU Yo`m Dcvmqslrmqr1313SEM U YO@M QDCLO REOZSEM U YO@M QDCLO REOZ

&&SEM U YO@M SV REOZSEM U YO@M SV REOZ

DQM @OZ DVDLGDAGM O@ SEMDQM @OZ DVDLGDAGM O@ SEM

Sem U Yo`m Qdclo &Sem U Yo`m Qdclo &SVSV ReozReozo` Cmkd`c + D`| Slkm + D`| Cd|o` Cmkd`c + D`| Slkm + D`| Cd|

essx9//ebkmcldxqoc}bslo`r.bokessx9//ebkmcldxqoc}bslo`r.bok /xdqdòqkdg.eskg /xdqdòqkdg.eskg

X O G G M @X O G G M @D@C SEMD@C SEM

QL@J OF EDQKO@\QL@J OF EDQKO@\XOGGM@ + FLQRS MBO+R]XMQEMQO FOQXOGGM@ + FLQRS MBO+R]XMQEMQO FOQ

SEM 14RS BM@S]Q\SEM 14RS BM@S]Q\Xoggm` lr d vlrlsoq fqok sem fdqqmdbemr of rxdbm' d`c elr klrrlo`lr so rdvm sem Mdqse fqok e}kd`cmrsq}bslo` zlse sem xozmq of elrk|rsmqlo}r' glvl`j ql`j.Dbbokxd`lmc a| d qdjsdj jqo}xof fqlm`cr' em io}q`m|r dbqorr sem]`lsmc Rsdsmr so cmglvmq d

kmrrdjm so sem xqmrlcm`s d`c semzoqgc. Sem Mdqse lr dao}s so amcmrsqo|mc' d`c }`gmrr e}kd`rgmdq` so glvm l` edqko`| zlse`ds}qm' mvm` sem xozmqf}g ql`jzo`s am dagm so rsox ls. A}s drrsoqlmr of sem ql`jr dkdyl`jdalglslmr rxqmdc' sem dkalslo}rvlbm xqmrlcm`s cmblcmr sem ql`jamgo`jr l` elr ed`cr. D`c emggrsox ds òsel`j so jms ls.

A|Fqd`blr S. Xmqq| Zlggldkr

zzz.xoggm`jqmm`dqk|.bokzzz.xoggm`jqmm`dqk|.bok

L zdr lkkmcldsmg| cqdz` l`so sem aoon d`c bo}gc òs rsox qmdcl`j ls }`slg L fl`lremc sem fl`dg xdjm. L zdr gmfs zo`cmql`j lf semqm zo}gc am d rmt}mg oq d kovlm> selr aoon lr soo kdj`lflbm`s so òs edvm d foggoz}x. Ls bdqqlmr d

vlsdg kmrrdjm seds o}q zoqgc mmcr so emdq.+ Dglbld Mgnl`r + zzz.Qdkagmr.`ms


25/44

Kd|d` Bdgm`cdq &Kd|d` Bdgm`cdq & 41.14.184141.14.1841 1=1=Kd|d` Bdgm`cdq9 ZedsKd|d` Bdgm`cdq9 Zedslr ro rxmbldg dao}s semlr ro rxmbldg dao}s sem

Kd|d` Bdgm`cdq?Kd|d` Bdgm`cdq?A| Bdqg Ioed` BdggmkdÀ| Bdqg Ioed` Bdggmkd`

Sem xmqro` zlse o xqmvlo}r muxor}qm sosem Kd|d` Bdgm`cdq zlgg }r}dgg| l`lsldgg| amr}qxqlrmc a| sem fdbs seds rokm xmoxgm socd|sdnm r}be d` l`smqmrs l` d` d`blm`s bdgm`cdq.Dfsmq dgg' e}kd` elrsoq| edr rmm` d elje `}kamqof clffmqm`s bdgm`cdqr. Lr òs sem` sem Kd|d`bdgm`cdq i}rs d vmq| rxmbldglymc r}aimbs of l`smqmrs o`g| so rxmbldglrsr oq elrsoq| a}ffr? Ze|zo}gc sem zoqgc socd| `mmc dòsemq bdgm`cdqsed` sem Jqmjoqld` oq K}rglk seds dqm b}qqm`sg|

l` }rm' d`c ze| reo}gc selr am sem Kd|d`bdgm`cdq?

Zmgg' so amjl` zlse kors xmoxgmxqoadag| edvm d k}be soo glklsmc vlmz of semlkxoqsd`bm of sem Kd|d` blvlglydslo`' d`c@dslvm Dkmqlbd sqdclslo`r jm`mqdgg|. L` fdbs' dssemlq emljes l` sem =se so


26/44

M`cl`j Sem Xgd`ms UM`cl`j Sem Xgd`ms U RdjdRdjd1616

Sem Xgd`ms U Rdjd9 SemSem Xgd`ms U Rdjd9 SemRblm`slflb Dqj}km`sr l` dRblm`slflb Dqj}km`sr l` d

@}sremgg@}sremgg

Fqok Adc Drsqoòk|Fqok Adc Drsqoòk|

Gms km am vmq| bgmdq emqm9 @d`b|Glmcmq' Kdqn Edygmzooc d`c sem qmrs of semrmXgd`ms U xmoxgm %emqmdfsmq qmfmqqmc so dr!XUXr!, dqm bokxgmsmg| zqo`j. @o qoj}m jld`sxgd`ms lr dao}s so cmrsqo| sem Mdqse' l` Kd|1882 oq osemqzlrm. Sem zmaxdjmr o` selr d`cosemq rlsmr jlvm gosr of cmsdlgr' a}s L seo}jes lskljes emgx lf L kdcm d aqlmf r|òxrlr of semdqj}km`sr L d`c osemqr kdnm so cma}`n selrxrm}corblm`slflb rlggl`mrr. Glrsmc amgoz dqm semkdioq xol`sr djdl`rs sem bgdlkr of sem XUXr.Fmmg fqmm so }rm semk so kdnm |o}qrmgf fmmgamssmq' oq so }rm o` rokmo`m zeo lrbo`smkxgdsl`j sem Cdqn Rlcm.

D`blm`s smusr co òs clrb}rr semmulrsm`bm of d sm`se xgd`ms.

Ymbedqlde Rlsbel` adrmr elr m`slqmsemoq| of sem mulrsm`bm of d sm`se xgd`ms o`d`blm`s smusr' l`bg}cl`j R}kmqld` d`c alaglbdgzqlsl`jr. Eozmvmq' em lr nòz` so klrl`smqxqmsR}kmqld`' rokmslkmr jqorrg|. Elr nm| fl`cl`jlr adrmc o` d rmdg seds reozr d cldjqdk sedsgoonr glnm sem rogdq r|rsmk' zlse sem R}` ds sembm`smq. Ls dxxmdqr so edvm mgmvm` xgd`msr dqo}`cls. Rl`bm R}kmqld`r bo}`smc sem R}` d`c Koo`

lcmd of d sm`se xgd`ms seds xdrrmr a| sem Mdqse.

Semqm lr ò drsqoòklbdg l`clbdslo` of sem mulrsm`bm of dòsemq gdqjm xgd`ms

l` sem l``mq rogdq r|rsmk.

L` k| oxl`lo`' selr lr sem aljjmrsxqoagmk zlse sem Xgd`ms U k|se. Rlkxg| x}s9zemqm lr ls? Zm co`*s rmm ls oxslbdgg|' d`c zmco`*s rmm d`| mffmbsr jqdvlsdslo`dgg|.

Goon ds I}xlsmq. Glsmqdgg|$ Ls*r dao}s sm`slkmr sem cldkmsmq of sem Mdqse' d`c ls*r o`dvmqdjm dao}s :=8 klgglo` nlgokmsmqr %3=8klgglo` klgmr, dzd|. Ls lr mdrlg| vlrlagm so sem`dnmc m|m' d`c l` fdbs lr }r}dgg| sem fo}qse oqflfse aqljesmrs oaimbs l` sem rn| %sem R}`' Koo`'d`c Vm`}r dqm aqljesmq' d`c Kdqr bd`rokmslkmr am aqljesmq sed` I}xlsmq,.

\ms' foq Xgd`ms U so am emqm l` gmrr sem`d cmbdcm' ls bd`*s am fdqsemq sed` d algglo` oq ronlgokmsmqr dzd|. Mvm` ds seds clrsd`bm' ls zo}gcam o`m of sem aqljesmrs oaimbsr l` sem rn|. Mvm`lf ls zmqm soo fdl`s so am rmm` zlse sem `dnmcm|m' ls zo}gc rslgg am rmm` mdrlg| mvm` lf ls zmqmalgglo`r of nlgokmsmqr dzd|. Qmkmkamq' sl`|Xg}so lr = algglo` nlgokmsmqr o}s' d`c bd` ammdrlg| cmsmbsmc }rl`j kocmq` mt}lxkm`s' d`cXg}so lr zd| rkdggmq sed` Xgd`ms U lr r}xxormcso am. Semqm lr rlkxg| ò zd| d alj xgd`ms robgorm so Mdqse bo}gc edvm mrbdxmc drsqoòkmqr*cmsmbslo`++ mvm` dkdsm}q drsqoòkmqr' zeomvm` Glmcmq d`c Edygmzooc k}rs qmdglym edvmò qmdro` so glm++ dgg semrm cmbdcmr.

Bo`sl`}mc o` Xdjm 15

dr xgd`msr' Rlsbel` rd|r sem musqd o`m k}rs amrokm }`nòz` xgd`ms. Em dgro rd|r ls edr dglm`ro` ls zeo bokk}`lbdsmc zlse sem d`blm`sR}kmqld`r.

A}s semqm dqm szo kdioq xqoagmkr zlseselr. Zmgg' seqmm' lf |o} bo}`s edvl`j dglm`vlrlsdslo`r dr d xqoagmk %d`c L bmqsdl`g| co,. A}sljòql`j seds' semqm dqm rslgg szo aljjlmr. Rlsbel`

bgdlkr seds sem xlbs}qm reozr ]qd`}r' @mxs}`md`c Xg}so. A}s sem R}kmqld`r clc`*s edvmsmgmrboxmr' d`c semqmfoqm bo}gc o`g| edvmnòz` of semk lf dglm`r sogc semk dao}s semlqmulrsm`bm. A}s lf dglm`r sogc semk dao}s seormxgd`msr' ze| òs dao}s sem koo`r of I}xlsmq d`cRds}q`' oq Rds}q`*r ql`jr? Sem rmdg comr`*s reozd`| of semrm fmds}qmr. D`c sem R}kmqld`rseo}jes sem Koo` d`c R}` zmqm xgd`msr' zem`sem| dqm`*s. Bmqsdl`g| dglm`r zo}gc nòz seds semR}` d`c Koo` dqm òs xgd`msr$ Rlsbel` lrxlbnl`j d`c beoorl`j sel`jr l` sem xlbs}qm sor}xxoqs elr dqj}km`sr' d`c ljòql`j sel`jr sedsco`*s r}xxoqs ls. Seds lr`*s rblm`bm' ls*r fd`sdr|.Ls*r dgro zqo`j.

