t h e u n i v e r s i t y o f c h i c a g o o r i e n t a l ... terminology of chronological...

i

oi.uchicago.edu

T H E U N I V E R S I T Y O F C H I C A G O

O R I E N T A L I N S T I T U T E P U B L I C A T I O N S

V O L U M E 128

Series Editors

Leslie Schramer

and

Thomas G. Urban

ii

oi.uchicago.edu

Erich F. Schmidt (second from right) and Donald E. McCown (second from left) with the Seymour Family. Persepolis, East of Harem, 1935

iii

oi.uchicago.edu

THE ORIGINS OF STATE ORGANIZATIONS

IN PREHISTORIC HIGHLAND FARS,

SOUTHERN IRAN

EXCAVATIONS AT TALL-E BAKUN

by

ABBAS ALIZADEH

with contributions by

Masoumeh Kimiaie, Marjan Mashkour, and Naomi F. Miller

O R I E N T A L I N S T I T U T E P U B L I C A T I O N S V O L U M E 1 2 8THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

CHICAGO ILLINOIS

In Association with the Iranian Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization

iv

oi.uchicago.edu

Library of Congress Control Number: 2006932376ISBN: 1-885923-36-8

ISSN: 0069-3367

2006 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.Published 2006. Printed in the United States of America.

The Oriental Institute, Chicago

Co-managing Editors

Thomas A. Holland and Thomas G. Urban

Series Editors Acknowledgments

The assistance of Lindsay DeCarlo and Katie L. Johnson is acknowledged in the production of this volume.

Title Page Illustration

Goat/Sheep Motif from Tall-e Bakun A (fig. 47:B)

Spine Illustration

Abstract Human Motif from Tall-e Bakun A (fig. 46:A)

Printed by Edwards Brothers, Ann Arbor, Michigan

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Services Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.

v

oi.uchicago.edu

Dedicated to the Memory of

Donald E. McCown and Erich F. Schmidt

vi

oi.uchicago.edu

vii

oi.uchicago.edu

TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................................................... xi

LIST OF CHARTS ..................................................................................................................................................... xiii

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................................... xv

LIST OF PLATES ...................................................................................................................................................... xvii

LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................................... xix

PREFACE .................................................................................................................................................................. xxi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................................................... xxiii

BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................................................... xxv

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1

THE TWIN MOUND OF TALL-E BAKUN .............................................................................................................. 5

Tall-e Bakun B .............................................................................................................................................. 5

Tall-e Bakun A ............................................................................................................................................. 5

Hypothetical Etymology of Bakun ............................................................................................................ 6

THE TERMINOLOGY OF CHRONOLOGICAL PHASES ........................................................................................... 6

AN OVERVIEW OF THE PREHISTORIC CULTURAL SEQUENCE IN FARS ............................................................. 7

Formative Fars? Phase ............................................................................................................................... 7

Archaic Fars Phase ........................................................................................................................................ 8

Early Fars Phase ........................................................................................................................................... 10

Middle Fars Phase ......................................................................................................................................... 11

Late Fars Phase ............................................................................................................................................. 12

Proto-Banesh (Lapui) Phase (40003700 B.C.) ............................................................................................ 12

SUBSISTENCE ECONOMY .................................................................................................................................... 13

CHAPTER 2. METHODOLOGY AND THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ....................................................... 15

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 15

CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................... 15

THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ADMINISTRATIVE TECHNOLOGY .................................................................. 17

TALL-E BAKUN A IN ITS REGIONAL CONTEXT .................................................................................................. 18

MOBILE PASTORALISM IN LATE PREHISTORY ................................................................................................... 20

The Zagros Mountains .................................................................................................................................. 20

Lowland Susiana ........................................................................................................................................... 21

The Central Plateau ....................................................................................................................................... 22

MOBILE PASTORALISM AND CERAMIC PRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 22

THE ANALOGY OF MOBILE PASTORALISM ........................................................................................................ 24

CHAPTER 3. GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES, AND LAND USE IN FARS, IRAN ................ 29

GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES ............................................................................................. 29

TRADITIONAL GEOGRAPHICAL ZONES IN FARS ................................................................................................. 30

Sardsir/Sarhad ............................................................................................................................................... 30

Motadel ......................................................................................................................................................... 31

Garmsir ......................................................................................................................................................... 31

vii

viii

oi.uchicago.edu

SEDENTARY AND SEMI-SEDENTARY LIFE .......................................................................................................... 31

Villages ......................................................................................................................................................... 31

Towns ........................................................................................................................................................... 33

THE ETHNOGRAPHIC PRESENT: MOBILE PASTORALISM ................................................................................... 33

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................... 36

CHAPTER 4. ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN FARS PROVINCE, IRAN .................................................... 39

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................... 39

PART 1: ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS IN FARS ......................................................................................... 39

The Oriental Institute Excavations at Tall-e Bakun A and B ........................................................................ 39

2004 Joint ichto-Oriental Institute Excavations in the Marv Dasht Region ................................................... 40

The Japanese Excavations in Fars ......................................................