speckle microscope for bio medical diagnostics ibec 11 2014

IBEC, Gwangju20-22. November 2014

Speckle Microscope forBio-Medical Diagnostics

Jürgen SchreiberJoint Medical Device Lab

Fraunhofer Institute IZFP Dresden, GermanyYonsei University, Korea

IBEC, Gwangju20-22. November 2014Introduction

Origin and Manifestation of SpecklesAppearance

a) Reflected Laser light from a rough surface (paper, metal, paint, etc.)b) Light transmission through a stationary diffuserc) Light scattering from particle suspensions

Superposition of many light waves with random optical path length or phases

IBEC, Gwangju20-22. November 2014Introduction

Speckle Pattern – Effect of Light Coherence?

ConstructiveInterference

DestructiveInterference


US Real-Time In Vivo ImagingSynthetic-aperture RADAR image

Effect of Specklesa) Substantial influence on imaging, suppressing information and

disturbing image analysis suppressing of Specklesb) Speckles carry information on their source, roughness, grain/particle

size or pair correlation function important metrology tool

Introduction


Motivation: Request for new Nondestructive/Noninvasive methodwith the following advanteges

Non contact measurement

High local resolution

Fast operation on-line measurement

Application for materials majority

Measurement at hot materials

Relative simplicity of technical realization

Application for biomaterials

Introduction

Solution: Laser Speckle Photometry (LSP)


Laser Speckle Photometry (LSP)

Introduction

MA

M1

:=

Speckle pattern Materials structure

Speckle dynamics Materials processes


An example: Thermal Diffusivity

Constant heating at ROI

Solution of linear heat diffusion equation

Introduction


Hardness Evaluation by Thermal diffusivity (TD)

1-D Scan

St 37, four hardness grades surfacetreatment (hammer blows)

Introduction

TD determined by T-measurements

TD determined by Speckle-correlation


Damage Evaluation: Fractal Approach

Difference-Autocorrelation function:

The fractal behaviour is described as follows:

Introduction

H – Hurst parameter

DF – Fractal Dimension

Compact tension sampleof 22NiMoCr37 steelThe arrow shows theincipient crack causedby cyclic load.

IBEC, Gwangju20-22. November 2014Speckle characteristics

Power Spectral Density (PSD) Correlation functions

MA

M1

:=

Speckles of my arm

I(x,y) – Speckle intensity

MBC

MBB

:=

ROI

100PM

| , | ,


Dx –averaged Speckle size

Dx

Speckle characteristics


Fractal Analysis of Laser Speckle Pattern

Difference-Autocorrelation function

Fractal theory

P. Abry, P. Gonçalves, and P. Flandrin,Spectrum analysis and 1/f processes(Springer, Berlin, 1995).

M. F. Barnsley, R.L. Devaney, B.B.Mandelbrot, H.-O. Peitgen, D. Saupe, andR. F. Voss, The science of fractal images(Springer, New-York, 1988).


Three parameters of the fractal analysis:

a) Fractal dimension DF = 3 - H

b) Saturation of the variance equal to σ2

c) Correlation length xo (λ = (1/xo)2H)


Speckle Pattern and Surface Structure

Roberto Cerbino, Correlations of light in the deepFresnel region: An extended Van Cittert and Zerniketheorem, PHYSICAL REVIEW A 75 (2007) p. 053815

Zc = D /

- size of scatterer


z < Zc Near fieldSpeckle pattern strongly correlate to the source structure pair correlation function and characteristic size

z > Zc Far fieldno information about the sourcecorrelation can be recovered


As a model for movingSpeckle sources we take a fixedSpeckle pattern and move thepixel position along the x-axiswith the velocity “v”

Using pattern intensity MA for an area of interest and for exposure time texp of a fictivecamera Root Mean Square (RMS) and Averaged value ( Iav )of the Speckle intensitecan be calculated to determine the Speckle contrast:

Speckle characteristics vs. Velocity of scattering objects


, ∗

Contrast = RMS/ Iav


Speckle Contrast Difference Autocorrelation function

1/to

Speckle characteristics vs. Velocity of scattering objectsCo

ntra

st

Inverse correl

ation time

Velocity Velocity


IBEC, Gwangju20-22. November 2014Speckle characteristics

Power Spectral Density (PSD)Speckles of my arm

Ii,j(t) – Time resolved Speckle intensity

ROIFIi,j(v) = CFFT(Ii,j(t)) PDSi,j(v) = |FFIi,j(v)|2

Correlation functions Difference correlation function

Ki,j() = ICFFT(PDSi,j(v)) Ci,j() = 2 (Ki,j(0) - Ki,j())

Bac=Ci,j(1)/ Ki,j(0) – measure of bioactivity

Image Contrast image Bac

Bio-Speckles


Microcirculation of blood

MR1 255

max MR1( )

KSmax KS( )

255 C1max C1( )

255

Pure skin of student:

1/ContrastBioactivity

= 1064 nm

Application to human skin

= 633 nm

Red light sees mainly the epidermus!