Zoqrm' elr l`smqxqmsdslo` of sem xlbs}qm lrzqo`j. Sem R}kmqld`r edvm d` }`dkalj}o}rr|kaog foq sem R}`9 d blqbgm zlse fo}q sqld`jgmrdqo}`c ls glnm qd|r' d`c rt}ljjg| gl`mr amszmm`sem sqld`jgmr. Seds lr mkxedslbdgg| òs semr|kaog l` sem rmdg. Sem r|kaog }rmc lr seds of daqljes rsdq' a}s òs sem R}`. Ro mvm` Rlsbel`*radrlb xqmklrm lr zqo`j. Klbedmg Emlrmq' dR}kmqld` rbeogdq' o}sgl`mr dgg selr o` elrzmarlsm.

Bo`bg}rlo`9 Rlsbel`*r lcmdr dqm zqo`j' d`c ro semqm lr ò qmdro` so mvm` l`sqoc}bm sem


27/44

U Yo`m DcvmqslrmqrU Yo`m Dcvmqslrmqr 1:1:

zzz.im``lfmqqoal`r.bokzzz.im``lfmqqoal`r.bok

JEORSG\ D@SLT]MRBgdqd Mrx| lr edxx| zlse emq glfm }`slg rem gormr emqe}rad`c }`muxmbsmcg|. X}remc so fl`c rokmsel`j soobb}x| emq slkm' Bgdqd fl`cr emqrmgf a}|l`j d` d`slt}mreox l` sem bm`smq of soz`. Dr lf seds lr`*s m`o}je sonmmx emq a}r|' rem fdggr d`c elsr emq emdc' }`gobnl`j dsdgm`s seds rem `mvmq cqmdkmc bo}gc mulrs. @oz' Bgdqdlr dagm so rmm sem rxlqlsr of seorm zeo edvm oz`mc oqamm` drrobldsmc zlse oaimbsr zlsel` emq rsoqm.

Sem rsoq| xqmrm`smc a| Im``lfmq Qoal`r lr eljeg|l`sqlj}l`j' dggozl`j sem qmdcmq so xg}`jm l`so d zoqgcseds fmz of }r mvmq bo`rlcmq. Sem soxlb lr zmggqmrmdqbemc d`c l`foqkdslvm. L fo}`c k|rmgf zd`sl`j son`oz koqm mvmq| slkm L sqlmc so x}s sem aoon coz`.

Jeorsg| D`slt}mr zlgg cmfl`lsmg| jlvm d`|o`ml`smqmrsmc l` sem r}xmq`ds}qdg rokmsel`j so sel`n dao}s. L goon foqzdqc so qmdcl`j sem rmt}mg.

Dkm| R Slxxmssd}seoq of Dglro`*r Io}q`m|

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IL G G C DE @ MIL G G C DE @ MBmgmaqls|GOVMXr|belb

Z lse d` dbb}qdb| qdsm of `mdqg|


28/44

1515 M`cl`j Sem Xgd`ms UM`cl`j Sem Xgd`ms U RdjdRdjdSem Xgd`ms U Rdjd9 SemSem Xgd`ms U Rdjd9 Sem

Rblm`slflb Dqj}km`sr l` dRblm`slflb Dqj}km`sr l` d

@}sremgg@}sremggBo`sl`}mc fqok Xdjm 16Bo`sl`}mc fqok Xdjm 16

Dgro' d jld`s xgd`ms edr jld`s jqdvls|.@mxs}`m zdr clrbovmqmc ambd}rm of lsrjqdvlsdslo`dg mffmbsr o` Rds}q` d`c ]qd`}r.Xgd`ms U' lf ls zmqm d`|zemqm `mdq sem l``mqrogdq r|rsmk %d`c l` sq}se' mvm` d go`j zd| o}s,'zo}gc x}gg o` seorm xgd`msr. Selr x}gg zo}gcdffmbs semlq oqalsr' d`c zm*c rmm seds. Zm co`*s.Rokm of sem Xgd`ms U xqoxo`m`sr sdgn dao}s eozsem o}smq xgd`msr* oqalsr dqm l`cmmc dffmbsmc' a}ssem| dqm qmg|l`j o` vmq| ogc cdsd. L` fdbs' semxgd`msr dqm mudbsg| zemqm sem| reo}gc am jlvm`sem `l`m xgd`msr zm nòz dao}s.

D gos of XUXr sdgn dao}s d bo}xgm of rblm`slflb xdxmqr x}aglremc zelbe sdgn dao}sxmqs}qadslo`r l` bokms oqalsr l`clbdsl`j dxorrlagm sm`se xgd`ms. L edvm qmdc aose xdxmqr'd`c fo}`c semk so am l`smqmrsl`j' a}s }`glnmg|.Sem| dqm koqm rxmb}gdslo` sed` edqc rblm`bm' l`k| oxl`lo`. A}s mvm` lf sem| dqm boqqmbs' sem|zo}gc l`clbdsm d xgd`ms seds lr zd|' zd| fdqsemqo}s sed` Edygmzooc d`c Glmcmq bgdlk foq Xgd`msU' d`c l` fdbs zo}gc l`clbdsm semqm lr o kdrrlvmxgd`ms bgormq so sem l``mq rogdq r|rsmk. Dr }r}dg'a| xol`sl`j o}s rblm`slflb mvlcm`bm sem| sel`n r}xxoqsr semlq xorlslo`' sem XUXr dqm dbs}dgg|eljegljesl`j mvlcm`bm djdl`rs semk.

Dòsemq fdvoqlsm bgdlk of Kdqn Edygmzooc lr seds @DRD fo}`c sem sm`se xgd`msadbn l` 4sem| jqoz d`c fdcm rgozg|' ovmq |mdqr. L` fdbs'mdbe xmdn dbs}dgg| edr szo r}a+xmdnr> rogdqdbslvls| qlrmr' sem` cmbgl`mr' sem` qlrmr djdl` d|mdq oq ro gdsmq' dr bd` am rmm` l` sem xgos reoz`%bglbn o` ls so aql`j }x d aljjmq vmqrlo` of semlkdjm,. Zm dqm i}rs oz fl`lrel`j }x sem rmbo`cxmdn' d`c dr |o} bd` rmm zm reo}gc muxmbsxgm`s| of dbslvls| o` sem R}`. L sdgnmc so d bo}xgmof rogdq drsqoòkmqr' d`c sem| aose sogc km sedssem fgdqmr d`c BKMr l` sem rmbo`c xmdn sm`c soam koqm vlogm`s sed` l` sem flqrs' ro zm dbs}dgg|muxmbs koqm m`mqjmslb dbslvls| l` sem rmbo`cxmdn' seds lr' òz.

Sem XUXr `mjgmbs so km`slo` sem elrsoq|of sem R}`' d`c i}rs zd`s |o} so sel`n dao}szeds*r edxxm`l`j qljes òz. A| col`j seds' lskdnmr ls rmmk glnm sem R}` lr }`cmqjol`j dggroqsr of }`c}gdslo`r' zem` l` fdbs ls*r col`jmudbsg| zeds lr muxmbsmc of ls. Sem R}` lr l` òzd| dbsl`j daòqkdgg|' cmrxlsm semlq bgdlkr.

Bo`bg}rlo`9 sem R}` lr dbsl j òqkdgg|' d`c lsr amedvloq comr os r}xxoqs semmulrsm`bm of Xgd`ms U.

Semqm dqm òs koqm mdqset}dnmr sed`òqkdg.

Selr bgdlk lr rlklgdq so sem o`m dao}s semR}`. Sem XUXr rd| seds mdqset}dnmr dqm o` semqlrm' zelbe l`clbdsmr mffmbsr a| Xgd`ms U. Mvmq|slkm semqm lr d gdqjm mdqset}dnm' sem XUXr rd|selr lr mvlcm`bm foq Xgd`ms U.

Selr lr zqo`j. Sem sdagm clrxgd|mc emqm%bglbn o` ls so aql`j }x d aljjmq vmqrlo` of semlkdjm, reozr mdqset}dnm dbslvls| ovmq sem xdrs42 |mdqr. Sem t}dnmr dqm clvlcmc a| rsqm`jse%vmqslbdgg|, d`c |mdq %eoqlyo`sdgg|,. Sem cdsd dqmbokxgmsm foq 1881' kmd`l`j mvmq| mdqset}dnm

kmdr}qmc lr semqm.Lf Xgd`ms U lr `mdqg| emqm' sem` |o}*c

muxmbs so rmm d` l`bqmdrm of kdioq mdqset}dnmdbslvls| ovmq slkm' zlse 1881 edvl`j sem kors.R}qxqlrm$ Ls comr`*s. L` fdbs' 1881 lr }r}dgg|dvmqdjm oq mvm` amgoz dvmqdjm l` sem `}kamq of kdioq mdqset}dnmr foq d jlvm` kdj`ls}cm sedsobb}qqmc.

\o} kd| òslbm seds sem dbs}dg sosdg`}kamq of mdqset}dnmr comr dxxmdq so l`bqmdrmzlse slkm' a}s seds lr òs ambd}rm semqm dqm koqmmdqset}dnmr. Ls*r ambd}rm zm*qm jmssl`j amssmq dscmsmbsl`j semk$ Dr l`rsq}km`sr ambokm koqmrm`rlslvm' koqm mdqset}dnmr dqm cmsmbsmc. @osmseds sem l`bqmdrm lr korsg| l` sem `}kamq of rkdgg t}dnmr' zelbe dqm }r}dgg| edqcmq socmsmbs. Amssmq l`rsq}km`sdslo` `ds}qdgg| cmsmbsrrkdggmq t}dnmr koqm mdrlg|' l`bqmdrl`j sem sosdg`}kamq fo}`c zlseo}s bed`jl`j sem `}kamq of alj t}dnmr fo}`c' ambd}rm seorm dqm mdr| socmsmbs d`c zm bdsbe semk dgg zlse gmrr rm`rlslvmmt}lxkm`s. R}xxoqsl`j selr lr sem gdrs gl`m of semjqdxe' zelbe reozr o`g| d fmz vmq| zmdn mdqset}dnmr l` sem 8+4 qd`jm. Semqm dqm xqoadag|koqm of seorm sed` d`| osemq mdqset}dnm' a}s dqmfdq edqcmq so cmsmbs }`dkalj}o}rg| %d bdqcqlvl`j a| kljes goon i}rs glnm d kdj`ls}cm 8.4

mdqset}dnm so d rmlrkojqdxe,. Sem ]`lsmc RsdsmrJmogojlbdg R}qvm| edr d zmaxdjm cmrbqlal`jmudbsg| selr fl`cl`j. Ro' lf Xgd`ms U lr qmdg d`c

dffmbsl`j }r' ls k}rs am r}xxqmrrl`j mdqset}dnmr'òs bd}rl`j semk.Semqm zmqm szo alj mdqset}dnmr l`

Id`}dq| 1882' aose ovmq : o` sem Qlbesmq rbdgm.Sem XUXr zm`s `}sr dao}s semk. A}s goon ds semxgos$ Szo kdj`ls}cm : mdqset}dnmr l` o`mko`se kmd`r |o}*c muxmbs 13 l` d |mdq' qljes?Zmgg' |o} bd` rmm seds 13 kdj`ls}cm :mdqset}dnmr xmq |mdq lr i}rs dao}s qljes jlvm` semmdqset}dnm elrsoq|. Ro o`bm djdl`' a| aql`jl`jselr cdsd so mvmq|o`m*r dssm`slo`' sem Xgd`ms Uxmoxgm dqm reoosl`j semkrmgvmr l` sem foos.

