major project on pile foundation
TRANSCRIPT
UTILIZATION OF WASTE FILLED PLASTIC BOTTLES IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
RGPV
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that we have done Major Project between the duration from 19 Jan 2016 to 9 May 2016 amp it was carried out by us under the guidance amp supervision of Prof Sajan Malviya This Project report is submitted to Department of Civil Engineering Sagar Institute of Research Technology amp Science Bhopal during the academic year 2012-16
Name of Student Enrollment No Signature
SAURABH GAREWAL (0186CE121091) VAIBHAV KUMAR GUPTA (0186CE121114) SOURABH SINGH PATEL (0186CE121108) MOHIT NARTAM (0186CE121064)
Place BHOPAL
Date 10-05-2016
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The completion of this Major Project could have been possible with continued dedicated efforts amp guidance of large number of faculty amp staff members of the Institute amp the organization We acknowledge our gratitude to all of them The acknowledgement however will be incomplete without specific as follows
We express our profound sense of gratitude to our project guide Prof Sajan Malviya for his encouragement amp guidance during the entire the project period
We also express our sincere thanks to Dr Rakesh Patel (HOD CE) for his suggestions amp providing all the facilities required for the successful completion of the project work
We would like extend our gratitude to Dr Ganga Agnihotri Director SIRTS Bhopal for her valuable encouragement amp approval to the Project work
Last but not the least we would also like to thank our parents colleague and all those who helped us directly or indirectly in the completion of the project
Student Name Enrollment No
SAURABH GAREWAL (0186CE121091)
VAIBHAV KUMAR GUPTA (0186CE121114) SOURABH SINGH PATEL (0186CE121108) MOHIT NARTAM (0186CE121064)
ABSTRACT
One of the main disadvantages in constructing houses is high cost of the building High cost is primary requirement for constructing the house in places where people are below poverty line is becoming one of the most significant problem of peoples On the other hand urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially non-renewable ones Eco friendly architectural principles are being incorporated into more buildings every day in the world but they are still out of reach of many people due to lack of knowledge and awareness In this paper we implemented strategies and systems based on Eco-friendly environment that could still be built at very low costs with waste materials that is plastic bottle providing adequate thermal comfort while being sustainable At the end it concluded that in different factors such as time of execution load capacity flexibility reducing waste cost and energy efficiency plastic bottles can be more effective compared to some conventional building materials such as brick concrete and ceramic blocks
Plastic bottles are used to store different substances for consumption and for other uses Bottles used to package water takes over 1000 years to bio-degrade and if incinerated they produce toxic fumes Recycling is only feasible in limited circumstances because only PET bottles can be recycled all other bottles are discarded and only 1 out of 5 bottles are sent to the recycle bin So there is a need for environment friendly constructive use of waste plastic bottles This report consist of use of plastic waste bottle in construction as a brick which is filled with compacted sand or mud and other material method and technique of use its relative advantages over traditional bricks in this way plastic waste of bottle can be removed and reused safely for construction
CONTENTCertificatehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipI
DeclarationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipII
AcknowledgementhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipIII
AbstracthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipIV
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
11 Pile foundations helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip112 Historical Prospective helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip213 Function of pileshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip414 Classification of piles15 Advantages and Disadvantages of different pile material16 Classification of piles ndash Review
CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER-3 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED
CHAPTER-4 PARAMETRIC STUDY
CHAPTER-5 DISCUSSION
51 Spacing-Diameter Ratio (sd)
52 Effect of Pile Aspect-ratio (ld)
53 Raft Thickness
CHAPTER-6 MODIFIED DESIGN PROCEDURE
CHAPTER-7 SETTLEMENT OF PILED RAFT FOUNDATION
CHAPTER-8 RESULT
CHAPTER-9 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER-10 REFERENCES
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
In recent decades the industrialization and urbanization are the two phenomena that are going unabated all over the world Apart from the need for these phenomena one has to look into their negative impacts on the global environment and social life Most important ill effect of these global processes has been the generation of large quantities of industrial wastes Therefore the problems related with their safe management and disposal has become a major challenge to environmentalists and scientists Second related problem is the pressure on land materials and resources to support the developmental activities including infrastructure Industrialization and urbanization are the two world wide phenomena Though these are the necessity of the society and are mostly inevitable one has to look into their negative impacts on the global environment and social life The majorill effect of these global processes is the production of large quantities of industrial wastes and the problems related with their safe management and disposal Second problem is the scarcity of land materials and resources for ongoing developmental activities including infrastructureThe wastes generated from different industrial processes are of complex characteristics and composition and hence their safe management and disposal is also intricate and complex The disposal and storage of these wastes without treatment leads to contamination of surface and ground water through long term leachate accumulation from the disposal sites and ultimately disturbs the ecological and environmental balanceThe rapid rate of urbanization and development has led to increasing plastic waste generation The quantum of plastic waste in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is increasing due to increase in population development activities and changes in the life style Recently plastic waste has attracted widespread attention in India particularly in the last five years due to widespread littering on the landscape As plastic is non biodegradable in nature it remains in environment for several years and disposing plastic wastes at landfill are unsafe since toxic chemicals leach out into the soil and under-ground water and pollute the water bodies Due to littering habits inadequate waste management system infrastructure plastic waste disposal continue to be a major problem for the civic authorities especially in the urban areas It has been observed that due to an inefficient waste collection and transit system a large amount of plastic wastes are not disposed off completely or fails to reach the recyclingreuse chains
