tcn lecture 1

8/7/2019 TCN Lecture 1

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TOPICS IN COMPUTER

NETWORKSBy

Mr. Fasee Ullah

CUSIT Peshawar


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AGENDA OF THE PRESENTATION

Introduction to wireless networking

Wireless Sensor Networks

Mobile Adhoc Networks

Wimax


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INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS NETWORKING

Mainly two kinds of networking possible

Wired based

Wireless based

Wired based networking is not flexible & notfeasible for movement purposes

Wireless based networking is flexible and feasible

for movement purposes

In wireless based communication, every node(communicating device) has independent &

autonomous to communicate with other nodes or

base station


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CONTD

If a user, application or company wishes to make

data portable, mobile and accessible

then wireless networking is the answer

A wireless networking system would free of thedowntime you would normally have in a wired

network due to cable problems

It would also save time and money due to the fact

that spare the expense of installing a lot of cables Also, if a client computer needs to change place

to another part of the office then all you need to

do is move the machine with the wireless

network card


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CONTD

Wireless networking can prove to be very useful in publicplaces

Libraries

guest houses

hotels

Cafeterias

schools are all places where one might find wireless access to the

Internet

From a financial point of view, this is beneficial to both theprovider and the client

The provider would offer the service for a charge probably on

a pay per use system, and the client would be able to takeadvantage of this service in a convenient location; away fromthe office or home

A drawback of wireless Internet is that the QoS (Quality ofService) is not guaranteed

if there is any interference with the link then the connectionmay be dropped.


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TYPES OF WIRELESS NETWORKS

WLANS: Wireless Local Area Networks

y WLANS allow users in a local area, such as a university campus or library,

to form a network or gain access to the internet

y A temporary network can be formed by a small number of users without

the need of an access point

WPANS: Wireless Personal Area Networks

y two current technologies for wireless personal area networks are InfraRed (IR) and Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15)

y These will allow the connectivity of personal devices within an area of

about 30 feet

y However, IR requires a direct line of site and the range is less


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TYPES OF WIRELESS NETWORKS

CONTD

WMANS: Wireless Metropolitan AreaNetworks

y This technology allows the connection of multiplenetworks in a metropolitan area such as different

buildings in a city, which can be an alternative orbackup to laying copper or fibre cabling.

WWANS: Wireless Wide Area Networks

y These types of networks can be maintained over large

areas, such as cities or countries, via multiplesatellite systems or antenna sites looked after by anISP

y These types of systems are referred to as 2G (2ndGeneration) systems.


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Meters Networks

0 --- 10 Personal Area Network

0 --- 100 Local Area Network

0 --- 1000 Wide Wireless Area Network

Below table shows various wireless network ranges


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UNDERSTANDING THE 802.11 FAMILY

802.11

y This standard first appeared in the 1990s

y developed by the Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers (IEEE)

y It has expanded to be one of the leading technologies in thewireless world.

802.11

y Using either FHSS (frequency hopping spread spectrum) orDSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum)

y this provides a 1 to 2 Mbps transmission rate on the 2.4GHzband

802.11a

y Using the OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing)

y this provides up to 54Mbps and runs on the 5GHz band


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802.11b

y Also known as Wi-Fi or High Rate 802.11

y Uses DSSS and applies to wireless LANs

y

Commonly used for private use, at homey Provides an 11 Mbps transmission rate

802.11g

y This provides a 20+ Mbps transmission rate

y Applies to LANs

y Runs on the 2.4GHz band.


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WIRELESS DATA INFRASTRUCTURE


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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Sensor Node

A sensor is a device that has the capability of sensing toreceive a signal and responds to that signal in individualmanner

Sensor network consists of multiple detection stations

called sensor nodes each of them is

y smaller in size

y short range distance (typically 10 feet)

y low power consumption

y low storage capacity

y light weighty Portable

Wireless sensor networks are quickly gaining popularitydue to the fact that they are potentially low cost solutionsto a variety of real-world challenges [1].


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ABERKELEY SENSOR DEVICE


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APPLICATIONSMilitaryMilitary Monitoring, surveillance, Targeting...Monitoring, surveillance, Targeting...