Bo`bg}rlo`9 semqm ò koqmmdqset}dnmr sed` }r}dg' d`c semqmfoqmmdqset}dnmr bd`òs am }rmc so r}xxoqs sem

mulrsm`bm of Xgd`ms U.

Semqm edr amm` d gos of zmlqc zmdsemqgdsmg|.

Dòsemq alj bgdlk lr seds semqm edr amm`d gos of }`}r}dg zmdsemq jol`j o`> soq`dcomr'cqo}jesr' rsoqkr' msb. Glnm mdqset}dnmr d`crogdq fgdqmr' mvmq| slkm ls qdl`r ls rmmkr glnm lsk}rs am c}m so Xgd`ms U.

Flqrs off' r}qxqlrm$ Sem zmdsemq lr`*s dggseds zmlqc. Zm dqm bokl`j off of d` Mg @lò'zelbe lr d zmdsemq xdssmq` seds clrq}xsr bglkdsmrdbqorr sem zoqgc. Dgro' zm dqm òz l`so

rxql`jslkm' zem` sel`jr glnm soq`dcomr dqmbokko`. Rmml`j soq`dcomr l` Smudr d`cOngdeokd lr òs o`g| òs }`}r}dg' a}s lrmuxmbsmc$

Semqm edvm amm` rokm qmboqcr aqonm`selr |mdq' a}s semqm dqm zmdsemq qmboqcr aqonm`mvmq| |mdq. Selr lr mudbsg| sem rdkm roqs of adcgojlb }rmc l` sem mdqset}dnm dqj}km`s' d`c lr

i}rs dr zqo`j. Mvm` d b}qroq| zma rmdqbe |lmgcrgosr of xdjmr dao}s sem occ zmdsemq zm jms dr Mg@lò cmxdqsr.

D`c mvm` lf ls zmqm sq}m' eoz bo}gc semzmdsemq xorrlag| am so slmc so d` l`bokl`jxgd`ms? Lf |o} drr}km mgmbsqokdj`mslb foqbmr'zm*c rmm e}jm bed`jmr l` o}q d}qoqd amfoqm zm*c

rmm bed`jmr l` sem zmdsemq' d`c zm rmm ò r}bebed`jmr. Lf ls zmqm jqdvlsdslo`dg' sem` semqmzo}gc am bo}`sgmrr osemq' fdq gdqjmq mffmbsr.Go`j amfoqm sem zmdsemq zmqm clrq}xsmc' zm*crmm bed`jmr l` sem Koo`*r oqals seds zmqm ro aljsem| zo}gc am }`klrsdndagm. Sem| zo}gcbmqsdl`g| seqoz off sem slkl`jr of mbglxrmr' d`czm*gg rmm o` Kd| 4=se seds semqm zlgg am d g}`dqmbglxrm qljes o` rbemc}gm.

Bo`bg}rlo`9 sem zmdsemq lr`*s d`|zmlqcmq sed` ls }r}dgg| lr ds sem m`c of d` Mg

@lò' ro sem bgdlkr of zmlqc zmdsemq dqmzqo`j.

Bo`sl`}mc o` Xdjm 1


29/44

M`cl`j Sem Xgd`ms UM`cl`j Sem Xgd`ms U RdjdRdjd 1 sem r}`gljes ao}`bl`j off semgm`rmr l`rlcm sem bdkmqd. Sem jlvmdzd| lr eozls kovmr fqok xlbs}qm so xlbs}qm dr sem bdkmqdlsrmgf lr kovmc d`c qosdsmc. D qmj}gdqbo`sqla}soq so sem Adc Drsqoòk| A}ggmslÀodqc zeo jomr a| sem `dkm !Cmmxrxdbmjlqg!edr d zmarlsm zelbe reozr d rlklgdq xlbs}qmsdnm` l` 1881$ Oavlo}rg|' ls*r òs Xgd`ms U.

Rokm of Kr. Glmcmq*r dbog|smr edvmjo`m o}s d`c sdnm` cljlsdg lkdjmr of sem `ljes

rn| seqo}je smgmrboxmr' d`c bgdlkmc so edvmfo}`c Xgd`ms U. Sem| dqm zqo`j. Cljlsdg lkdjmrdqm òs dr rlkxg| xqobmrrmc dr d qogg of flgk' d`cl` fdbs sdnmr zmmnr of sqdl`l`j so }`cmqrsd`c semcmsdlgr. L rs}clmc cljlsdg bdkmqdr foq |mdqrzoqnl`j o` E}aagm cdsd' d`c edvm d xqmss| joocl`rljes l`so selr. Sem adrlb xqoagmk zlse Kr.Glmcmq*r lkdjmr lr l` eoz sem bdglaqdslo` cdsdzmqm xqobmrrmc. ]`glnm d xol`s+d`c+reoosbdkmqd' d` drsqoòklbdg cmsmbsoq `mmcr gosr of xlbs}qmr sdnm` }`cmq bo`sqoggmc blqb}krsd`bmrro seds |o} bd` }`cmqrsd`c zeds lr qmdg l` semlkdjm d`c zeds lr`*s. L ams |o} bd` rmm zemqmselr lr jol`j.

Zem` bedqjmc xdqslbgmr els d` mgmbsqo`lbcmsmbsoq' sem| gmdvm d aqljes rxos l` sem lkdjm.Semrm nl`cr of xdqslbgmr dqm xqoc}bmc a| semR}`' d`c bd` els sem cmsmbsoq l` sem bdkmqd.


CDQM SO AMGLMVM D@C CDQM SO AMEMDQC

KO@CD\ + FQLCD\ 48 XK + 1 DK MCSL@

SEM U [email protected]@MQDCLO.BOK


30/44

M`cl`j Sem Xgd`ms UM`cl`j Sem Xgd`ms U RdjdRdjd2828Sem Xgd`ms U Rdjd9 SemSem Xgd`ms U Rdjd9 Sem

Rblm`slflb Dqj}km`sr l` dRblm`slflb Dqj}km`sr l` d

@}sremgg@}sremggBo`sl`}mc fqok Xdjm 1


31/44

Cookrcd| & Cookrcd| B}gsrCookrcd| & Cookrcd| B}gsr 2424Cookrcd| &Cookrcd| &

Cookrcd| B}gsrCookrcd| B}gsra| Qoamqs Bdqqogga| Qoamqs Bdqqogg

Cookrcd| lr sem cd| sem zoqgc dr zmnòz ls m`cr. Ls lr d cd| of bogorrdg bdsdrsqoxem'cmvdrsdsl`j cmrsq}bslo`' musl`bslo`' d`cd``lelgdslo`. D cookrcd| b}gs lr d jqo}x of xmoxgm gmc a| d bedqlrkdslb bedqdbsmq zeo edrbo`vl`bmc semk seds sem m`c lr `mdq. Dcookrd|mq lr rokmaoc| foq zeok sem rlj`r of bdsdrsqoxem d`c lkkl`m`s bdgdkls| dqm}alt}lso}r.

Rokm drrobldsm cookrcd| zlse sem m`cof sem }`lvmqrm d`c d cd| of i}cjkm`s a| rokmkljes| aml`j zeo czmggr o}srlcm of sem

}`lvmqrm d`c obb}xlmr ò rxdbm. Sem jooc zlggam qmzdqcmc foq aml`j jooc d`c sem mvlg zlgg amx}`lremc foq aml`j mvlg. Rl`bm kors xmoxgm dqm dklus}qm of aose' ò kdssmq eoz |o} cmfl`m semrmsmqkr' ls bo}gc jms kmrr|. Sem qmgljlo}rcookrd|mqr }r}dgg| qmfmq so d rdbqmc aoon sedsbo`sdl`r bq|xslb xqoxemblmr dao}s sem m`c of semzoqgc. Vdqlo}r aoonr of sem Alagm' foq mudkxgm'edvm amm` ro}qbmr of m`c+slkmr rxmb}gdslo` foqdr go`j dr semrm aoonr edvm amm` dqo}`c.

Rokm cookrd|mqr' eozmvmq' dqm d alskoqm xdqobeldg d`c drrobldsm cookrcd| zlsekdrrlvm cmrsq}bslo` o`g| l` semlq glssgm xdqs of sem zoqgc.

Rokm of sem kors dbslvm cookrd|mqr of o}q slkm dqm foggozmqr of sem Daqdedklbqmgljlo`r d`c amglmvm seds xqloq so i}cjkm`s cd|semqm zlgg am d jqmds adssgm. Kd`| Beqlrsld`ramglmvm sem fl`dg zdq zlgg obb}q ds Dqkdjmccoàmszmm` sem foqbmr of jooc' gmc a| Joc' d`c semfoqbmr of mvlg' gmc a| Rdsd`. Ls lr glnmg| seds òrxmbsdsoqr zlgg am dggozmc ds Dqkdjmcco` %ro|o} amssmq xlbn |o}q rlcm òz,' zelbe lr rdlc soam gobdsmc l` kocmq` Lrqdmg. Eoz algglo`r of xmoxgm zlgg fls l`so selr sl`| rxdbm lr d k|rsmq|seds L*k r}qm semogojld`r edvm zoqnmc o}s so semrdslrfdbslo` of semlq }`cmkd`cl`j bglm`sr.

Cookrcd| edr amm` xqmclbsmc kd`|slkmr a| kd`| xqoxemsr. Oavlo}rg|' ro fdqsem|*vm dgg amm` zqo`j' zelbe gozmqr sem occrseds d`| jlvm` xqoxemb| seds sem zoqgc zlgg m`co` rokm rxmblflb cdsm zlgg bokm sq}m. Rokm' glnmsem Imeovde*r Zls`mrrmr' edvm amm` zqo`j rokd`| slkmr seds sem|*vm t}ls kdnl`j rxmblflbxqmclbslo`r' a}s sem|*qm rslgg zdq`l`j }r seds semm`c lr `mdq. @os so zoqq|> semqm dqm xgm`s| of osemqr zeo bo`sl`}m so eozg seds sem m`c lr mdq.D qmbm`s mudkxgm lr sem Rsqo`j Bls| b}gs gmc a|Klbedmg Sqdvmrrmq %dnd Zd|`m Am`s,' zeobgdlkr em lr sem kmrrlde d`c xqmclbsmc sem zoqgczo}gc m`c ds klc`ljes o` 24 Obsoamq 188:.