11 BACKGROUND
The first bottle house was constructed in 1902 by William FPeck in Tonopah Nevda The house was built with 10000 bottles of beer which were 90 alcohol and 10 opium The Peck house was demolished in the early 1980rsquos The use of empty vessels in construction dates back to ancient Rome which had structures with amphorae embedded in concrete This was not done for aesthetic reasons but to lighten the load of upper levels of structures empty and to reduce concrete usage The first plastic bottle construction project in Africa was pioneered in Uganda by Butakoola Village Association for Development (BUVAD) in 2010 in Cayuga district The idea followed a BUVAD community survey in 2009 that revealed that many farmers in Kayunga were experiencing low crop yields due to poor soil fertility which was a result of the presence of waste plastics such as bottles and polythene bags in the soilDec 2nd 2010 proving that there are all kinds of uses for recycled PET plastic Taiwan-based Er Arthur Huang processed 18 million used plastic bottles into honeycomb-shaped bricks for a boat-shaped exhibition hall called the Eco-ARK Built for Taipeirsquos flower show Eco-ARK was constructed for just one-third the cost of a conventional structure Once locked together the bricks are extremely strong
May 2011 Samarpan Foundation has constructed a children school in New Delhi using hundreds of used PET bottles instead of conventional bricks
12 MOTIVATION
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is following the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
At the present time the possibility of utilizing the renewable resources such as solar wind geothermal has been provided for us more than before and development of this science is making progress But those energies can be chosen as one of the renewable and alternative energies instead of fossil fuels which are cheap as possible and have fewer environmental impacts Since no attention to economic issues lead to that the use of these energies be just for groups dedicated to specific segments of society Whilst many renewable energy projects are large-scale renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas where energy is often crucial in human development With population growth in todayrsquos world the need to the building has increased and to respond to this demand the countries tend to use the industrial building materials and decline the use of indigenous and traditional materials These factors in spite of increasing the energy consumption in the industry section they can also raise the cost of homes and are considered as the barrier for users to obtain the basic needs of the life
The problem of users is losing the power and ability of design and building their own homes by themselves Two factors that prevent aboriginal people from building their homes are high cost of building materials and labor and also maybe long transportation One of the solutions for this problem can be using following factors
Use of affordable recycled materials in building Using the method of regenerating through proper education to
people
In the past the glass was common in packing some foods such as milk and etc They could be returned to the factory for using again for the
same purpose But now by changing the humanrsquos disposal culture glass bottles have been replaced by plastic bottles as they have increasingly become one of the substances of destruction of the landfills because they decompose in a long time Two alternative solutions against the plastic bottle disposal are recycling and reusing processRecycling needs additional energy to treat the materials for producing something usable Moreover the recycling process produces wastewater and air pollutants So the best solution is reusing for which no additional energy is required and does not contribute to pollution Indeed when we reuse junk we are helping to save the obtained energy which investigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Construction would otherwise be wasted It is focused on not only the financial aspect but also the environmental aspectPlastics are produced from the oil that is considered as non-renewable resource Because plastic has the insolubility about 300 years in the nature it is considered as a sustainable waste and environmental pollutant So reusing or recycling of it can be effectual in mitigation of environmental impacts relating to it It has been proven that the use of plastic bottles as innovative materials for building can be a proper solution for replacement of conventional materials The use of this material has been considered not only for exterior walls but also for the ceiling of the building
13 REVIEWS OF PREVIOUS WORK
According to Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough lsquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrsquo International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013 ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 Reuse of the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and when it is warm it is cold inside Constructing a house by plastic bottles used for the walls joist ceiling and concrete column offers us 45 diminution in the final cost Separation of various components of cost shows that the use of local manpower in making bottle panels can lead to cost reduction up to 75 compared to building the walls using the brick and concrete block
Shilpi Saxena Monika Singh lsquoEco-Architecture PET Bottle Housesrsquo International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Volume No2 Issue No12 pp 1243-1246 1 Dec 2013 ISSN 2277-1581 concluded that by utilizing PET bottles in construction recycled materials thermal comfort can be achieved in very low cost housing benefit in residents for those who cannot afford to buy and operate heating and cooling systems Plastic is non biodegradable toxic highly resistant to heat and electricity (best insulator) and not recyclable in true sense plastic PET bottles use in bottle brick technique This gives relief for the poor people of India to provide cheap and best houses for living
As per Seltzer DJ (2000) bottle houses wwwagilitynutcom The first example of known structures built with bottles is the William F Peckrsquos Bottle House located in Nevada (USA) It was built around 1902 and it required 10000 beer bottles to be built These buildings were primarily made out of glass bottles used as masonry units and they
