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Agricultural and industrial project

Omid Minooee

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:PLANNING PROJECTProject planning: is part of project management, which relates to the use of schedules such as (Gantt charts)* to plan and subsequently report progress within the project environment. Initially, the project scope is defined and the appropriate methods for completing the project are determined.

* It will explain in next slide…..

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:Gantt chartA Gantt chart is a type of bar chart, developed by

Henry Gantt, that illustrates a project schedule. Gantt

charts illustrate the start and finish dates of the

terminal elements and summary elements of a project.

Terminal elements and summary elements comprise

the work breakdown structure of the project. Some

Gantt charts also show the dependency (i.e.,

precedence network) relationships between activities.

Gantt charts can be used to show current schedule

status using percent-complete shadings and a vertical

"TODAY" line as shown here.

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CONT….:PLANNING PROJECTThe logical dependencies between tasks are defined using an activity network diagram that enables identification of the critical path. Float or slack time in the schedule can be calculated using project management software. Then the necessary resources can be estimated and costs for each activity can be allocated to each resource, giving the

total project cost……

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CONT….:PLLANNING PROJECT

At this stage, the project plan may be

optimized to achieve the appropriate balance

between resource and project duration to

comply with the project objectives. Once

established and agreed, the plan becomes

what is known as the baseline ……

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CONT….:PLANNING PROJECT. Progress will be measured against the baseline throughout the life of the project. Analyzing progress compared to the baseline is known as earned value management. The inputs of the project planning phase include the project charter and the concept proposal. The outputs of the project planning phase include the project requirements, the project schedule, and the project management plan.

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The feasibility

study helps to

“frame” and

“flesh-out”

specific business

scenarios so they

can be studied in-

depth..…

Feasibility Study:

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A Well-designed Feasibility Study

Should Provide A Historical

Background Of The Business Or

Project, Description Of The Product Or

Service, Accounting Statements,

Details Of The Operations And

Management, Marketing Research

And Policies, Financial Data, Legal

Requirements And Tax Obligations.

Generally, Feasibility Studies Precede

Technical Development And

Project .Implementation

Feasibility studies

WHAT IS IT?

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A feasibility study is valuable for:

1.Starting a new business

2.Expansion of an existing business

3.Adding an enterprise to an existing business

4.Purchasing an existing business

Feasibility Study:

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Reasons to Do a feasibility :Study

1.Gives focus to the project.

2.Narrows the business alternatives.

3.Identifies new opportunities.

4.Identifies reasons not to proceed.

5.Provides valuable information for “go/no

go” decision.

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Reasons to Do a feasibility :Study

6.Increases probability of business success by

identifying weaknesses early.

7.Provides documentation that the idea was

thoroughly investigated.

8.Helps attract funding from lenders, grant

providers, etc.

9.Helps attract equity investment

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Feasibility Study Outline:

1 )description of the process

2 )market feasibility

3 )technical feasibility

4 )financial/economic feasibility

5 )organizational/managerial feasibility

:6)study results

6.a)identify and describe various business scenarios.

6.b)compare and contrast scenarios.

6.c)outline criteria for decision making.

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:Monitoring and evaluation

Although the term “monitoring and evaluation”

tends to get run together as if it is only one

thing, monitoring and evaluation are, in fact,

two distinct sets of organizational activities,

related but not identical.

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Cont.….on monitoring and evaluation:

Monitoring is the systematic collection and analysis of information as a project

progresses.

It is aimed at improving the efficiency and effectiveness of a project or organization. It is

Based on targets set and activities planned during the planning phases of work. It helps

to

Keep the work on track, and can let management know when things are going wrong. If

done properly, it is an invaluable tool for good management, and it provides a useful base

for

Evaluation. It enables you to determine whether the resources you have available are

...sufficient and are being well used

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Cont.….on monitoring and evolution :

Evaluation is the comparison of actual project impacts against the agreed strategic plans. It

looks at what you set out to do, at what you have accomplished, and how you accomplished

it. It can be formative (taking place during the life of a project or organization, with the

intention of improving the strategy or way of functioning of the project or organization). It

can

also be summative (drawing learning's from a completed project or an organization that is

no longer functioning). Someone once described this as the difference between a check-up

and an autopsy!

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What monitoring

and evaluation

have in common is

that they are

geared towards

learning

from what you are

doing and how you

are doing it, by

focusing on:

1 .Efficiency2.Effectivene

ss3 .Impact

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Efficiency: Efficiency tells you that the input into the work is

appropriate in terms of the output. This

could be input in terms of money, time, staff, equipment

and so on. When you run a project

and are concerned about its reliability or about going to

scale (see Glossary of Terms),

then it is very important to get the efficiency element

right.