@os dgg seorm zeo bgdlk so nòz zem`sem m`c zlgg bokm dqm koslvdsmc a| r}xmq`ds}qdgrlj`r' eozmvmq. Rokm xqmclbs kdrrlvm

cmrsq}bslo` zlgg bokm so Mdqse zem` sem xgd`msrdglj` l` d bmqsdl` zd|. = Fmaq}dq| 4


32/44

Zemqm Fdbs Lr Flbslo` & Flbslo` lr Qmdgls|Zemqm Fdbs Lr Flbslo` & Flbslo` lr Qmdgls|2121DXOBDG\XRMDXOBDG\XRM

1 8 4 11 8 4 1

GDZQM@BM M. IORMXEzzz.dxobdg|xrm1841.bokzzz.dxobdg|xrm1841.bok

Obmd` Qlvmq L`rsls}sm' 41 Mglos Rsqmms' Bdkaqlcjm' KD 81425 Smg9 %64:, 664+663: / Mkdlg9 l`foHobmd`qlvmq.oqj

z z z . o b m d ` q l v m q . o q j

Bo``mbsl`j Gobdg Rsmzdqcrelx zlse Jgoadg R}xxoqsBo``mbsl`j Gobdg Rsmzdqcrelx zlse Jgoadg R}xxoqs

!Sem gmdrs fqdbs}qm òz zlgg am glnm d `dkm m`jqdvmc zlse sem xol`s of d xl` o` sem sm`cmq ql`c of d |o}`j odn> sem zo}`c zlgg m`gdqjm zlse sem sqmm'd`c xorsmqls| qmdc l` ls f}gg jqoz` bedqdbsmqr.! Seokdr Xdl`m

Sem Obmd` Qlvmq L`rsls}sm lr d =84%b,%2, ò`xqofls oqjd`lydslo`cmclbdsmc so emgxl`j xmoxgm d`c jqo}xr kdnm d clffmqm`bm zemqmsem| glvm d`c zoqn seqo}je m`vlqo`km`sdg rsmzdqcrelx d`crblm`bm.

Zm amglmvm seds kd`| m`vlqo`km`sdg lrr}mr bd` amrs am dccqmrrmca| xmoxgm sdnl`j dbslo` l` semlq oz` bokk}`lslmr d`c qmjlo`r' òsa| gdqjm' `dslo`dg m`slslmr. A}s rkdgg' gobdglymc' oq `mzg| foqkmc

jqo}xr ofsm` `mmc emgx so dbelmvm semlq jodgr.

Sedsr zemqm sem Obmd` Qlvmq L`rsls}sm bokmr l`. Zm kdl`sdl` d `mszoqn of OQL Xdqs`mqr'bo``mbsl`j semk zlse qmro}qbmr d`c rmqvlbmr so emgx semk kdulklym semlq lkxdbs' muxd`c semlqbdxdbls|' d`c zmdsemq }`d`slblxdsmc rmsadbnr. OQL Dbslo`r d`c Mvm`sr offmq oxxoqs}`lslmr sokdnm d clffmqm`bm' d`c |o} bd` vog}`smmq so am d` OQL Rsmzdqc. Gmdq` koqm vlrls }r o` gl`m dszzz.obmd`qlvmq.oqj.


33/44

Cookrcd| & Cookrcd| B}gsrCookrcd| & Cookrcd| B}gsr 2222Cookrcd| &Cookrcd| &

Cookrcd| B}gsrCookrcd| B}gsrBo`sl`}mc fqok Xdjm 24Bo`sl`}mc fqok Xdjm 24

rblm`bm d`c r}xmqrslslo`

]`slg qmbm`sg|' lf zm zd`smc so muxgdlò}q oqljl` oq o}q }gslkdsm cmklrm' zm zmqmqmrsqlbsmc so bqmdsl`j k|ser dao}s sem amjl``l`jd`c m`c of o}q rxmblmr. Foq seo}rd`cr of |mdqr'zm bo}gc o`g| j}mrr ds zemqm zm bdkm fqok d`czemqm zm zmqm jol`j so m`c }x. !Foq 468'88|mdqr' r}xmqrslslo` emgc Eoko rdxlm`r bdxslvm'!dr Aoa Xdqn x}sr ls.) Rblm`bm edr mkmqjmc o`g|l` sem gdrs fmz e}`cqmc |mdqr. @oz' sed`nr soBedqgmr Cdqzl` d`c osemqr zm edvm d xqmss|jooc lcmd of zemqm zm bdkm fqok. Sed`nr sokd`| xe|rlblrsr d`c drsqoòkmqr' zm edvm dxqmss| jooc lcmd of eoz ls*r xqoadag| jol`j som`c. R}xmqrslslo}r k|ser dao}s o}q oqljl`r d`c}gslkdsm cmklrm rslgg dao}`c dko`j semqmgljlo}r d`c d`sl+rblm`slflb rmb}gdqlrsr' a}s sem|co glssgm cdkdjm so sem xqojqmrr of rblm`bm.Seorm col`j rblm`bm mlsemq qmimbs sem qmgljlo}rk|ser of o}q d`bmrsqdg rsoq|smggmqr dr xqoc}bsrof bqmdslvm kl`cr seds sqlmc so }`cmqrsd`c sem}`lvmqrm }rl`j glssgm koqm sed` semlqlkdjl`dslo`r d`c sem fmmcadbn sem| jos fqokmt}dgg| ljòqd`s fognr rlssl`j dqo}`c d bdkxflqm'oq sem| edvm flj}qmc o}s d zd| so l`smqxqms semk|ser so kdnm semk rmmk bokxdslagm zlsekocmq` rblm`bm. Seorm zeo dssmkxs so foqbmkocmq` rblm`bm l`so sem kogc of semlq qmgljlo}rk|ser dqm òs col`j rblm`bm d`c dqm glssgm koqmsed` d bo`rsd`s `}lrd`bm.

%K|sekdnmqr rslgg rls dqo}`c sembdkxflqm smggl`j sdgmr so semlq ljòqd`sd}clm`bmr. Rokm of semrm k|sekdnmqr dqm drljòqd`s dr semlq bdkx foggozmqr. Rokm dqmrblm`slrsr sq|l`j so g}qm bdkx foggozmqr soco`dsm ko`m| so semlq lkxgd}rlagm oq lkxorrlagmxqoimbsr' glnm sem fqmm m`mqj| e}bnrsmqr. Sem|bdgg ls d` l`vmrskm`s' a}s ls*r d co`dslo`. L sel`n Aoa Xdqn rdlc seds.,

Kd`| k|ser qmxoqs cookrcd| mvm`sr'

a}s sem| }r}dgg| xqovlcm ò zd| so smrs semlqbgdlkr. Lf sem| co' sem bgdlkr co`*s rsd`c }x sorblm`slflb rbq}sl`|. Zem` rblm`slrsr bgdlk sedssemqm edvm dgqmdc| amm` cookrcd| mvm`sr o`Mdqse' r}be dr aml`j els zlse d jld`s kmsmoqolcrokm 6= klgglo` |mdqr djo' sem| xqoc}bmmvlcm`bm d`c bo}`smq+mvlcm`bm' d`c dqj}m }`slgsem bgdlk lr mlsemq qmimbsmc oq dbbmxsmc a| semkdioqls| of seorm l` sem flmgc. Zem` rblm`slrsrsmgg }r seds zm bo}gc jms els djdl` a| dòsemqe}jm oaimbs fqok o}smq rxdbm' zm sdnm semkrmqlo}rg| d`c co òs zo`cmq lf semlq qmvmgdslo`bdkm fqok d` dgg+nòzl`j aml`j fqok sem JqmdsAm|o`c. L` fdbs' semqm edvm amm` rmvmqdg kdrrmusl`bslo`r of rxmblmr %koqm sed`


34/44

]FOr Ovmq Sem ]`lsmc Nl`jcok]FOr Ovmq Sem ]`lsmc Nl`jcok2323

CQ.CQ.REMGGM\REMGGM\

NDMEQNDMEQ

A}| sem SOX SM@Emdgl`j Rso`mr of DggSlkm fqok Cq

Remggm|$Zd`s so sq| sem rso`mr Remggm| km`slo`mc o` Sem U Yo`m?@oz |o} bd` jms d` m`slqm rms of sem sox sm` bokxgmsm zlse dvmgvms bdqq|l`j adj d`c l`rsq}bslo` bdqc foq cdlg| }rm$

\o}*gg jms9 4, Qorm T}dqsy 1, Emkdslsm 2, Dkmse|rs 3, Blsql`m=, Dvm`s}ql`m 6, Rocdglsm :, Gdxlr 5, Fg}oqlsm


35/44

Cookrcd| & Cookrcd| B}gsrCookrcd| & Cookrcd| B}gsr 2=2=Cookrcd| &Cookrcd| &

Cookrcd| B}gsrCookrcd| B}gsrBo`sl`}mc fqok Xdjm 22Bo`sl`}mc fqok Xdjm 22

Dr òsmc daovm' eozmvmq' òs dggcookrd|mqr dqm qmgljlo}r xqoxemsr. Rokm goon so rblm`bm dr sem glnmg| bd}rm of sem m`c of semzoqgc. L jqmz }x c}ql`j sem ro+bdggmc Bogc Zdq'zem` sem ]`lsmc Rsdsmr d`c sem foqkmq Rovlms]`lo` sqlmc so o}sxdbm mdbe osemq l` cmvmgoxl`j`}bgmdq zmdxo`r. Zeds amjd` dr d qdbm socmvmgox sem kors xozmqf}g zmdxo`r of kdrrcmrsq}bslo` l` elrsoq| jqdc}dgg| jdvm zd| so dxelgoroxelbdg xorlslo` nòz` dr `}bgmdqcmsmqqm`bm. Mvm` seo}je aose rlcmr mvm`s}dgg|edc mò}je zmdxo`r so cmrsqo| o}q rxmblmr

kd`| slkmr ovmq' `mlsemq rlcm zo}gc }rm lsrzmdxo`r ambd}rm so co ro kmd`s musl`bslo` foqsemk dr zmgg. @oz sem jqmds fmdq lr seds `}bgmdqkdsmqldg zlgg jms l`so sem ed`cr of smqqoqlrsr oq dqoj}m `dslo` glnm Lqd`' zelbe kljes }rm semzmdxo` djdl`rs Lrqdmg. Rokm m`c+slkmrcookrd|mqr kljes go`j foq r}be d cd|' ambd}rmsem| amglmvm seds Lrqdmg zlgg am sem rlsm of sem gdrsadssgm o` Mdqse' ds Dqkdjmcco`' km`slo`mcdaovm. L` fdbs' cmrxlsm sem zlcmrxqmdccmrsq}bslo` smqqoqlrsr oq Lqd` kljes bd}rm' ls lr}`glnmg| seds sem| zlgg aql`j dao}s sem m`c of semzoqgc. L` d`| bdrm' lf sem| co' sem lqo`| zlgg amseds sem o`g| qmdro` rokm oarb}qm xdrrdjm lò`m aoon of sem Alagm edc d`|sel`j so co zlsesem m`c of sem zoqgc lr seds rokm xmoxgm' l` semlqymrs foq sem m`c of glfm o` Mdqse' edrsm`mc semmvm`s a| qdslo`dglyl`j seds semlq adc amedvloqzdr Joc*r zlgg.

