Consists of blood cells & plasma Blood cells = Erythrocytes (RBC’s),

Leukocytes (WBC’s), & Thrombocytes (Platelets)

Blood is 55% plasma & 45% blood cells Woman has ≈ 5 liters Man has ≈ 6 liters

Transport Nutrients, waste, hormones,

enzymes, O2 & CO2

Regulation of body temp due to high volume of H2O in plasma

Helps regulate body pH Helps regulate water content of

cells/Osmosis Clotting: prevents fluid loss Protection against pathogens

(immune response, production of antibodies, destruction of bacteria/viruses, removal of cellular debris & allergic reactions)

91% water 7% proteins:

1. Albumin: maintains osmotic pressure & water balance

2. Globulins: antibodies, complements (immune response) & transport molecules

3. Fibrinogens: important role in clotting

2% solutes: Ions, nutrients, waste products,

gases, enzymes & hormones

95% of blood cell volume; biconcave disks No nucleus, simple structures, don’t divide

& live ≈ 120 days Composed of a network of protein called

stroma, cytoplasm, lipids (cholesterol) & hemoglobin (red pigment ≈ 33% of cell’s volume)

Function:Transport O2 & CO2 →→

Hemoglobin allows this Hemoglobin:

Globin = protein Heme = pigment containing 4 iron

atoms Iron combines with O2 in the lungs &

releases it in tissues; Bright red in color

Globin at tissues combines with CO2 & releases it at lungs; Dark red in color

2 subcategories: Granular & Nongranular Have nuclei & no pigment; larger than RBC’s General function in immune response:

Combat inflammation & infection Can leave the blood stream & move into tissues

via ameboid movement Phagocytosis: “cell eating”

1. Neutrophils: 60% - 70% of WBC’s Most active in WBC’s response to tissue

destruction by bacteria Stay in blood for 12 hours & then move to tissues

where they phagocytize (eat) foreign substances Secrete enzyme Lysozyme that destroys certain

bacteria Pus contains dead neutrophils, cell debris & fluids

2. Eosinophils: 2% - 4% of WBC’s Combat irritants (pollen, dust, pet dander, etc) that

causes allergies Produce antihistamines

3. Basophils: 0.5% - 1% of WBC’s Involved in allergic reactions Releases heparin (anticoagulant), histamine

(inflammatory substance) & serotonin (a vasoconstrictor)

1. Monocytes: 3% - 8% of WBC’s Phagocytotic: eat bacteria, dead cells

&/or cellular debris Largest; after they leave blood &

enter tissue, they increase in size & are called Macrophages

2. Lymphocytes: 20% - 25% of WBC’s Production of antibodies & play

important role in immune response Smallest; several types: B & T

lymphocytes Control cancer cells, destroy

microorganisms & reject foreign tissues

Disk-shaped cellular fragments with a nucleus

Prevent fluid loss when blood vessels are damaged

When larger blood vessels are damaged, clotting mechanism takes overCut vessel is rough & irregular

shaped 3 stages to clotting/coagulation

1.Rough surface of vessel causes platelets to clump together at the site of the injury Tissue releases thromboplastin which

produces prothrombin activator Requires Ca2+, certain proteins &

phospholipids

2. Ca2+ & prothrombin activator converts prothrombin into thrombin

3. Soluble fibrinogen is converted into insoluble fibrin

Thrombin catalyzes the reaction Fibrin forms long threads that act

like a net = CLOT Clot forms & traps blood cells &

platelets in the fibrin threads & bleeding stops

Syneresis: clot retraction; tightening of clot so wound gets smaller & smaller

Serum (blood plasma minus clotting factors) surrounds wound under clot & hemorrhage is stopped

Blood vessel repairs itself Fibronolysis occurs: blood clot dissolves

Build up of cholesterol mass (Plaque) on smooth walls of UNDAMAGED blood vessels can cause clot formationCalled Thrombosis & clot is called

a ThrombusThrombus may dissolve or a piece

can dislodge & get transported in blood = Embolus

Embolus can get stuck in a vessel & cut-off circulation = Embolism

If tissues are killed = Infarction

Agglutination: clumping of RBC’s, A.K.A transfusion reaction

Caused by reaction between antibodies in plasma & surface antigens on RBC’s

Caused by mismatched blood typesHeadache, difficulty breathing, face flushed, pain in

neck, chest & lower back, jaundice & kidney failure

Presence or absence of antigens on RBC surface: antigen A & antigen B

Inherited; 4 possible antigen combinations: A only: Type A B only: Type B A & B : Type AB Neither A nor B: Type O

Antibodies are formed during infancy against the ABO antigens NOT present on our own RBC’s Type A: antibody anti-B Type B: antibody anti-A Type AB: neither antibody → Type O: both anti-A & anti-B

Universal Recipient

Universal Donor

Inherited; named after Rhesus monkey where antigen 1st discovered

If antigen D is found on RBC, the blood is Rh positive If the RBC lacks the antigen, blood is Rh negative Anti-Rh antibodies only develop after initial exposure

to Rh-positive blood Rh-negative person receives transfusion from Rh-positive

person = no reaction (1st time) but anti-Rh antibodies form

If 2nd exposure happens, agglutination occurs