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Effectiveness:

Effectiveness is a measure of the extent to

which a development programs or project

achieves the specific objectives it set. If, for

example, we set out to improve the

qualifications of all the high school teachers

in a particular area, did we succeed?

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Impact: Impact tells you whether or not what you did made a difference to the problem situation you

were trying to address. In other words, was your strategy useful? Did ensuring that

teachers were better qualified improve the pass rate in the final year of school? Before you

decide to get bigger, or to replicate the project elsewhere, you need to be sure that what you

are doing makes sense in terms of the impact you want to achieve.

From this it should be clear that monitoring and evaluation are best done when there has

been proper planning against which to assess progress and achievements .

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Investment criteria:A wide range of criteria has been suggested to judge the worthwhileness of investment projects. The important investment criteria classified into two broadCategories:criteria 1.Discounting

2.non-discounting criteria

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Discounting criteria:

Take into account the time value of

money.……

Non-discounting criteria:Ignore the time .....value of money

Investment criteria:

1.Discounting criteria

2.non-discounting criteria

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Investment criteria chart:

Investment criteria

Discounting criteria

Net present value

Benefit cost ratio

Internal rate of return

Non-discounting criteria

Payback

period

Accounting rate of return

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Net present value:

Net present value is perhaps the

most important concept of

finance.it is used to evaluate

investment and financing decision

that involve cash flows occurring

over multiple periods.

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Benefit cost ratio:

The proponents of benefit-cost ratio

argue that since this criterion

measures net present value per

rupee of outlay, it can discriminate

better between large and small

investments and hence is preferable

to the net present value criterion.

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Internal rate of return:

The internal rate of return of project

is the discount rate which makes its

NPV equal to zero. Put differently, it

is discount rate which equates the

present value of future cash .flows

with the initial investment

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Payback period:andaccounting rate of return:

The pay back period is the length of time required to recover the initial cash

outlay on the project……

The accounting rate of return ,also called the average rate of return, is defined as:

Profit after tax (divided) book value of the investment.……

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Is a quantitative methodology for

studying properties related…………

To connectivity and distances in graphs,

with diverse applications like citation

indexing

And information retrieval on the Web. The

hyperlinked structure of Wikipedia

And the ongoing, incremental editing

process behind it make it an interesting

and

Unexplored target domain for network

analysis techniques.

In this paper we apply two relevance

metrics, HITS and PageRank, to the whole

Set of English Wikipedia entries, in order

to gain some preliminary insights on the

Macro-structure of the organization of the

corpus, and on some cultural biases

related

To specific topics..

Network analysis:

Definition

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SWOT analysis (alternately SLOT analysis) is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses/Limitations, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieve that objective. The technique is credited to Albert Humphrey, who led a convention at the Stanford Research Institute (now SRI International) in the 1960s and 1970s using data from Fortune 500 companies .

swotStrengthWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats

29S w o t

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:S w o tSetting the objective should be done after the SWOT analysis has been performed. This would allow achievable goals or objectives to be set for the organization.Strengths: characteristics of the business, or project team that give it an advantage over othersWeaknesses (or Limitations): are characteristics that place the team at a disadvantage relative to othersOpportunities: external chances to improve performance (e.g. make greater profits) in the environmentThreats: external elements in the environment that could cause trouble for the business or project

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:S w o t Identification of SWOTs is essential because

subsequent steps in the process of planning for achievement of the selected objective may be derived from the SWOTs.

First, the decision makers have to determine whether the objective is attainable, given the SWOTs. If the objective is NOT attainable a different objective must be selected and the process repeated.

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Use of SWOT analysis:The usefulness of SWOT analysis is not limited to profit-seeking organizations. SWOT analysis may be used in any decision-making situation when a desired end-state (objective) has been defined. Examples include: non-profit organizations, governmental units, and individuals. SWOT analysis may also be used in pre-crisis planning and preventive crisis management. SWOT analysis may also be used in creating a recommendation during a viability study/survey.

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Criticism of SWOT:Some findings from Menon et al. (1999) and Hill and Westbrook (1997) have shown that SWOT may harm performance. Other complementary analyses have been proposed, such as the Growth-share matrix

Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats

Reputation in marketplace

Shortage of consultants at operating level rather than partner level

Well established position with a well defined market niche

Large consultancies operating at a minor level

Expertise at partner level in HRM consultancy

Unable to deal with multi-disciplinary assignments because of size or lack of ability

Identified market for consultancy in areas other than HRM

Other small consultancies looking to invade the marketplace