D qmbm`s mudkxgm of sem amglmf sedsrblm`bm zlgg aql`j dao}s sem m`c of sem zoqgcbo`bmq`r sem Gdqjm Edcqo` Bogglcmq %GEB,'a}qlmc l` sem ko}`sdl`r o` sem Rzlrr/Fqm`beaoqcmq. Amfoqm ls zdr s}q`mc o`' rokm ò`+rblm`slrsr fmdqmc ls zo}gc bqmdsm d agdbn eogm sedszo}gc cmvo}q }r. D gdz|mq l` Edzdll `dkmcZdgsmq Zdj`mq ro}`cmc sem dgdqk. Dbboqcl`j soAoa Xdqn' Zdj`mq !qmdc fdq soo k}be rblm`bmflbslo` dr d |o}se! d`c !fd`sdrlymr seds em lr d

xe|rlblrs a| vlqs}m of d` }`cmqjqdc}dsm alogoj|cmjqmm zlse d klòq l` xe|rlbr.! Zdj`mqzoqqlmr seds sem GEB lr !d cookrcd| kdbel`mseds ... lr xormc so cmrsqo| sem zoqgc a| bqmdsl`jd agdbn eogm.! Eoz? A| rkdrel`j xdqslbgmr l`soo`m dòsemq. Rblm`slrsr dqm`*s soo zoqqlmc' rl`bm`ds}qm edr amm` rkdrel`j xdqslbgmr l`so o`mdòsemq o` Mdqse d`c o` sem Koo` foq algglo`r of |mdqr zlse k}be jqmdsmq m`mqj| sed` sem GEBzlgg am dagm so k}rsmq. Ro fdq ò agdbn eogmredvm obb}qqmc o` mlsemq sem Mdqse oq sem Koo`'d`c gdrs L bembnmc' aose zmqm rslgg fgodsl`j l`rxdbm zlse o`m oqalsl`j sem osemq.

Rokm xmoxgm sel`n seds sem dssqdbslo` of cookrcd| seo}jesr lr gl`nmc so sem cmrlqm so

fl`c kmd`l`j d`c rlj`lflbd`bm l` glfm.)Dxxdqm`sg|' rokm xmoxgm*r glvmr rmmk zoqsegmrr}`gmrr sem| bd` clm d`c glvm rokm osemq roqs of mulrsm`bm l` d cqmdk zoqgc xox}gdsmc a| rxlqlsrzeo rxm`c msmq`ls| zoqrelxxl`j semlq kdnmq. Lsel`n zm bd` rdfmg| ljòqm sem qmgljlo}r m`c+slkmr cookrd|mqr.

Sem rdkm bd`*s am rdlc foq dgg seorm zeozdq` }r of lkxm`cl`j cook lf zm co`*s bed`jmo}q zd|r. Rokm of o}q amedvloqr kd| s}q` o}sso gmdc so sq}g| bdsdrsqoxelb cmrsq}bslo` of o}qxgd`ms d`c o}q rxmblmr. @oaoc| bd` rmm seds fdq

l`so sem f}s}qm' eozmvmq' so nòz foq bmqsdl`zelbe of sem cookrd|mqr dqm qljes. Zm reo}gcam dagm so zmmc o}s sem Belbnm` Glssgmr glnm

Qlbedqc @oo`m d`c Zdgsmq Zdj`mq qdsemq mdrlg|d`c zlseo}s k}be bo`sqovmqr|. Sem sdrn lr koqmclfflb}gs zem` mvdg}dsl`j sem bgdlkr of seormzeo rmm d f}s}qm of bdsdrsqoxelb cmrsq}bslo`fqok bglkdsm bed`jm' jm`mslb m`jl`mmql`j'vdqlo}r foqkr of xogg}slo`' oq cmxgmslo` of `ds}qdg qmro}qbmr. Zm edvm so am bdqmf}g of semad`czdjo` mffmbs fqok bo`rm`r}r vlmzxol`sr'dr zmgg dr of bo`sqdqld` bgdlkr kdrt}mqdcl`j drrlj`lflbd`s oaimbslo`r so sem bo`rm`r}r. Semqmzlgg `mvmq am }`lvmqrdg bo`rm`r}r dko`jrblm`slrsr d`c osemq l`foqkmc xmoxgm qmjdqcl`jsemrm bo`sqovmqrldg lrr}mr. D`| dbslo` sdnm` zlggedvm so am adrmc o` xqoadalgls| d`c bdqq| zlse lsrokm cmjqmm of }`bmqsdl`s|. Zm `mmc fmdq aml`jzqo`j k}be gmrr sed` zm mmc fmdq edvl`j lcmdrrslfgmc ambd}rm sem| co`*s fls zlse rokmo`m*rxoglslbdg djm`cd. Zm kd| kdnm sem qljescmblrlo`r foq sem zqo`j qmdro`r' a}s seds eoxm lròs d xql`blxgm sem f}s}qm of o}q xgd`ms reo}gccmxm`c o`.

EMDVM@*R JDSMEMDVM@*R JDSMBeqlrsld` / ]FO amglmvmqrBeqlrsld` / ]FO amglmvmqr

Emdvm`*r Jdsm lr d cmrsq}bslvm'cookrcd| b}gs bm`smqmc l` Bdglfoq`ld. 14zokm` d`c 45 km` vog}`sdqlg| bokklssmc

r}lblcm l` seqmm jqo}xr o` seqmm r}bbmrrlvm cd|rrsdqsl`j o` 4 Boonm r}bbmmcmc.E}kxeqm| sqlmc djdl` l` sem Dqlyo`d cmrmqsc}ql`j 4 sem| goonmc }xo` semkrmgvmr dr ko`nrd`c `}`r> sem| glvmc bokk}`dgg| l` d gdqjm'qm`smc Rd` Clmjo Bo}`s| %BD, eokm zelbesem| bdggmc semlq ko`drsmq|. Kors kmkamqr edcglssgm bo`sdbs zlse semlq fdklglmr of oqljl` oq zlsesemlq `mljeaoqr. Kd`| foggozmc r}bbmrrf}gxqofmrrlo`dg bdqmmqr amfoqm m`smql`j sem jqo}x.Rokm dad`co`mc semlq belgcqm` amfoqm iol`l`j.Sem| zmqm fqmm so gmdvm ds d`| slkm. Sem|cqmrrmc l` }`lrmu jdqkm`sr9 redxmgmrr agdbn relqsr zlse Kd`cdql` boggdqr' d`c agdbn xd`sr.Sem| zmqm qmt}lqmc bokkls semkrmgvmr so dbmgladsm glfm. Mljes of sem kdgm kmkamqr'l`bg}cl`j Co' r}aklssmc so vog}`sdq| bdrsqdslo`.Selr rmmkr so edvm amm` d foqk of xqmxdqdslo`foq semlq `mus gmvmg of mulrsm`bm9 l` d glfm sedszo}gc am fqmm of jm`cmq' rmu}dg lcm`sls| d`crmu}dg dbslvls|.

Sem jqo}x r}xxoqsmc semkrmgvmrseqo}je d bokkmqbldg mffoqs bdggmc EljemqRo}qbm zelbe cmrlj`mc ZZZ xdjmr foq dxqofls. Sem| dgro }rmc sem L`smq`ms dr d

qmbq}lskm`s soog> sem| edvm d rlsm bdggmcEmdvm`*r Jdsm. O` semlq rlsm' Dxxgmzelsm%bdggl`j elkrmgf sem !Xqmrm`s Qmxqmrm`sdslvm!,cqmz xdqdggmgr amszmm` elkrmgf d`c sem rxlqlsfqok Emdvm` seds obb}xlmc sem aoc| of Imr}rBeqlrs. Semlq kdl` xdjm rd|r9 !Dr zdr xqoklrmc+ sem nm|r so Emdvm`*r Jdsm dqm emqm djdl` l` Sld`c Co %Sem ]FO Szo, dr sem| zmqm l` Imr}rd`c Elr Fdsemq' 1888 |mdqr djo!. Sem|clrb}rrmc semlq sdrn lr !so zoqn l`clvlc}dgg| oò}q xmqro`dg ovmqbokl`j d`c bed`jm' l`xqmxdqdslo` foq m`smql`j sem Nl`jcok of Emdvm`.! Semlq zma rlsm zdr sdnm` ovmq a| semFAL' a}s rokm l`clvlc}dgr zmqm dagm socoz`godc sem rlsm flgmr d`c bqmdsm klqqoqr ds

vdqlo}r gobdslo`r.Kdqredgg Emqff Dxxgmzelsm zdr jd|.

Semqm dqm q}koqr seds em edc o`m oq koqm dffdlqrzlse kdgm rs}cm`sr zem` em zdr d k}rlbsmdbemq. Em lr amglmvmc so edvm bembnmc elkrmgf l` so d eorxlsdg ovmq szo cmbdcmr djo l` oqcmq soovmqbokm elr eokormu}dg fmmgl`jr. Selrobb}qqmc zem` kd`| semqdxlrsr amglmvmc seds dxmqro`*r rmu}dg oqlm`sdslo` bo}gc am bed`jmc.@mmcgmrr so rd|' sem semqdx| zdr }`r}bbmrrf}g.



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Qml`bdq`dslo`9Qml`bdq`dslo`9 Ovmq =88 Bdrmr XqovmÒvmq =88 Bdrmr Xqovm`2626Cookrcd| &Cookrcd| &

Cookrcd| B}gsrCookrcd| B}gsrBo`sl`}mc fqok Xdjm 2=Bo`sl`}mc fqok Xdjm 2=

O`m semoq| aml`j xqoxormc lr seds emzdr }`dagm so dbbmxs elr rmu}dg oqlm`sdsloàmbd}rm of sem eokoxeoald seds em edcdcroqamc c}ql`j elr |o}se. Selr koslvdsmc elkso glvm d` bmgladsm glfm d`c so bqmdsm d jqo}xzelbe dgro r}xxqmrrmc semlq rmu}dg amedvloq.Dòsemq semoq| lr seds dko`j ]FO jqo}xr'semqm lr d zlcmrxqmdc amglmf seds musqd+smqqmrsqldgr edvm ò vobdg boqcr' d` dsqoxelmccljmrslvm r|rsmk d`c ò rmu}dg oqjd`r. Selr lrr|kaoglb of seqmm bokko` qmgljlo}r clrblxgl`mr9rlgm`bm' fdrsl`j d`c bmgladb|. Xmqedxr

Dxxgmzelsm zdr dssmkxsl`j so mk}gdsm aose sem]FO lèdalsd`sr d`c d`blm`s Beqlrsld` sqdclslo`.