EnvironmentalEnvironmental Detection, MonitoringDetection, Monitoring

HealthHealth MonitoringMonitoring

HomeHome AutomationAutomation

Environmental control in Office buildings

TrafficTraffic Surveillance andSurveillance and Vehicle tracking Industrial automation

Robot control

Monitoring of weather conditions etcetc


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MILITARY

From UMASS


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ENVIRONMENTAL

From UMASS


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FUTURE HEALTH

Circulatory Net


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COMMUNICATION OF SENSOR

NETWORKS


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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS


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PROTOCOL CLASSIFICATION (1)Proactive

First Compute all Routes;

Then Route

Reactive

Compute Routes On-Demand

Hybrid

First Compute all Routes;

Then Improve While Routing


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PROTOCOL CLASSIFICATION (2)Direct

Node and Sink Communicate

Directly(Fast, Small Scale)

Flat (Equal)

Random Indirect Route(Fast Around Sink; Medium Scale)

Clustering (Hierarchical) Route Thru Distinguished Nodes


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PROTOCOL CLASSIFICATION (3)Location Aware

Nodes knows where they are

Location-Less

Nodes location is unimportant

Mobility Aware

Nodes may move

Sources; Sinks; All


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PROTOCOL CLASSIFICATION (4)Unicast

One-to-One Message Passing

Multicast (actually Local Broadcast)

Node-to-Neighbors Message Passing

Broadcast

Full-Mesh Source to Everyone


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MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS (MANET)

A network of hosts, connected by wireless links

y Hosts are mobile

Network established without a pre-existing

infrastructure Routes between nodes may potentially contain

multiple hops

Sometimes known mobile mesh network

Self-configuring network of mobile devicesconnected by wireless links


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MANET EXAMPLE


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MANET USAGE AREAS

Military scenarios

Sensor networks

Rescue operations

Students on campus Free Internet connection sharing

Conferences

The main two characteristics are mobility and

multihop


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MANET VARIATIONS

Fully Symmetric Environment

all nodes have identical capabilities andresponsibilities

Asymmetric Capabilities

y transmission ranges and radios may differ

y battery life at different nodes may differ

y processing capacity may be different at differentnodes

y speed of movement

Asymmetric Responsibilities

y only some nodes may route packets

y some nodes may act as leaders of nearby nodes (e.g.,cluster head)


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Traffic characteristics may differ in different ad

hoc networks

y bit rate

y suitability constraints

y reliability requirements

y unicast / multicast / geocast

May co-exist (and co-operate) with an

infrastructure-based network


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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SENSOR

NETWORK ANDAD HOC NETWORK

In sensor network, a number of sensor nodes

have higher scale then the nodes in ad hoc

network.

Sensor nodes are used in very denseenvironment.

The topology of sensor networks changed very

frequently.

The communication pattern of sensor nodes

message broadcasting while ad hoc network

transmits messages hop by hop.

Sensor nodes have limitations of power, memory,

computational capacities.


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GLOBAL WIRELESS STANDARDS


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ADDITIONAL STANDARDS OF WIMAX

(IEEE 802.16)

Standards of WiMAX are in work & will cover:

802.16b Quality of service

802.16c Interoperability, with protocols and

test-suite structures 802.16d fixing things not covered by 802.11c,

which is the standard for developing access

points,

802.16e Support for mobile as well as fixedbroadband


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WIMAX FORUMVISION

Create a global mass market for deployment of

broadband wireless networks that will enable

y fixed,

y Portable

y mobile users to maintain high-speed

Provides connectivity wherever they go

To lead the access anywhere revolution

supporting

y delivery of data

y voice and video applications at home, in the office

and on the go


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WIMAX: HOW WILL IT COMPARE?


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BROADBAND MOBILITY FIELD TRAILS


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WIMAX USAGE AREAS

Security

y Surveillance video cameras

y Vehicle location

Operationsy Sensors for traffic & environment

y Emergency facilities

y Real-time traffic management

Passenger Services

y High-speed Internet access

tcn lecture 1

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