were bound using mortar made out of adobe sand cement clay and plaster
Pratima Patel Akash Shah lsquoSub stainable development using waste PET bottles as construction element studied that plastic bottles wall have been less costly as compare to bricks and also they provide greater strength than bricks The PET bottles that are not recycled end up in landfills or as litter and they take approximately 1000 years to biodegrade This has resulted in plastic pollution problems in landfills water ways and on the roadside and this problem continues to grow along with the plastic bottle industry
Andreas Froese (2001) lsquoPlastic bottles in construction who is the founder of ECO-TECrsquo (Available from httpwwweco-tecnologiacom) has concluded that when the bottles are filled with soil or sand they work as bricks and form a framework for walls or pillars Different types of walls varying in size and orientation of the bottles are built The compression strength and fracture behavior of each wall are measured and compared PET bottle walls can bear up to 43 Nmmsup2 when the bottles are filled with sand which is the weakest filling material The bottles bear one third of the load while the plaster bears two thirds Plaster made of clay or a cement mixture fills the space between all bottles while a roof made of wood or corrugated metal completes the house As only regional products are used the houses are cheap and can be afforded even by poor families
CHAPTER-2 SUSTAINABILITY amp APPLICATION
21 SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable Development (SD) is the development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations some purposes of SD can be as following Resource conservation To conserve the non-renewable resources
such as fuel mineral and etc to ensure sufficient supply for present and future generations
Built development To integrate environmental considerations into planning and development to respect the natural environment
Environmental quality To prevent or reduce processes such as land filling which can lead to environment degradation and develop the culture of reusing and recycling process
Social equity To impede development that increases the gap between the rich and the poor and to encourage for reach to the social equality
Inhabitation needs of the sustainability are based on three aspects including environmental social and economical At current time the SD can be achieved through the partial integration of these three aspects But the alternative face of SD is the full integration of these aspects such that Economic exists entirely within the society as all parts of the
human economy are achieved through interaction among people Economy and society merely depend on the environment because
if something is un-environmental then the society will be affected When the society affected then it will be uneconomical for the
nation to create sustainable development
Fig 1 face of SD at present Fig 2 alternative face of
SD in futurePlastic bottle is considered as a sustainable material which can help in achieving the SD using the plastic bottle can follow the objectives of SD It can abstain from the resource depletion assist in protecting the environment prevent or reduce the environmental degradation process such as land filling through reusing process and it can assist to obtain a social equity by avoiding the gap between the rich and the poor people in the society
22 APPLICATIONS
Due to sustainability of plastic bottles they can be utilized many ways to get efficient result without investing a penny These uses are as follows
1) Plastic bottle as replacement of concrete in massive and load
sustaining structures2) Plastic bottle in replacement of general bricks as bottle brick3) Plastic bottles can be use to built a greenhouse structures4) Plastic bottles can also be to give aesthetic appearance to the
house
23 NOTEWORTHY CONTRIBUUTION
This project is mainly focusing on use of plastic bottles as a municipal waste in the buildings the key and positive characteristics of this product and the benefits obtained by using it in building It also intends to compare the characteristics of some construction materials such as brick ceramic and concrete block with bottle panel
CHAPTER-3
PLASTIC BOTTLE AS REPLACEMENT OF CONCRETE
31 CONCEPT
One of the main disadvantages in constructing world house is high cost of the buildings High cost of primary requirements for constructing the houses in places on where people are under poverty line is forming one of the most significant problems of people On the other hand urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially non-renewable ones A suitable approach for this situation is using some part of urban rubbish as required materials for building construction and also providing comfortable situation and suitable thermal for building residents Plastic bottle is considered as an urban junk with sustainability characteristic which can be used as a material instead of some conventional material such as brick in building construction
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
Use of solid waste in construction is gaining its popularity among environmentalists and other researchers in the field of low-cost housing Plastic bottle waste has been used as an alternative to conventional construction materials like brick in construction of small dwelling units Though this technique was started since the year 2000 in Honduras subsequently it has widely spread to other developing countries In India also some private organizations have begun constructing various small-scale projects using plastic bottle In this paper an extensive study on cost of construction using plastic bottle waste construction waste and low-cost roofing material replacing conventional materials has been carried out over a single dwelling unit taking minimum carpet area as per the government norms
32 DescriptionNow-a-days recycling of various modes of plastic is at alarming rate due to their outrageous effect on our environment Thus it has become necessary to create some kind of alternative to deal with these kind of problems In our project we have tried to create such a new alternative to deal with waste problems We have used three types of wastes viz plastic bottle Polyethylene Terephthalate waste and fly ash
321 Fly ash Energy requirements for the developing countries in particular are met from coal-based thermal power plants The disposal of the increasing amounts of solid waste from coal-fired thermal power plants is becoming a serious concern to the environmentalists Coal ash 80 of which is very fine in nature and is thus known as fly ash is collected by electrostatic precipitators in stacks In India nearly 90 mt of fly ash is generated per annum at present and is largely responsible for environmental pollution In developed countries like Germany 80 of the fly ash generated is being utilized whereas in India only 3 is being consumed This article attempts to highlight the management of fly ash to make use of this solid waste in order to save our environment