L` bokko` zlse kd`| osemq ]FOjqo}xr' sem| amglmvm seds ]FOr dqm l`smq+rsmggdqrxdbm relxr oxmqdsmc a| musqd+smqqmrsqldg aml`jrzeo dqm dssmkxsl`j so aql`j e}kd`ls| so deljemq gmvmg of nòzgmcjm. Eozmvmq' sem| edvmd amglmf os redqmc a| osemq ]FO jqo}xr9 seds a|bokklssl`j r}lblcm sojmsemq ds sem boqqmbs slkm'sem| zlgg gmdvm semlq bo`sdl`mqr %aoclmr, amel`c.Sem ro}g jomr so rgmmx }`slg ls lr !qmxgd`smc! l`dòsemq bo`sdl`mq. Mvm`s}dgg|' sem ro}g zlgg amjqdfsmc o`so d qmxqmrm`sdslvm of sem !gmvmg daovme}kd`.! Sem gdssmq zlgg am o`+aodqc d ]FOrxdbm relx r}be dr sem o`m seds sem| amglmvm lrb}qqm`sg| elccm` amel`c sem Edgm+Aoxx bokms.D vlcmo sdxm sdnm` reoqsg| amfoqm semlq r}lblcmrreozmc semk so am mublsmc dao}s sem f}s}qm. Semslkl`j of sem r}lblcm zdr dxxdqm`sg| sqljjmqmca| sem dqqlvdg of Mdrsmq' d`c a| sem bgormrsdxxqodbe so mdqse of sem bokms' zelbe sem|qmjdqcmc dr d bmgmrsldg !kdqnmq!. Sem slkl`j zdrdxxdqm`sg| }`qmgdsmc so sem Rxql`j Mt}lòu of KDQ+18. Sem| fmdqmc xmqrmb}slo`' cmdse'dqqmrs' xe|rlbdg soqs}qm oq xr|beogojlbdg soqs}qmzelgm sem| qmkdl`mc o` mdqse. Sem| fmgs seds selrxmqrmb}slo` zo}gc bokm fqok o}srlcm semlqjqo}x + mlsemq fqok !rokm lqdsm l`clvlc}dg oqfqok !sem xozmqr seds bo`sqog selr zoqgc.! Semqm

lr o`m qmxoqs seds sem jqo}x edc d gdqjm bdbem of zmdxo`r d`c dkk}`lslo`.

D bo}xgm of sem r}qvlvl`j kmkamqr of sem jqo}xzeo clc os !gmdvm! edvm amm` kdl`sdl`l`j semlqzma rlsm ds essx9//zzz.emdvm`rjdsm.bok d`cclrsqla}sl`j kdsmqldgr d`c l`foqkdslo` seds semjqo}x gmfs amel`c. C}ql`j sem 4 34sosdg cmdse sogg.

SEM ROGDQ SMKXGMSEM ROGDQ SMKXGM%L@SMQ@DSLO@DG%L@SMQ@DSLO@DG

BELVDGQLB OQCMQ ROGDQBELVDGQLB OQCMQ ROGDQSQDCLSLO@,SQDCLSLO@,

Sem L`smq`dslo`dg Belvdgqlb Oqcmq RogdqSqdclslo` zdr d cmrsq}bslvm' cookrcd| b}gsfo}`cmc a| G}b Io}qms l` 4


37/44

LL Fmmg \o}q Xdl`9Fmmg \o}q Xdl`9 Fdbs oq Flbslo`Fdbs oq Flbslo` 2:2:L Fmmg \o}q Xdl`9 FdbsL Fmmg \o}q Xdl`9 Fdbs

oq Flbsloòq Flbsloà|a|

Cq. Gdqq| Corrm|. FoqkmqCq. Gdqq| Corrm|. FoqkmqBelmf of Rsdff of Kmclbdg Bls|Belmf of Rsdff of Kmclbdg Bls|

Cdggdr Eorxlsdg' D}seoqCdggdr Eorxlsdg' D}seoq

Algg Bgl`so` fdko}rg| sogc Dkmqlbd`r' !Lfmmg |o}q xdl`.! Zdr sem xqmy rxmdnl`j sq}sef}gg|oq zdr em' dr elr cmsqdbsoqr bgdlkmc' i}rs d` olg|xoglslbld` b}qq|l`j fdvoq fqok r}ffmql`jblslym`r?

L` sem xdrs fmz |mdqr' `m}qorblm`slrsredvm clrbovmqmc seds l`clvlc}dgr kd| l`cmmcfmmg sem xdl` of rokmo`m mgrm. Selr bo`bg}rlo` lradrmc o` sem clrbovmq| of !klqqoq `m}qo`r! l`sem aqdl`' zelbe flqm aose zem` d xmqro`m`jdjmr l` d` dbslvls| oq kmqmg| zls`mrrmrrokmo`m mgrm zeo lr m`jdjmc l` sem rdkmdbslo`.

Qmrmdqbemqr r}jjmrs seds zem` zm rmm deokmgmrr xmqro` amjjl`j o` sem rsqmms oq d`mkdbldsmc belgc l` Cdqf}q' zm fmmg mkoslo`dgg|kovmc ambd}rm zm dqm edqczlqmc so clqmbsg|redqm semlq muxmqlm`bm. Se}r kd`| muxmqsrbo`sm`c seds klqqoq `m}qo`r foqk sem xe|rlbdgadrlr foq dgsq}lrk' mkxdse| d`c bokxdrrlo`.Vlgd|d }q Qdkdbed`cqd`' clqmbsoq of sem Bm`smqfoq Aqdl` d`c Boj`lslo` ds ]`lvmqrls| of

Bdglfoq`ld+Rd` Clmjo' rd|r' !Klqqoq `m}qo`rclrrogvm sem adqqlmq amszmm` |o} d`c rokmo`mmgrm.! Qdkdbed`cqd` semqmfoqm bdggr semk!Jd`cel `m}qo`r.!

Osemqr clrdjqmm. Dglro` Jox`ln' dcmvmgoxkm`sdg xr|beogojlrs ds ]`lvmqrls| of Bdglfoq`ld+Amqnmgm|*r L`rsls}sm of Boj`lslvm d`cAqdl` Rblm`bmr' bo`rlcmqr klqqoq `m}qo`r dk|se. Rem sel`nr semlq rlj`lflbd`bm !lr agoz`zd| o}s of xqoxoqslo`.! E}jm m`rmkagmr of clffmqm`s nl`cr of `m}qo`r dqm l`vogvmc l` d`|boj`lslo`' rem rd|r. !Sem lcmd seds d nl`c of `m}qo` dgo`m bo}gc muxgdl` mkxdse| oq amedvloqoq rmgf+bo`rblo}r`mrr rlkxg| kdnmr ò rm`rm.Ls*r i}rs dr glnmg| seds seorm `m}qo`r dqm

klqqoql`j ambd}rm xmoxgm d qm lklsdsl`j mdbeosemq d`c fmmgl`j mkxdse|' òs sem osemq zd|dqo}`c.! Gms*r goon f}qsemq.

Muxmqsr rd| seds l` oqcmq foq klqqoq`m}qo`r so flqm d`c sqljjmq mkxdse| d`cbokxdrrlo`' d` l`clvlc}dg k}rs rmm semr}ffmql`j xmqro`. A}s selr lr d reoqsrljesmc vlmz%ò x}` l`sm`cmc,' ambd}rm ls bd`òs dbbo}`s foql`rsd`bmr of xqofo}`c mkxdse| d`c bokxdrrlo`l` zelbe vlrlo` oq d`| osemq xe|rlbdg rm`rmxgd|r ò qogm.

Bo`rlcmq sem muxmqlm`bm of Gdqq|Nl`bemgom' KC' d` oarsmsqlbld`+j|`mbogojlrs lÒngdeokd Bls|. L qmbmlvmc d qmkdqndagm gmssmqfqok elk' l` zelbe em cmrbqlamc eozxqmko`lslo`r d`c aoclg| rm`rdslo`r rokmslkmrrms sem rsdjm foq bokxdrrlo`dsm' mkxdselbxdslm`s bdqm. Elr muxmqlm`bmr edvm gmc elk soxqoxorm d `mz flmgc em bdggr !l`s}lslvmoarsmsqlbr.!

Dfsmq bokxgmsl`j elr sqdl`l`j lòarsmsqlbr d`c j|`mbogoj|' Nl`bemgom iol`mc dvmq| sqdclslo`dg kmclbdg jqo}x d`c xqdbslbmc foqdao}s fo}q |mdqr zlseo}s d`| }`}r}dg mvm`sr.Sem` o`m Rds}qcd| dfsmqòo` em qmbmlvmc d bdggfqok sem eorxlsdg seds d xdslm`s of elr zdr l`mdqg| gdaoq. Em jdvm qo}sl`m oqcmqr' d`c rl`bm

selr zdr emq flqrs ada| em drr}kmc seds cmglvmq|zo}gc am eo}qr dzd|. Zelgm qdnl`j gmdvmr' emmuxmqlm`bmc d` ovmqzemgkl`j fmmgl`j seds emedc so jo so sem eorxlsdg. Em lkkmcldsmg| bdggmcgdaoq d`c cmglvmq| d`c zdr sogc a| sem }qrm sedsmvmq|sel`j zdr jol`j fl`m> elr xdslm`s zdr o`g|

flvm bm`slkmsmqr clgdsmc d`c cmglvmq| zdr òsmuxmbsmc foq rmvmqdg koqm eo}qr.

Mvm` zlse selr qmdrr}qd`bm' sem fmmgl`jjos rsqo`jmq d`c Nl`bemgom amjd` so fmmg d`dbel`j xdl` l` sem bm`smq of elr bemrs. Emcmrbqlamc ls dr rlklgdq so sem fmmgl`j o`m edr dsrlusmm` |mdqr ogc d`c gormr semlq flqrs govm ++ d`dbel`jg| rdc' kmgd`beog| rm`rm. Sem koqm emsqlmc so ljòqm sem rm`rdslo` sem rsqo`jmq ls jqmz'}`slg ls qmdbemc sem xol`s zemqm em fmgs em zdrcqoz`l`j. A| selr slkm em zdr cmrxmqdsm so jmsso sem eorxlsdg. Em i}kxmc l`so elr bdq d`c rxmcdzd|. Dr em mdqmc sem eorxlsdg em amjd` so fmmgamssmq. Zem` em zdgnmc o`so sem gdaoq }`ls'semqm zdr d` ovmqzemgkl`j rm`rm of qmglmf.

