THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA

“WE ARE ALL REPUBLICANS, WE ARE ALL FEDERALISTS.”

Despite Federalist fears, Jefferson showed unexpected moderation.

Undid Federalist abuses Alien & Sedition Acts

expired New naturalization law,

1802—5 yr. citizenship wait Repealed Whiskey Tax

At a cost of $1,000,000/yr

PRESIDENTIAL STYLE

Shy—Did not speak before Congress

Informal—Greeted British Ambassador in his slippers.

Dinner party diplomacy Silenced Federalists

Criticism

Barbary Pirates: Tripolitan War, 1801-05

Jefferson refused to pay tribute. Pasha of Tripoli declared war. U.S. fleet unable to crush

pirates. U.S.S. Philadelphia

captured, but crew destroyed ship

Jefferson negotiated lower tribute payment

LOUISIANA PURCHASE

NAPOLEONIC WARS Napoleon took Louisiana

from Spain Jefferson sent Robert

Livingston & James Monroe to France to purchase New Orleans

Napoleon offered to sell entire territory for $15 million

Jefferson’s dilemma: Constitution didn’t give President power to purchase land.

1804-1806 Explore Purchase Record fauna Find route to

Pacific

Sacajawea acting as guide for Lewis & Clark

expedition

LEWIS & CLARK

Re-elected by huge margin—only Del. & Conn. did not vote for him

National Road

2ND TERM

MARBURY VS. MADISON: Midnight judges of John

Adams. Chief Justice John Marshall

Federalist>strengthen power of federal gov’t

William Marbury sued for his judgeship

Marshall threw out case as unconstitutional

Judicial Review: Power of the Supreme Court to rule on constitutionality of laws

Napoleonic WarsNapoleonic Wars

England & France at war:

1. Freedom of the Seas Threatened

2. Impressment:

• 1808-1811 Britain impressed over 6,000 American sailors.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair• June 21, 1807.

• Br. Captain fired on USS Chesapeake.

• 3 dead, 18 wounded.

• Br. Foreign Office said it was a mistake.

• Jefferson’s Response:

• Forbade Br. ships to dock in American ports.

• Ordered state governors to call up as much as 100,000 militiamen.

The Embargo Act (1807)The “OGRABME” Turtle

The Embargo Act (1807)The “OGRABME” Turtle

RESULTS OF EMBARGO ACT

Smuggling rampant Devastated NE shipyards Not enforced by state officials Nullification discussed Replaced by Non-Intercourse Act

(1809) Trade with all except GB and France

Presidential Election of 1808

Presidential Election of 1808

James Madison Becomes President

James Madison Becomes President

Dolly Madison: The President’s Greatest

Asset

Dolly Madison: The President’s Greatest

Asset

Non-Intercourse Act (1809)Non-Intercourse Act (1809)

• Replaced the Embargo Act.

• Remained U. S. policy until 1812.

• Unexpected Consequences:

• N. Eng. forced to become self-sufficient [old factories reopened].

• Laid groundwork for US industrial power.

• Jefferson, a critic of an industrial America, ironically contributed to Hamilton’s view of the US!!!

British violation of Northwest

territory

British violation of Northwest

territory

British General Brock Meets with TecumsehBritish General Brock Meets with Tecumseh

•Maintain fur trading posts in territory.•Support & Arm Tecumseh’s Alliance

• General William HenryHarrison governor of Indiana Territory.

• Invited Native Indianchiefs to Ft. Wayne, sign away 3 mil. Acres of land to US

• Tecumseh organized confederation to fight for homelands.

• Tecumseh’s brother Tenskwatawa fought against Harrison and was defeated at Tippecanoe.

• Harrison > national hero![1840 election > Tippecanoe & Tyler, too!]

Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811

Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811

“War Hawks”“War Hawks”

Henry Clay [KY]Henry Clay [KY]

John C. Calhoun [SC]John C. Calhoun [SC]

•U.S. gain Canada in war with British

Presidential Election of 1812

Presidential Election of 1812

“Mr. Madison’s War!”“Mr. Madison’s War!”

American ProblemsAmerican Problems• US unprepared militarily:

• U.S. 12-ship navy vs. Britain’s800 ships.

• Americans disliked draft > preferred to enlist disorganized state militias.

• Financially unprepared:

• Flood of paper $.

• Revenue from import tariffs declined.

• New England against war.

Warof1812

Warof1812

U. S. Invasions of 1812U. S. Invasions of 1812

Campaigns of 1813Campaigns of 1813

BRITISH BURN WASHINGTON, D.C.

Battle of Fort McHenry,1814(Baltimore)

Battle of Fort McHenry,1814(Baltimore)

Oh Say Can You SeeBy the Dawn’s Early Light… -- Francis Scott Key

Gave proof through the night,

That our flag was still there..

Gave proof through the night,

That our flag was still there..

RED STICKS & CREEK WAR

Treaty of GhentDecember 24, 1814Treaty of GhentDecember 24, 1814

The Battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815

The Battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815

Battle of New Orleans, 1815

Battle of New Orleans, 1815

The news of the treaty wouldn’t reach us till the ship carrying the news crossed the Atlantic.

WHY WERE WE FIGHTING THIS BATTLE AFTER WE HAD SIGNED THE PEACE TREATY?

The Pirate, Jean LaFitte was pardoned for helping us.

Andrew Jackson became a Hero Because of this victory.

IMPACT OF WAR OF 1812

1. Promoted American Nationalism

2. Crushed Native American Resistance in East of Miss. R.

3. Death of Federalist Party Hartford Convention

4. Industrial Revolution Began in New England