COAL-based thermal power plants have been a major source of power generation in India where 75 of the total power obtained is from coal-based thermal power plants The coal reserve of India is about 200 billion tones (bt) and its annual production reaches 250 million tonnes (mt) approximately About 70 of this is used in the power sector In India unlike in most of the developed countries ash content in the coal used for power generation is 30ndash40 High ash coal means more wear and tear of the plant and machinery low thermal efficiency of the boiler slogging choking and scaling of the furnace and most serious of them all generation of a large amount of fly ash India ranks fourth in the world in the production of coal ash as by-product waste after USSR USA and China in that order Fly ash is defined in Cement and Concrete Terminology (ACI Committee116) as the lsquofinely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal which is transported from the fire box through the boiler by flue gasesrsquo
A Physical Characteristics of Fly ashThe physical characteristics of the fly ash are listed below1048766 Size distribution1048766 Morphology1048766 Surface area1048766 Permeability hydraulic condition1048766 Specific gravityB Chemical Characteristics of Fly ashThe major chemical characteristics of the fly ash are as follows
1048766 pH1048766 Solubility1048766 Leachability1048766 Toxicity1048766 Radioactivity
Exhibit 2 Fly Ash Generation and Reuse in the United States 2008 Material
Product
Fly Ash Production (Short Tons)
Fly Ash Reuse (Short Tons) Fly Ash Reuse in Cement (Short Tons)
Fly Ash 72454230 30142274 12592245
322 Plastic bottlesPlastic products have become an integral part in our daily life as a basic need It produced on a massive scale worldwide and its production crosses the 150 million tonnes per year globally In India approximately 8 Million tonnes plastic products are consumed every year (2008) which is expected to rise 12 milllion tones by 2012 Its broad range of application is in packaging films wrapping materials shopping and garbage bags fluid containers clothing toys household and industrial products and building materials It is a fact that plastics will never degrade and remains on landscape for several years The recycled plastics are more harmful to the environment than the virgin products due to mixing of colour additives stabilizers flame retardants etc Further the recycling of a virgin plastic material can be done 2-3 time only because after every recycling the strength of plastic material is reduced due to thermal degradation It is to mention that no authentic estimation is available on total generation of plastic waste in the country however considering 70 of total plastic consumption is discarded as waste thus approximately 56 million tons per annum(TPA) of plastic waste is generated in country which is about 15342 tons per day(TPD)
TABLE 24 PLASTIC WASTE CONSUMPTION (PCYEAR)SNO COUNTRYCONTINENT PER YEAR
CONSUMPTION
1234567
(Kg)India 60East Europe 100South East Asia 100China 240West Europe 650North America 900World Average 250
Environmental issues on disposal of Plastic Waste
Indiscriminate littering of unskilled recyclingreprocessing and non-biodegradability of plastic waste raises the following environmental issuesbull During polymerization process fugitive emissions are releasedbull During product manufacturing various types of gases are releasedbull Indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste on land makes the land infertile due to its barrier propertiesbull Burning of plastics generates toxic emissions such as Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Hydrochloric Acid Dioxin Furans Amines Nitrides Styrene Benzene 1 3-butadiene CCl4 and Acetaldehydebull Lead and Cadmium pigments commonly used in LDPE HDPE and PP as additives are toxic and are known to leach outbull Non-recyclable plastic wastes such as multilayer metalised pouches and other thermoset plastic poses disposal problemsbull Sub-standard plastic carry bags packaging films (lt40μ) etc pose problem in collection and recyclingbull Littered plastics give unaesthetic look in the city choke the drain and may cause flood during monsoon bull Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing facilities and also cause problems in landfill operationsbull Recycling industries operating in non-conforming areas are posing threat to environment to unsound recycling practices
333 Polythene waste
Disposal of plastics waste has drawn attention of environmentalist due to their non biodegradability and unaesthetic views since these are not disposed scientifically and possibilities to contaminate soil and sub-soil water because of leachates Plastic packagings are extensively used in the Railways and Airportrsquos catering services resulting into significant quantity of plastic waste In view of problems posed due tolittering of plastic waste on the railway stations and along the tracks due to lack of their proper facilitiessystems the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) sponsored a study through RITES Ltd Gurgaon relating to ldquoAssessment of Plastic Waste Generation and its Management at 02 Airports and 03 Railway Stations in Delhirdquo The present study envisages data on Plastics Waste generated at three Railway Stations and two Airports in Delhi About 6758 kgday of Plastics Waste is Generated in these 03 Railway Stations and about 3662 kgday at the 02 Airports The per capita Plastics Waste Generation is approximately 9 gmday at Railway Station and 69 gmdayat
Airport which is many times higher than the Railways While the value added plastics waste is collected by informal sectors (rag-pickers) whereas the non-recyclable plastic carry bags and multilayer and metalized pouches are left at siteVarious literatures concerned with the subject are reviewed to understand the present percentage of plastic waste in MSW and the recent practice of recycling The plastic constitutes two major category of plastics (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics TheThermoplastics constitutes 80 and Thermoset constitutes approximately 20 of total postconsumer plastics waste generated The plastic materials are categorized in seven types based on properties and applications To make sorting and thus recycling easier the universally accepted standards marking code has been developed to help consumersidentify and sort the main types of plastic It will also help in identifying whether the material used on the end product is virgin recycled or a blend of virgin and recycled The symbols defined by society of the Plastic Industry (SPI) USA and available in the IS 145341998 ofBIS are as followsPET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS OTHERPresently for manufacturing usage