The more red the stronger the bloodFlow!

Near infrared light sees theVascular system beneeththe skin in the Dermis


Contrast

With Arnica creme:

= 1064 nm

Microcirculation of blood for 60 years old lady


Pure skin


Initial state Occlusion after 30 second release after 1min

Wrist

Back of thehand

Laser sources : 785nm



0min 10min 20min 30min

Measure. 1

Measure. 2

Measure. 3

Tourmanium bracelet bloodstream effect test: 1st step



Bending experiment was performedtogether with Dr. Son, Dr. Kang, and Mr. Park

Characterization of Rat Bone


TrabecularCortical

Structure model in Speckle languageResult of the bending test:



Tibia middle with a cut regionTibia middle


Analysis of physiologic processes:


Initial image withcoarse scale(erery tenth point only) Image of the contrast

Difference correlation valueof neighbouring images(33 ms time distance)

Red colour means higherbiomobility, ie. In theinner trabecular area lessbioactivity is observed!In the cortical region highermicrofluidic processestakes place.

MR1 KS 250 C1 50

Characterization of Rat BoneAnalysis of physiologic processes:


Tibia head with a cut region



Initial image withcoarse scale(erery tenth point only) Image of the contrast

Difference correlation valueof neighbouring images(33 ms time distance)

No significant change inthe bioactivity in the cutregion Red, however,Structural changes wereObserved!

MR1 KS 250C1 100

Characterization of Rat BoneAnalysis of physiologic processes:

IBEC, Gwangju20-22. November 2014Silent Material

Only air convection may determine speckle movement

Image of the differencecorrelation fuction for

the first time step(33 ms time distance)

Image of the contrast

Speckle characteristics of Tourmanium ceramics


Aging of Skin

Speckle size - FWHM

Roughness - RMS

Texture – Fractal dimension

Correlation length - zo

Figure 9: Results of the Speckle analysis for three persons of different age, onewomen (45) and two men. Measurements were taken at the finger (F) and at theinner arm (IA). Alter = age.

45 50 55 60 652

3

4

5

6

FWHMF

FWHMIA

Alter

45 50 55 60 650.998

1

1.002

1.004

1.006

RoughnessF

RoughnessIA

Alter

45 50 55 60 653

4

5

6

7

8

9

zoF

zoIA

Alter45 50 55 60 65

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

DF_F

DF_IA

Alter

Further applications for biomaterials


We see that Tiger Balsam does not change the Speckle size, but the roughness of the skinwas reduced nearly three times. The increase of the fractal dimension means a morecomplex connection of the elements of the skin. It is interesting that the Tiger Balsam couldrepair my skin so that according to the presented Speckle parameters it looks like the skin ofa men more than 20 years younger than me.

"Inner arm without Balsam"

11.494

1.162

2.29

14.89

"Inner arm with Balsam"

11.163

0.431

2.411

15.24

Effect of Tiger Balsam on the SkinThe change of the skin at the back side of the hand for Dr. Riesenberg (62) in comparisonwith his coworker (40) looks in the following way (first number – FWHM, 2. – roughness, 3. –DF, 4. – zo):

In this case it seems to be clear that the roughness of the older skin drastically increases.The larger size of the Speckles means that for older skin larger parts are agglomerated andnot as flexible as in younger skin. By definition the correlation length is closely related to theSpeckle size.

"Andreas 40 Hand"

11.746

0.481

2.4

15.956

Speckle of my arm (66)



Meet aging diagnosis

16 17 18 19 20 212

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

Time [days]

Frac

tal D

men

sion



20 September 2004 / Vol. 12, No. 19 / OPTICS EXPRESS4596-4601


The same technique can beused for determination of thesize of agglomerated bloodcells!!!

Erythrocytelumped and

sticky

Erythrocyte became

normal


20 September 2004 / Vol. 12, No. 19 / OPTICSEXPRESS 4596-4601



Speckle Contrast = σ / ⟨ I ⟩ ≤ 1σ – standard deviation

Single-exposure speckle photography – raw image of part of a retina (left), and itsprocessed version (right).

Further applications for biomaterialsVascular system at the retina


LASCA images of the back of a hand, showing perfusion before and aftergently rubbing a small area.

Reduction in perfusion causedby a rubber band

Part of a forearm, showing increased perfusionaround a superficial hot-water burn



Irradiated continuous - red line HHealthy - dashed blue line

Noninvasive radiation burn diagnosis

Cutaneous zones



Food control in refrigerators

Food control for private usage

LG-glass for diagnostics, stimulation und therapy

Systems for quality control in manufacturing

Diverse medical applications (Skin diagnostics, Endoscope)

Application for Bioengineering

…

Outloock

speckle microscope for bio medical diagnostics ibec 11 2014

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