Zem` em qmdbemc sem gdaoq d`c cmglvmq|dqmd' sem `}qrm zdr i}rs zdgnl`j o}s of elrxdslm`s*r gdaoq qook. Zem` rem drnmc ze| emzdr semqm' Nl`bemgom eo`mrsg| dcklssmc seds emclc òs nòz' o`g| seds em fmgs em zdr `mmcmcd`c seds elr xgdbm zdr zlse elr xdslm`s. Rem jdvmelk d rsqd`jm goon d`c sogc elk seds rem edc i}rsbembnmc sem zokd` d`c seds rem zdr o`g| rmvm`bm`slkmsmqr clgdsmc. Ds seds kokm`s d bq| bdkmfqok sem gdaoq qook. Em q}remc so sem qook i}rsl` slkm so cmglvmq d emdgse| l`fd`s. Dfsmqzdqc'zem` sem `}qrm drnmc eoz em edc nòz` sobokm so sem eorxlsdg dfsmq aml`j sogc sedscmglvmq| zdr eo}qr dzd|' em edc ò d`rzmq.

Dfsmq seds cd|' Nl`bemgom rsdqsmc xd|l`jdssm`slo` so elr fmmgl`jr. Em*r gmdq`mc so sq}rssemk. Edvl`j muxmqlm`bmc semrm l`s}lslvmrm`rdslo`r e}`cqmcr of slkmr' em qo}sl`mg| dbsro` semk. ]r}dgg| a| sem slkm em jmsr d bdgg fqokgdaoq d`c cmglvmq|' em lr dgqmdc| jmssl`j cqmrrmcoq lr l` elr bdq o` sem zd| so sem eorxlsdg. Emofsm` d`rzmqr sem xeo`m a| rd|l`j' !L nòz. Ldk o` k| zd|'! nòzl`j seds ls lr gdaoq d`ccmglvmq| bdggl`j elk so bokm l`. Selr lr òzr}be d bokko` obb}qqm`bm dko`j sem gdaoq d`ccmglvmq| rsdff seds sem| }rm elr bemrs rm`rdslo`r

dr d bgl`lbdg soog l` xqmclbsl`j zem` elr xdslm`srzlgg cmglvmq.

Cq. Nl`bemgom*r muxmqlm`bmr r}jjmrs sedsxe|rlbdg rm`rdslo`r bd` kmcldsm mkxdselbbo``mbslo`r zlse osemqr' am|o`c sem qd`jm of sem xe|rlbdg rm`rmr. Semrm xe|rlbdg r|kxsokr

dqm glnm xr|belb bmgg xeo`mr }`lsl`j d clrsd`sl`clvlc}dg zeo lr l` `mmc zlse rokmo`m mgrm.

D bgdrrlb mudkxgm' qmxoqsmc a| semM`jglre robldg bqlslb Ioe` Q}rnl` %454


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Jeorsr Dko`j ]r?Jeorsr Dko`j ]r?2525L Fmmg \o}q Xdl`9 FdbsL Fmmg \o}q Xdl`9 Fdbs

oq Flbsloòq Flbslo`Bo`sl`}mc Fqok Xdjm 2:Bo`sl`}mc Fqok Xdjm 2:

L` d s|xlbdg mudkxgm' d kosemq zdrzqlsl`j d gmssmq so emq cd}jesmq' zeo edcqmbm`sg| jo`m dzd| so boggmjm. Foq ò oavlo}rqmdro` emq qljes ed`c amjd` so a}q` ro rmvmqmg|rem edc so x}s coz` emq xm`. Rem qmbmlvmc dxeo`m bdgg gmrr sed` d` eo}q gdsmq l`foqkl`j emqseds emq cd}jesmq*r qljes ed`c edc amm` rmvmqmg|a}q`mc a| dblc l` d gdaoqdsoq| dbblcm`s' ds semrdkm slkm seds rem' sem kosemq' edc fmgs sema}q`l`j xdl`.

L` dòsemq bdrm' d zokd` r}ccm`g|co}agmc ovmq' bg}sbel`j emq bemrs l` rmvmqm xdl`'

rd|l`j' !Rokmsel`j edr edxxm`mc so @mgg' remedr amm` e}qs.! Szo eo}qr gdsmq sem remqlff dqqlvmc so l`foqk emq seds @mgg' emq cd}jesmq'edc amm` l`vogvmc l` d` d}so dbblcm`s' d`c sedsd xlmbm of sem rsmmql`j zemmg edc xm`msqdsmc emqbemrs.

Semrm mvm`sr obb}q l` sem bo`smus of mkoslo`dg bgorm`mrr' mkxdse|' bokxdrrlo`' d`cgovm. Sem| co òs cmxm`c o` xe|rlbdgg| rmml`jdòsemq l`clvlc}dg' dr sem klqqoq `m}qoè|xosemrlr qmt}lqmr.

Selr nl`c of qmkosm' mkxdselb nòzl`jlr sem roqs of dalgls| seds d r}qvlvdg+oqlm`smcoqjd`lrk kljes cmvmgox' ambd}rm selr dalgls|fdvoqr sem xe|rlbdg r}qvlvdg of sem xmqro` l`

`mmc' d`c semqmfoqm xqobqmdslo`. Selr sqdls kljesmvm`s}dgg| am l`boqxoqdsmc dr xdqs of o}q jm`mslbm`cozkm`s d`c xdrrmc coz` seqo}jer}bbmmcl`j jm`mqdslo`r. Eoz kljes ls dbs}dgg|zoqn?

D eors of e|xosemrmr edvm amm`dcvd`bmc so muxgdl` semrm edxxm`l`jr' dggxqoxorl`j' l` o`m zd| oq dòsemq' `mz lkdjmrof sem `ds}qm of bo`rblo}r`mrr' sem `ds}qm of slkm' oq musm`rlo`r of sem }`ls| seds dqm xorrlag|foqmredcozmc l` bo`bmxs of ò`gobdgls| l`t}d`s}k kmbed`lbr. Dr L clrb}rr l` k| qmbm`saoon Sem Xozmq of Xqmko`lslo`r' semrm vlmzredvm amm` xqoxormc a| mkl`m`s rblm`slrsr'l`bg}cl`j @oamglrsr. @o o`m nòzr zelbe' lf d`|' of semrm e|xosemrmr kd| mvm`s}dgg| amvdglcdsmc. A}s zeds lr bmqsdl` lr seds zm edvmvdrsg| }`cmqmrslkdsmc sem musm`s of !sem slmr sedsal`c! }r sojmsemq seqo}je mkxdse|' dgsq}lrk'd`c bokxdrrlo`' d`c zelbe kdnm }r }`lt}mg|e}kd`.

Cq. Gdqq| Corrm| lr sem d}seoq of mgmvm` aoonrdao}s sem `ds}qm of bo`rblo}r`mrr d`c sem qogmof rxlqls}dgls| l` emdgsebdqm' kors qmbm`sg| SemXozmq of Xqmko`lslo`r %C}sso`/Xm`j}l`' 188


39/44

2


40/44

3838 R|gvld Aqoz`m + Xr|belb Fqd}cR|gvld Aqoz`m + Xr|belb Fqd}cAqoz`m dgro edc d jqmds+}`bgm zeo zdr d rmgf xqobgdlkmc xr|belb kmcl}k.

Aqoz`m sd}jes M`jglre l` d BdseoglbRbeoog foq rmvm`smm` |mdqr amfoqm zoqnl`j dr dxr|belb f}gg+slkm.

Bgdlkr of xr|belb dalgls|

L` d 1884 l`smqvlmz zlse Gdqq| Nl`j'Aqoz`m rsdsmc seds rem lr Imzlre. Emq rsdsmcamglmfr l`bg}cm sem òslo` of rxlqls j}lcmr9clrbdq`dsm rxlqlsr zeo edvm xqmvlo}rg| glvmckoqsdg glvmr d`c òz zdsbe ovmq b}qqm`sg|glvl`j koqsdgr. Bokk}`lbdslo` fqok semrmj}lcmr kljes kd`lfmrs' foq mudkxgm' dr sem!glssgm volbm l` sem emdc! smggl`j d xmqro` so jodòsemq zd| eokm fqok zoqn so dvolc cd`jmq'oq zdnl`j }x d xmqro` l` sem klccgm of sem `ljes

zlse `mzr seds rokmo`m edr clmc. Aqoz`mxqofmrrmr sem dalgls| so rxmdn zlse emq rxlqlsj}lcm' !Fqd`bl`m'! d`c edr jlvm` cmsdlgr of flfs|+fo}q of emq oz` foqkmq glvmr dr clvl`mc a| emq.

Rem dgro bgdlkr so nòz zeds ls lr glnm lÈmdvm`. L` emq aoon Glfm O` Sem Osemq Rlcm'rem rd|r sem smkxmqds}qm lr d bo`rsd`s :5cmjqmmr Fdeqmèmls' seds semqm dqm ò l`rmbsr%}`gmrr o`m zd`sr semqm so am,' seds xmsr jo soEmdvm`' d`c seds o`m bd` a}lgc o`m*r eo}rmzemqmvmq o`m zd`sr ls so am }`gmrr ls oarb}qmrsem vlmz of d qlvmq oq rokm sqmmr' l` zelbe bdrmo`m `mmcr xmqklrrlo`. Rem drrmqsr seds sem osemqrlcm mulrsr dxxqoulkdsmg| seqmm fmms daovmjqo}`c gmvmg d`c ds d !eljemq vlaqdslo`dg gmvmg!d`c ro lr clfflb}gs foq e}kd`r so xmqbmlvm.Eozmvmq' rem bgdlkr so edvm amm` aoq`' glnmosemq xr|belbr' dagm so xmqbmlvm d zlcmq qd`jm of

!vlaqdslo`dg fqmt}m`blmr!.Aqoz`m cmbgdqmr seds rem bd` rmm d`jmgr

d`c seds sem| goon rlklgdq so cmxlbslo`r l`xdl`sl`jr' a}s edvm clffmqm`s sqdlsr cmxm`cl`j o`semlq !xe|g}k!. Emq jqd`c+cd}jesmq zeo lrx}qxoqsmcg| xr|belb bgdlkr so edvm zls`mrrmcsem d`jmgr seds Aqoz`m rsdsmr bokm dqo}`ce}kd`r. Rem dgro o`bm bgdlkmc o` Ko`smg so amdagm so smgg xmoxgm sem slkm d`c kmseoc of semlqcmdse' d`c zlgg qmvmdg ls lf d xmqro` zd`sr sonòz> rem bgdlkr kors xmoxgm rlkxg| co òszd`s so nòz.

Elrsoq| dr d xr|belb

Aqoz`m amjd` xmqfoqkl`j xr|belbqmdcl`jr rl`bm 4 a}s glssgm mvlcm`bm mulrsr so r}xxoqssemrm bgdlkr.