amp management of Plastic Waste Plastic Manufactured and Usage Rules 1999 as amended in 2003 is existing This Rule empowers reduction of use of poly-bags and alleviates the problem of littering in the country The Rule attempts to attain these objectives by not allowing to manufacture and use of plastics bags lt 20μ and also restriction on use of recycled amp coloured bags in food applications However the existing Rules are not effective in mitigating littering and its associated problems In India- 2 -the per capita plastic consumption is 6-7 kg per annum as compared to the developed countries where the per capita consumption is in the range of 15 to 22 kgannum The methodology adopted for assessment of plastic waste and its management at airport sand railway stations in Delhi was achieved by the standard approach for desk research field studies data collection through questionnaire analysis and interpretations The acts legislations and standards were also consulted Meetings were organized with individual organizations and stakeholders involved in the plastic sector An effort has been made to study the present practices of plastics waste and its management at airports and railway stations in Delhi and its management
TABLE 11 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN INDIAN CITIES
POPULATION RANGE (MILLIONS) AVERAGE PER CAPITAVALUE KGCAPITADAY
01 - 0505 - 1010 - 2020 - 50gt5
021025027035050
Source CPHEEO Manual on MSW Management
TABLE ndash 12 PLASTICS CONSUMPTION IN INDIASNO YEAR CONSUMPTION
(Tones)1234
1996200020012007
61000300000400000
8500000
33 STEP WISE PROCEDURE
At first we collected few plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles)brought fly ash from sarni pwer plant and some simple polythene of size more than 2 micron that is much dangerous for us
Polythene was cut down in small chips sized pieces so that it can be easily filled into bottles
Then pieces of polythene waste and fly ash are mixed thoroughly and then filled into plastic bottles
Tamping was done at initial stages to ensure complete filling of waste into plastic bottles
In the next step we prepared a mould in which concrete has to be casted
M-15 grade of concrete was prepared by volume batching the proportion of concrete elements was kept standard ie 124
Casting of concrete was done at standard supervision for only concrete cube
Then waste filled plastic bottle was placed inside the mould and concrete was poured in the surrounding of bottle
After curing of 14 days cube was tested under Universal testing machine (UTM) for compressive strength test
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that we have done Major Project between the duration from 19 Jan 2016 to 9 May 2016 amp it was carried out by us under the guidance amp supervision of Prof Sajan Malviya This Project report is submitted to Department of Civil Engineering Sagar Institute of Research Technology amp Science Bhopal during the academic year 2012-16
Name of Student Enrollment No Signature
SAURABH GAREWAL (0186CE121091) VAIBHAV KUMAR GUPTA (0186CE121114) SOURABH SINGH PATEL (0186CE121108) MOHIT NARTAM (0186CE121064)
Place BHOPAL
Date 10-05-2016
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The completion of this Major Project could have been possible with continued dedicated efforts amp guidance of large number of faculty amp staff members of the Institute amp the organization We acknowledge our gratitude to all of them The acknowledgement however will be incomplete without specific as follows
We express our profound sense of gratitude to our project guide Prof Sajan Malviya for his encouragement amp guidance during the entire the project period
We also express our sincere thanks to Dr Rakesh Patel (HOD CE) for his suggestions amp providing all the facilities required for the successful completion of the project work
We would like extend our gratitude to Dr Ganga Agnihotri Director SIRTS Bhopal for her valuable encouragement amp approval to the Project work
Last but not the least we would also like to thank our parents colleague and all those who helped us directly or indirectly in the completion of the project
Student Name Enrollment No
SAURABH GAREWAL (0186CE121091)
VAIBHAV KUMAR GUPTA (0186CE121114) SOURABH SINGH PATEL (0186CE121108) MOHIT NARTAM (0186CE121064)
ABSTRACT
One of the main disadvantages in constructing houses is high cost of the building High cost is primary requirement for constructing the house in places where people are below poverty line is becoming one of the most significant problem of peoples On the other hand urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially non-renewable ones Eco friendly architectural principles are being incorporated into more buildings every day in the world but they are still out of reach of many people due to lack of knowledge and awareness In this paper we implemented strategies and systems based on Eco-friendly environment that could still be built at very low costs with waste materials that is plastic bottle providing adequate thermal comfort while being sustainable At the end it concluded that in different factors such as time of execution load capacity flexibility reducing waste cost and energy efficiency plastic bottles can be more effective compared to some conventional building materials such as brick concrete and ceramic blocks
Plastic bottles are used to store different substances for consumption and for other uses Bottles used to package water takes over 1000 years to bio-degrade and if incinerated they produce toxic fumes Recycling is only feasible in limited circumstances because only PET bottles can be recycled all other bottles are discarded and only 1 out of 5 bottles are sent to the recycle bin So there is a need for environment friendly constructive use of waste plastic bottles This report consist of use of plastic waste bottle in construction as a brick which is filled with compacted sand or mud and other material method and technique of use its relative advantages over traditional bricks in this way plastic waste of bottle can be removed and reused safely for construction
CONTENTCertificatehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipI
DeclarationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipII
AcknowledgementhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipIII
AbstracthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipIV
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
11 Pile foundations helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip112 Historical Prospective helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip213 Function of pileshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip414 Classification of piles15 Advantages and Disadvantages of different pile material16 Classification of piles ndash Review
CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER-3 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED
CHAPTER-4 PARAMETRIC STUDY
