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Phylum

Porifera

Danilo V. Rogayan Jr.Faculty, College of Education, Arts and Sciences

Ramon Magsaysay Technological University

• Evolutionary Relationships of the Poriferans and the Radiate Phyla. Members of the phylum Porifera are derived from ancestral protozoan stocksindependently of other animal phyla. The radiate animals include members of the phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora. This figure shows a diphyleticoriginof the animal kingdom in which sponges arise from the protists separate from other animals

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Sponges

– Over 7,000 species, approximately 40 species that occur in

local waters

– 2% of all sponges are freshwater, none are terrestrial

Phylum Porifera

• Most primitive of the multicellular animals• There is some debate if sponges are complex

colonial protozoans and not metazoans.

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Phylum Porifera

• Sponges occur in shallow water habitats and vary widely in size (up to 1m. high) and shape

• Unlike most metazoans they lack:

• All sponges are sessile filter feeders

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Sponge Diversity

Yellow Tube

Sponge

Black-ball

sponge

Erect

Rope

Sponge

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Porifera Anatomy

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Collar Cells

• Choanocytes: (collar cells) act as a pump to bring water into the sponge

Choanocytes

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Sponge Support• Collagen is found between

the inner canals and chambers• Mesohyl

• Ameboid cells located in the mesohyl, have different roles• Archeocytes

• Sclerocytes

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Sponge Support

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Spicules

• Collagen is stiffened by adding microscopic mineral accretions or additional protein fibers (spongin) or both.• Spicules: skeleton

structures, made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or silicon dioxide (SiO2).

Spicules

Sponge Types

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Sponge Body Forms

• (a) An ascon sponge. Choanocytes line the spongocoel in ascon sponges.

• (b) A sycon sponge. The body wall of syconspongesappears folded. Choanocytes line radial canals that open into the spongocoel.

• (c) A leucon sponge. The proliferation of canals and chambers results inthe loss of the spongocoel as a distinct chamber. Multiple oscula are frequently present.

•

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Porifera Reproduction

• Asexual budding

• Regeneration: can regenerate from broken pieces

• Sexual • Usually hermaphroditic with male and female cells

scattered throughout the connective tissue.

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Porifera Larvae

• Neighboring sponges are fertilized by sperm entering through the ostia• Ciliated mouth less

larvae (parenchymella) is released.

Parenchymella

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Porifera Classification

• Phylum Porifera• Class Calcarea

• Class Demospongiae

• Class Hexactinellida

• Sclerospongiae is no longer considered a class

Class Calcarea

• Have spicules made of calcium carbonate

• Mostly small in size (<15 cm.), and form irregular masses

• Never contain spongin, restricted to shallow water, and strictly marine

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Class Demospongiae (Most sponges)

• Have spicules made of silicon dioxide (SiO2) or spongin or a combination of both

• Most sponges belong to this class (90%) • Nearly all are leuconoid body

type

• Mostly found on the continental shelf

• Spongia spp. (Bath sponge)

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Class Hexactinellida (Glass sponges)

• Spicules are made of silica

• Usually found in deep water on soft substrates in the tropics 200-1,000m.

• Spicules are six pointed and have a lattice-like structure

• Cup, vase or urn shape

Euplectella (Deep sea Glass sponge)

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PHYLUM PORIFERASponges

Sponges

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Sponges are sessile animals (they spend their lives attached to rocks)

Water enters the small pores of a sponge, travels through canals, and exits through a large hole at the top of the sponge.

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