Blood Typing

Honors BiologyPowerpoint #2

What is in blood?

1) White blood cells

2) Platelets

3) Plasma

4) Red Blood Cells• Carry oxygen throughout body

• Determine blood type

Blood Typing Genotypes

Up to this point, we have talked about only 2 alleles for any gene (for example A or a)

In human blood types, there are 3 alleles: IA, IB, and i (A, B and O)

This is called multiple alleles

Blood Typing GenotypesSome rules in blood typing:

I is dominant to i

There are 6 possible genotypes, and 4 phenotypes

IAIA and IAi = blood type AIBIB and IBi = blood type BIAIB = blood type ABii = blood type O

What does your blood type mean?

Different blood types have

different SURFACE

PROTEINS on their

RED BLOOD CELLS

Glycoproteins on the surface of cells help identify “self”, AKA Antigen on blood cells

The pattern of proteins that are attached is determined by a gene

Type A (IAIA and Iai)

An A allele (IA) tellsthe cell to put“A” Antigenson its surface

Type B (IBIB and Ibi)

B allele (IB) tells the cell to put “B” Antigens on its surface

Type O (ii) An O allele (i) tells the cell NOT to put A

or B glycoproteins on its surface

Type AB (IAIB)

A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH A and B glycoproteins on its

surface

Glycoproteins on the surface of cells that cause animmune reaction are calledANTIGENS

ANTIBODIES are specialized proteins that are part of your immune system. They react to, and attempt to destroy, ‘foreign’ invaders. Grab on to anitgens

How Antigens & Antibodies InteractIf you are blood type “A”, you have:“A” Antigens AND “B” Antibodies

If you add ANTI-A (antibody A)to cells with “A” antigens on their

surface, it causes them toclump together= ________________________AGGLUTINATION

Healthy blood cells vs Agglutinated cells

How Antigens & Antibodies Interact

Adding ANTI-Aantibodies to cellswith B glycoproteins on their surfacecauses NO REACTION

BLOOD TYPES

Will ANTI-A react?

NO YES NOYES

BLOOD TYPES

Will ANTI-B react?

NO NO YESYES

Blood Types

Blood Type:Phenotype

Possible Genotypes Antigens Antibodies

Can give blood to

Can get blood from

A IAIA

IAiA B A, AB A, O

B IBIB

IBiB A B, AB B, O

AB IAIB A & B None AB A, B, AB, O

O ii None A & B A, B, AB, O

O

The A,B,O SYSTEM IS NOT THE ONLY ONE

Blood can also be Rh+ (positive) or Rh-(negative)

Rh Factor

If your blood does contain the Rh protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+)

If your blood does NOT contain the Rh protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-)

The Rh factor describes another surface protein on the RBC. It is named after the Rhesus monkey, where it was initially identified

Rh FactorSimilar to ABO blood types, an Rh- person may have the Rh antibody.

Therefore, Rh+ individuals can give blood only to other Rh+, but Rh- can give blood to both Rh+ and Rh-

So, O- is the ultimate donor!

You can determine the blood type of a cell by seeing which ANTIBODY it reacts with

Add 1 drop of person’s blood to each well

Add 15uL ANTI-A serum to A well

Add 15uL of ANTI-B serum to B well

Add 15uL of ANTI-Rh to Rh well

You are looking for blood agglutination

• Type A will clump in well A• Type B will clump in well B• Type AB will clump in both well

A & B• Type O will NOT clump in A or B• Rh+ will clump in Rh well• What type of blood does this

person have?

Blood Typing Game

Blood Typing Review questions

1. Could two parents who are both Type B have a Type O child? Type A child?

2. What type of Antibodies does a Type O person make?

3. If two parents have a type O- baby and one parent is A-, what Blood Types could the other parent be?

4. What possible blood types could heterozygous B – and O+ (heterozygous for Rh) parents make and in what %