Fluid tissue composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Transports nutrients, gases, cellular waste, hormones, antibodies, & enzymes.

Maintaining homeostasis.Maintenance of a stable

internal environment.

Sweat (water) released from the blood cools the body

4 to 6 liters (depends on size of individual).

Plasma

Liquid portion of blood that is clear/straw colored. Transports nutrients, wastes, gases,

hormones, enzymes, antibodies, etc.

90%

7%

water

protein

3% Salts, glucose, wastes, fatty acids, vitamins

Red Blood CellsErythrocytes

Produced by the bone marrow. No nucleus

1mm³ contains 5 million RBC’s

Red Blood CellsErythrocytes

Increases surface area

Red Blood CellsErythrocytes

To transport O2 & CO2

Hemoglobin An iron pigment (red in color) and carries O2

Red Blood CellsErythrocytes

How long do RBC’s Live?

8,000,000 RBC’s die & the liver recycles the iron

White Blood CellsLeukocytes

Protects body against infection caused by a Pathogen

White Blood CellsLeukocytes

Disease causing agentExamples are:

White Blood CellsLeukocytes

WBC’s contain ≥ nuclei.

(1 or more nuclei)

produced in the bone marrow & lymph nodes

White Blood CellsLeukocytes

Two Kinds of WBC’s

- engulf

- Make specific antibodies

White Blood CellsLeukocytes

A protein that is very specific to an antigen

Protein substance whose presence causes an immune response (antibody production)

White Blood CellsLeukocytes

Receptor Site accepts specific molecules that fit their shape

Platelet

Small oval fragments that trigger blood clotting. Look like small pieces of a plate

Transports nutrients, wastes, gases, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, etc.

Carries oxygen on the hemoglobin

Fight Infection

Clotting

Disorders of Red Blood Cells

- Too few Red Blood Cells- Too few O2 transported

- Too few energy.

Disorders of White Blood Cells

- Uncontrolled production of White Blood Cells- Harms the kidney

- Cancer

HIVHuman Immunodeficiency Virus

A virus in the body fluids that shuts down the immune system (the T-cells)

AIDS Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome

When the immune system is shut down

A Pathogen that takes advantage of a failing immune system, causing DEATH

A healthy immune system would destroy the Pathogen and maintain homeostasis

The capacity to resist disease

- From the mother

- No special steps necessary

- Last a lifetime

- Developed through a lifetime

- 2 Types → Active and Passive

- From exposure to the disease or a vaccine - ** Last a lifetime **

- Given antibodies that were made in another organism

- ** Last a short time **

- (IE – Moms antibodies at birth)

An injection of a dead or weekend form of a disease-causing microorganism to stimulate

antibody production by white blood cells

Person does not get sick

Immune system makes specific antibodies

If exposed to the living pathogen then antibodies are made and person does not wait

and get sick

Protein substance whose presence causes an immune response (antibody production)

-Foreign Substances-“Non-Self”

Disease-causing organism

Virus, Bacteria, Protozoa, Parasites

Is an antigen

* BUT * it is not

An abnormally high sensitivity to certain substances, such as pollens, foods, or

microorganisms. Common indications of allergy may include sneezing, itching, and skin rashes.

Protein substance produced by white blood cells in response to an antigen

Receptor SiteWhen activated tells cell what to do

This bacteria is unable to cause harm because all of the receptor sites are bound with antibodies

•Taggedfor

destruction

Protein molecules in the cell membrane that play an important role in the interactions

between cells by binding to hormones and other molecules sent as communication signals from cells such as nerve cells.

- Remain on guard, watching for this specific antigen.

- Once the specific antigen is detected, the memory cells make specific antibodies to attack it ASAP.

- Produced by the body in response to a harmless antigen.

- Example: Pollen.

-Symptoms: runny nose, watery eyes & sneezing(to remove the antigen → to end the symptoms.

- Stop histamines → to end symptoms .

Blood is identified by antigens on the RBC’s. There are 2 antigens – A and B

B & AB

A, B, AB

“none”

A & AB

Clots:

Clots:

Clots:

Clots:

- Takes blood away from the heart.

- Thick-walled

- Under great pressure

- Elastic

- Takes blood to the heart.

- Thin-walled

- Low pressure

- Has valves

- Between arteries & veins. - Very thin-walled

- Just 1 cell layer thick - RBC’s pass in single file

- Diffusion occurs here: nutrients, wastes, O2, CO2

- Upper chambers

- Thin walled (receives blood)

- Lower chambers

- Thick walled (much pressure)

- Pumps blood out of the heart

- Between the atria & ventricles

- Leaving the ventricles

- At the beat BP

- At the rest BP

is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, typically expressed as beats per minute (bpm). Heart rate

can vary as the body's need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon

dioxide changes, such as during exercise or sleep.

How does exercise

affect heart rate?

AgeTarget HR Zone50–85 %

Average MaximumHeart Rate100 %

20 years 100–170 beats per minute 200 beats per minute

25 years 98–166 beats per minute 195 beats per minute

30 years 95–162 beats per minute 190 beats per minute

35 years 93–157 beats per minute 185 beats per minute

40 years 90–153 beats per minute 180 beats per minute

45 years 88–149 beats per minute 175 beats per minute

50 years 85–145 beats per minute 170 beats per minute

55 years 83–140 beats per minute 165 beats per minute

60 years 80–136 beats per minute 160 beats per minute

65 years 78–132 beats per minute 155 beats per minute

70 years 75–128 beats per minute 150 beats per minute

- Pulmonary Circulation

- From the heart, to the lungs, & back

- From the heart, to the body, & back

- Coronary

- Renal (kidney)

- Hepatic Portal (liver & intestine)

- Arterial Blood Pressure remains much above normal throughout the heartbeat cycle

- A fairly common health problem

- Causes strokes, heart failure, damage to the eyes, kidneys, & heart attacks

- Deposits of cholesterol & other fatty materials collect on the inner walls of the arteries

- Makes arteries narrow & inelastic

- A disease of the heart caused by a narrowing of the coronary arteries so blood flow to the muscles is deprived

- Results in chest pain which may spread to the left arm

- A clot or clump of materials that gets lodged in the narrow part of the artery

- * Can lead to heart attacks

- A result of failure of the blood supply to some of the nerve tissue of the brain

- Caused by the bursting of the small arteries or veins resulting in hemorrhage or bleeding of the

brain (A brain attack)

- Returns fluid to the circulatory system

- Different names for the fluid depending on where it is in the body:

Plasma

I. C. F.

(intercellular fluid)

Lymph

- Filter bacteria & dead cells from lymph (the fluid of the lymph system)

- Lymph nodes are throughout the body