CHAPTER-5 DISCUSSION
51 Spacing-Diameter Ratio (sd)
52 Effect of Pile Aspect-ratio (ld)
53 Raft Thickness
CHAPTER-6 MODIFIED DESIGN PROCEDURE
CHAPTER-7 SETTLEMENT OF PILED RAFT FOUNDATION
CHAPTER-8 RESULT
CHAPTER-9 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER-10 REFERENCES
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
In recent decades the industrialization and urbanization are the two phenomena that are going unabated all over the world Apart from the need for these phenomena one has to look into their negative impacts on the global environment and social life Most important ill effect of these global processes has been the generation of large quantities of industrial wastes Therefore the problems related with their safe management and disposal has become a major challenge to environmentalists and scientists Second related problem is the pressure on land materials and resources to support the developmental activities including infrastructure Industrialization and urbanization are the two world wide phenomena Though these are the necessity of the society and are mostly inevitable one has to look into their negative impacts on the global environment and social life The majorill effect of these global processes is the production of large quantities of industrial wastes and the problems related with their safe management and disposal Second problem is the scarcity of land materials and resources for ongoing developmental activities including infrastructureThe wastes generated from different industrial processes are of complex characteristics and composition and hence their safe management and disposal is also intricate and complex The disposal and storage of these wastes without treatment leads to contamination of surface and ground water through long term leachate accumulation from the disposal sites and ultimately disturbs the ecological and environmental balanceThe rapid rate of urbanization and development has led to increasing plastic waste generation The quantum of plastic waste in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is increasing due to increase in population development activities and changes in the life style Recently plastic waste has attracted widespread attention in India particularly in the last five years due to widespread littering on the landscape As plastic is non biodegradable in nature it remains in environment for several years and disposing plastic wastes at landfill are unsafe since toxic chemicals leach out into the soil and under-ground water and pollute the water bodies Due to littering habits inadequate waste management system infrastructure plastic waste disposal continue to be a major problem for the civic authorities especially in the urban areas It has been observed that due to an inefficient waste collection and transit system a large amount of plastic wastes are not disposed off completely or fails to reach the recyclingreuse chains
11 BACKGROUND
The first bottle house was constructed in 1902 by William FPeck in Tonopah Nevda The house was built with 10000 bottles of beer which were 90 alcohol and 10 opium The Peck house was demolished in the early 1980rsquos The use of empty vessels in construction dates back to ancient Rome which had structures with amphorae embedded in concrete This was not done for aesthetic reasons but to lighten the load of upper levels of structures empty and to reduce concrete usage The first plastic bottle construction project in Africa was pioneered in Uganda by Butakoola Village Association for Development (BUVAD) in 2010 in Cayuga district The idea followed a BUVAD community survey in 2009 that revealed that many farmers in Kayunga were experiencing low crop yields due to poor soil fertility which was a result of the presence of waste plastics such as bottles and polythene bags in the soilDec 2nd 2010 proving that there are all kinds of uses for recycled PET plastic Taiwan-based Er Arthur Huang processed 18 million used plastic bottles into honeycomb-shaped bricks for a boat-shaped exhibition hall called the Eco-ARK Built for Taipeirsquos flower show Eco-ARK was constructed for just one-third the cost of a conventional structure Once locked together the bricks are extremely strong
May 2011 Samarpan Foundation has constructed a children school in New Delhi using hundreds of used PET bottles instead of conventional bricks
12 MOTIVATION
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is following the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
At the present time the possibility of utilizing the renewable resources such as solar wind geothermal has been provided for us more than before and development of this science is making progress But those energies can be chosen as one of the renewable and alternative energies instead of fossil fuels which are cheap as possible and have fewer environmental impacts Since no attention to economic issues lead to that the use of these energies be just for groups dedicated to specific segments of society Whilst many renewable energy projects are large-scale renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas where energy is often crucial in human development With population growth in todayrsquos world the need to the building has increased and to respond to this demand the countries tend to use the industrial building materials and decline the use of indigenous and traditional materials These factors in spite of increasing the energy consumption in the industry section they can also raise the cost of homes and are considered as the barrier for users to obtain the basic needs of the life
The problem of users is losing the power and ability of design and building their own homes by themselves Two factors that prevent aboriginal people from building their homes are high cost of building materials and labor and also maybe long transportation One of the solutions for this problem can be using following factors
Use of affordable recycled materials in building Using the method of regenerating through proper education to
people
In the past the glass was common in packing some foods such as milk and etc They could be returned to the factory for using again for the
same purpose But now by changing the humanrsquos disposal culture glass bottles have been replaced by plastic bottles as they have increasingly become one of the substances of destruction of the landfills because they decompose in a long time Two alternative solutions against the plastic bottle disposal are recycling and reusing processRecycling needs additional energy to treat the materials for producing something usable Moreover the recycling process produces wastewater and air pollutants So the best solution is reusing for which no additional energy is required and does not contribute to pollution Indeed when we reuse junk we are helping to save the obtained energy which investigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Construction would otherwise be wasted It is focused on not only the financial aspect but also the environmental aspectPlastics are produced from the oil that is considered as non-renewable resource Because plastic has the insolubility about 300 years in the nature it is considered as a sustainable waste and environmental pollutant So reusing or recycling of it can be effectual in mitigation of environmental impacts relating to it It has been proven that the use of plastic bottles as innovative materials for building can be a proper solution for replacement of conventional materials The use of this material has been considered not only for exterior walls but also for the ceiling of the building