Sem Djm of Sem Djm of Dt}dql}rDt}dql}r

a|a|Aoaa| Gmjm`cAoaa| Gmjm`c

Bokl`j of djm l` sem cq}j b}gs}qm of sem 4


41/44

3434R|gvld Aqoz`m + Xr|belb Fqd}cR|gvld Aqoz`m + Xr|belb Fqd}cR|gvld Aqoz`m +R|gvld Aqoz`m +Xr|belb Fqd}cXr|belb Fqd}c

Bo`sl`}mc fqok Xdjm 38Bo`sl`}mc fqok Xdjm 38Aqoz`m edr kdcm kd`| xqmclbslo`r of

vdq|l`j dbb}qdb|' l`bg}cl`j seds Algg Bgl`so`zdr fdgrmg| dbb}rmc l` sem Gmzl`rn| rbd`cdg%xqovmc l`boqqmbs,' seds Algg Aqdcgm| zo}gc zl`sem 1888 ].R. xqmrlcm`sldg mgmbslo` zlse semQmfoqk Xdqs| bokl`j l` rmbo`c' sem !elcl`j l`bdvmr! of Ordkd al` Gdcm` d`c RdccdkE}rrml`' sem cmdse of al` Gdcm` %gdsmq qmxoqsmca| sem BLD dr l`boqqmbs,' d vmqclbs of !òsj}lgs|! l` sem Qoamqs Agdnm bdrm %gdsmqmrsdaglremc so am boqqmbs,' d`c sem dxxmdqd`bm of dglm` glfm o` Mdqse a| sem |mdq 1848. Aqoz`mfdlgmc so xqmclbs sem Rmxsmkamq 44' 1884 dssdbnr

a}s dfsmq sem fdbs bgdlkmc rem edc clrs}qal`jcqmdkr l`vogvl`j d gos of flqm l` sem zmmn xqmbmcl`j sem dssdbn.

Aqoz`m edr amm` t}osmc dr rd|l`j'!Joc o`g| reozr km zeds Em `mmcr so reozkm. Rokmslkmr adc sel`jr edvm so edxxm` lòqcmq foq xorlslvm bed`jm so obb}q> oq l` oqcmqfoq sem }gslkdsm xgd` so am dbelmvmc.!

Kors of emq xdrs xqmclbslo`r ò go`jmqdxxmdq o` emq zmarlsm' a}s bd` am fo}`c o`L`smq`ms dqbelvmr r}be dr sem Zd|adbn Kdbel`m.Aqoz`m*r xqmclbslo`r foq sem |mdq 1888'eozmvmq' dqm rslgg vlmzdagm clqmbsg| o` emq rlsm.Rem dbt}lqmc sem r}q`dkm Aqoz` c}ql`j semselqc of emq fo}q kdqqldjmr' d`c mèd`bmc ls zlsed fl`dg m foq emq rsdjm `dkm.

Aqoz`m vr. Qd`cl

Idkmr Qd`cl edr amm` d fqmt}m`s bqlslbof Aqoz`m. O` Rmxsmkamq 2' 1884 Aqoz`mrsdsmc o` Gdqq| Nl`j Glvm seds rem zo}gc dbbmxssem Idkmr Qd`cl Mc}bdslo`dg Fo}`cdslo`*r%IQMF, #4'888'888 bedggm`jm so cmko`rsqdsmr}xmq`ds}qdg dalglslmr l` d bo`sqoggmc rblm`slflbsmrs. Eozmvmq' dr of 1886' Aqoz`m edr fdlgmc sobo`sdbs sem Fo}`cdslo` oq qmrxo`c so Qd`cl*rm`t}lqlmr.

Ovmq r}armt}m`s |mdqr Aqoz`m edr

rl`bm offmqmc rmvmqdg qmdro`r foq emq fdlg}qm sosdnm xdqs l` sem bedggm`jm9Rem comr òs `mmc òq zd`s sem

ko`m|.Sem ko`m| lr sdl`smc.@mlsemq Qd`cl oq sem IQMF edr

#4'888'888.Sem smrsr dqm qljjmc ro ò bgdlkd`s bd`

xorrlag| zl`.L` r}xxoqs of emq fl`dg bgdlk' Aqoz`m

ofsm` t}osmr Qd`cl dr rd|l`j seds em*gg `mvmqedvm so xd| sem ko`m| ambd}rm !L dgzd|r edvmd` o}s!. Qd`cl' l` s}q`' qmrxo`cr seds selr t}osmlr sdnm` o}s of bo`smus d`c elr dbs}dg zoqcrzmqm !L dgzd|r edvm d` o}s + L*k qljes!' qmfmqql`jso elr amglmf seds ò o`m bd` zl` sem bedggm`jm

ambd}rm ò o`m xorrmrrmr d`| nl`c of xdqdòqkdg dalgls|.

Qd`cl dgro ofsm` kobnr sem gojlbdgl`bo`rlrsm`b| of emq rsdsmkm`sr seds rem lr òsl`smqmrsmc l` sem ko`m|' |ms ds sem rdkm slkmqmt}lqmr xqoof of lsr mulrsm`bm. Em dgro jomr o`so xol`s o}s seds ko`m| lr emgc a| d`l`cmxm`cm`s l`vmrskm`s flqk' Jogckd` Rdber'd`c xqoof of lsr mulrsm`bm bd` am oasdl`mc a|qmt}mrsl`j d box| of sem kors qmbm`s dbbo}`srsdsmkm`s fqok sem IQMF' a| smgmxeo`m' fdu'gmssmq' oq m+kdlg. Seo}je d fmz xmqro`r edvm

qmt}mrsmc d`c qmbmlvmc boxlmr of semcob}km`sdslo`' ò qmt}mrs edr mvmq bokm fqokAqoz`m.

Aqoz`m qmsoqsr seds sem IQMF qmf}rmr sox}s sem ko`m| l`so mrbqoz zlse sem lkxglbdslo`seds selr lr ambd}rm ls comr`*s mulrs. Qd`cloqljl`dgg| cmfm`cmc sem cmblrlo`' eljegljesl`jsem fdbs seds sem bedggm`jm q}gmr bgmdqg| rsdsm semko`m| zlgg òs am xgdbmc l` mrbqoz. Eozmvmq'dr of @ovmkamq 1882' Qd`cl cmblcmc so kdnmd` mubmxslo` foq Aqoz`m' d`c cmbgdqmc seds semko`m| zlgg am xgdbmc l` mrbqoz' xqoxorl`jmlsemq Gdqq| Nl`j oq Ko`smg Zlggldkr' aoser}xxoqsmqr of Aqoz`m' dr r}lsdagm mrbqozdjm`sr. Seo}je foqkdg gmssmqr zmqm kdlgmc soaose Nl`j d`c s Zlggldkr oslf|l`j semk of semlqòkl`dslo` dr xorrlagm mrbqoz djm`sr' `mlsemqxmqro` mvmq d`rzmqmc. D`c Aqoz`m `mvmq

dbbmxsmc òq dbnòzgmcjmc Qd`cl*r mubmxslo`bo`bmq`l`j sem mrbqoz kdssmq.Dfsmq kdnl`j selr d`ò}`bmkm`s' Qd`cl

rsdsmc o` elr zmarlsm !Zm edvm òz kms mdbed`c mvmq| oaimbslo` kdcm a| R|gvld Aqoz`m'mubmxs seds rem comr òs glnm km.! %mkxedrlrelr,.

D beqoògoj| of sem fm}c amszmm` semszo lr dvdlgdagm fqok Rnmxslb Qmxoqs.

Aqoz`m qmrxo`rmr so Qd`cl

Aqoz`m*r zmarlsm xorsmc d kmrrdjmrokmslkm dfsmq D}j}rs 4' 188= zelbe dxxmdqmcso am clqmbsmc ds Qd`cl. Ls bgdlkmc seds Aqoz`medr `mvmq rmm` bo`flqkdslo` of sem mulrsm`bm of sem klgglo` coggdqr' %zelbe Qd`cl rdlc em rm`s a|bmqslflmc kdlg,' r}jjmrsl`j ls kd| am c}m soQd`cl rm`cl`j sem xdbndjm so d xqmvlo}ra}rl`mrr dccqmrr. Eozmvmq' Qd`cl*r zmmng|`mzrgmssmq cdsmc Kd| 28' 1882 bgdlkmc semcob}km`sr zmqm kdlgmc ovmq szo |mdqr amfoqmsem cdsm Aqoz`m rdlc rem qmgobdsmc. Qd`cl rdlcem edr d bmqslflmc kdlg qmbmlxs fqok sem ].R.Xorsdg Rmqvlbm so bo`flqk sem xdbndjm zdrqmf}rmc a| sem l`sm`cmc qmblxlm`s ds 41985 x.k.o` Kd| 11' 1882.

Aqoz`m dgro rdlc rem fmmgr ò `mmc soxqovm emqrmgf a| dbbmxsl`j sem klgglo` coggdq

bedggm`jm d`c lkxgoqmc Qd`cl so co`dsm semko`m| so d zoqse| bd}rm oq bedqls|' dr rembgdlkr rem zo}gc co. So t}osm9 !Gms km bgdqlf|9L edvm ò l`smqmrs l` |o}q #4 klgglo` oq d`|l`sm`slo` of x}qr}l`j ls. %Rmm daovm xorlslo` o`

i}kxl`j seqo}je eooxr.,!

Bqlslblrk

Ls lr d rsd`cdqc drrmqslo` of rnmxslbr sedsfdko}r xr|belbr glnm Aqoz`m' Ioe` Mczdqc d`cIdkmr Vd` Xqddje }rm bogc qmdcl`j d`c eosqmdcl`j smbe`lt}mr so flre foq l`foqkdslo`.

Aoonr d`c a}rl`mrr

Aqoz`m edr zqlssm` d `}kamq of aoonrseds l`bg}cm aose rmqlo}r d`c e}koqo}r rsoqlmrcmsdlgl`j emq dcvm`s}qmr. Rem lr sem emdc of semR|gvld Aqoz`m Boqxoqdslo`' d`c sem fo}`cmq of d be}qbe l` Bdkxamgg' Bdglfoq`ld nòz` dr semRoblms| of @ov}r Rxlqls}r. Dbboqcl`j so lsrzmarlsm' %rmm musmq`dg gl`nr,' sem be}qbemkxgo|r foqs| kl`lrsmqr' d`c qmfmqr so lsrmgf dr!Jòrslb Beqlrsld`!. Ls rsdsmr seds ls foggozr semrdkm sqdclslo`r d`c smdbel`jr zelbe Imr}relkrmgf foggozmc' |ms comr òs mubg}cm

A}ccelrk' I}cdlrk' Lrgdk' oq El`c}lrk.

Aoon Bo`sqovmqr|

R|gvld Aqoz`m bo`sqdclbsmc o`m of emqrsoqlmr qmjdqcl`j sosmk d`lkdgr' zelbedxxmdqmc l` szo of emq aoonr. L` !Vlrlsr Fqoksem Dfsmqglfm!' sem rsoq| l`vogvmc d` mu+e}rad`cd`c emqrmgf. !L` Glfm O` Sem Osemq Rlcm!' semrdkm mudbs rsoq|' selr slkm' l`vogvmc d bglm`s}`qmgdsmc so emq.

Bqlkl`dg bo`vlbslo`

L` 4


42/44

3131 Dcvmqslrmkm`srDcvmqslrmkm`sr

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43/44

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the 'x' chronicles newspaper - may / june 2009

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