13 REVIEWS OF PREVIOUS WORK
According to Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough lsquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrsquo International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013 ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 Reuse of the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and when it is warm it is cold inside Constructing a house by plastic bottles used for the walls joist ceiling and concrete column offers us 45 diminution in the final cost Separation of various components of cost shows that the use of local manpower in making bottle panels can lead to cost reduction up to 75 compared to building the walls using the brick and concrete block
Shilpi Saxena Monika Singh lsquoEco-Architecture PET Bottle Housesrsquo International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Volume No2 Issue No12 pp 1243-1246 1 Dec 2013 ISSN 2277-1581 concluded that by utilizing PET bottles in construction recycled materials thermal comfort can be achieved in very low cost housing benefit in residents for those who cannot afford to buy and operate heating and cooling systems Plastic is non biodegradable toxic highly resistant to heat and electricity (best insulator) and not recyclable in true sense plastic PET bottles use in bottle brick technique This gives relief for the poor people of India to provide cheap and best houses for living
As per Seltzer DJ (2000) bottle houses wwwagilitynutcom The first example of known structures built with bottles is the William F Peckrsquos Bottle House located in Nevada (USA) It was built around 1902 and it required 10000 beer bottles to be built These buildings were primarily made out of glass bottles used as masonry units and they
were bound using mortar made out of adobe sand cement clay and plaster
Pratima Patel Akash Shah lsquoSub stainable development using waste PET bottles as construction element studied that plastic bottles wall have been less costly as compare to bricks and also they provide greater strength than bricks The PET bottles that are not recycled end up in landfills or as litter and they take approximately 1000 years to biodegrade This has resulted in plastic pollution problems in landfills water ways and on the roadside and this problem continues to grow along with the plastic bottle industry
Andreas Froese (2001) lsquoPlastic bottles in construction who is the founder of ECO-TECrsquo (Available from httpwwweco-tecnologiacom) has concluded that when the bottles are filled with soil or sand they work as bricks and form a framework for walls or pillars Different types of walls varying in size and orientation of the bottles are built The compression strength and fracture behavior of each wall are measured and compared PET bottle walls can bear up to 43 Nmmsup2 when the bottles are filled with sand which is the weakest filling material The bottles bear one third of the load while the plaster bears two thirds Plaster made of clay or a cement mixture fills the space between all bottles while a roof made of wood or corrugated metal completes the house As only regional products are used the houses are cheap and can be afforded even by poor families
CHAPTER-2 SUSTAINABILITY amp APPLICATION
21 SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable Development (SD) is the development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations some purposes of SD can be as following Resource conservation To conserve the non-renewable resources
such as fuel mineral and etc to ensure sufficient supply for present and future generations
Built development To integrate environmental considerations into planning and development to respect the natural environment
Environmental quality To prevent or reduce processes such as land filling which can lead to environment degradation and develop the culture of reusing and recycling process
Social equity To impede development that increases the gap between the rich and the poor and to encourage for reach to the social equality
Inhabitation needs of the sustainability are based on three aspects including environmental social and economical At current time the SD can be achieved through the partial integration of these three aspects But the alternative face of SD is the full integration of these aspects such that Economic exists entirely within the society as all parts of the
human economy are achieved through interaction among people Economy and society merely depend on the environment because
if something is un-environmental then the society will be affected When the society affected then it will be uneconomical for the
nation to create sustainable development
Fig 1 face of SD at present Fig 2 alternative face of
SD in futurePlastic bottle is considered as a sustainable material which can help in achieving the SD using the plastic bottle can follow the objectives of SD It can abstain from the resource depletion assist in protecting the environment prevent or reduce the environmental degradation process such as land filling through reusing process and it can assist to obtain a social equity by avoiding the gap between the rich and the poor people in the society
22 APPLICATIONS
Due to sustainability of plastic bottles they can be utilized many ways to get efficient result without investing a penny These uses are as follows
1) Plastic bottle as replacement of concrete in massive and load
sustaining structures2) Plastic bottle in replacement of general bricks as bottle brick3) Plastic bottles can be use to built a greenhouse structures4) Plastic bottles can also be to give aesthetic appearance to the
house
23 NOTEWORTHY CONTRIBUUTION
This project is mainly focusing on use of plastic bottles as a municipal waste in the buildings the key and positive characteristics of this product and the benefits obtained by using it in building It also intends to compare the characteristics of some construction materials such as brick ceramic and concrete block with bottle panel
CHAPTER-3
PLASTIC BOTTLE AS REPLACEMENT OF CONCRETE
31 CONCEPT
One of the main disadvantages in constructing world house is high cost of the buildings High cost of primary requirements for constructing the houses in places on where people are under poverty line is forming one of the most significant problems of people On the other hand urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially non-renewable ones A suitable approach for this situation is using some part of urban rubbish as required materials for building construction and also providing comfortable situation and suitable thermal for building residents Plastic bottle is considered as an urban junk with sustainability characteristic which can be used as a material instead of some conventional material such as brick in building construction
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
Use of solid waste in construction is gaining its popularity among environmentalists and other researchers in the field of low-cost housing Plastic bottle waste has been used as an alternative to conventional construction materials like brick in construction of small dwelling units Though this technique was started since the year 2000 in Honduras subsequently it has widely spread to other developing countries In India also some private organizations have begun constructing various small-scale projects using plastic bottle In this paper an extensive study on cost of construction using plastic bottle waste construction waste and low-cost roofing material replacing conventional materials has been carried out over a single dwelling unit taking minimum carpet area as per the government norms
32 DescriptionNow-a-days recycling of various modes of plastic is at alarming rate due to their outrageous effect on our environment Thus it has become necessary to create some kind of alternative to deal with these kind of problems In our project we have tried to create such a new alternative to deal with waste problems We have used three types of wastes viz plastic bottle Polyethylene Terephthalate waste and fly ash
321 Fly ash Energy requirements for the developing countries in particular are met from coal-based thermal power plants The disposal of the increasing amounts of solid waste from coal-fired thermal power plants is becoming a serious concern to the environmentalists Coal ash 80 of which is very fine in nature and is thus known as fly ash is collected by electrostatic precipitators in stacks In India nearly 90 mt of fly ash is generated per annum at present and is largely responsible for environmental pollution In developed countries like Germany 80 of the fly ash generated is being utilized whereas in India only 3 is being consumed This article attempts to highlight the management of fly ash to make use of this solid waste in order to save our environment
COAL-based thermal power plants have been a major source of power generation in India where 75 of the total power obtained is from coal-based thermal power plants The coal reserve of India is about 200 billion tones (bt) and its annual production reaches 250 million tonnes (mt) approximately About 70 of this is used in the power sector In India unlike in most of the developed countries ash content in the coal used for power generation is 30ndash40 High ash coal means more wear and tear of the plant and machinery low thermal efficiency of the boiler slogging choking and scaling of the furnace and most serious of them all generation of a large amount of fly ash India ranks fourth in the world in the production of coal ash as by-product waste after USSR USA and China in that order Fly ash is defined in Cement and Concrete Terminology (ACI Committee116) as the lsquofinely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal which is transported from the fire box through the boiler by flue gasesrsquo
A Physical Characteristics of Fly ashThe physical characteristics of the fly ash are listed below1048766 Size distribution1048766 Morphology1048766 Surface area1048766 Permeability hydraulic condition1048766 Specific gravityB Chemical Characteristics of Fly ashThe major chemical characteristics of the fly ash are as follows
1048766 pH1048766 Solubility1048766 Leachability1048766 Toxicity1048766 Radioactivity
Exhibit 2 Fly Ash Generation and Reuse in the United States 2008 Material
Product
Fly Ash Production (Short Tons)
Fly Ash Reuse (Short Tons) Fly Ash Reuse in Cement (Short Tons)
Fly Ash 72454230 30142274 12592245
322 Plastic bottlesPlastic products have become an integral part in our daily life as a basic need It produced on a massive scale worldwide and its production crosses the 150 million tonnes per year globally In India approximately 8 Million tonnes plastic products are consumed every year (2008) which is expected to rise 12 milllion tones by 2012 Its broad range of application is in packaging films wrapping materials shopping and garbage bags fluid containers clothing toys household and industrial products and building materials It is a fact that plastics will never degrade and remains on landscape for several years The recycled plastics are more harmful to the environment than the virgin products due to mixing of colour additives stabilizers flame retardants etc Further the recycling of a virgin plastic material can be done 2-3 time only because after every recycling the strength of plastic material is reduced due to thermal degradation It is to mention that no authentic estimation is available on total generation of plastic waste in the country however considering 70 of total plastic consumption is discarded as waste thus approximately 56 million tons per annum(TPA) of plastic waste is generated in country which is about 15342 tons per day(TPD)
TABLE 24 PLASTIC WASTE CONSUMPTION (PCYEAR)SNO COUNTRYCONTINENT PER YEAR
CONSUMPTION
1234567
(Kg)India 60East Europe 100South East Asia 100China 240West Europe 650North America 900World Average 250
Environmental issues on disposal of Plastic Waste
Indiscriminate littering of unskilled recyclingreprocessing and non-biodegradability of plastic waste raises the following environmental issuesbull During polymerization process fugitive emissions are releasedbull During product manufacturing various types of gases are releasedbull Indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste on land makes the land infertile due to its barrier propertiesbull Burning of plastics generates toxic emissions such as Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Hydrochloric Acid Dioxin Furans Amines Nitrides Styrene Benzene 1 3-butadiene CCl4 and Acetaldehydebull Lead and Cadmium pigments commonly used in LDPE HDPE and PP as additives are toxic and are known to leach outbull Non-recyclable plastic wastes such as multilayer metalised pouches and other thermoset plastic poses disposal problemsbull Sub-standard plastic carry bags packaging films (lt40μ) etc pose problem in collection and recyclingbull Littered plastics give unaesthetic look in the city choke the drain and may cause flood during monsoon bull Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing facilities and also cause problems in landfill operationsbull Recycling industries operating in non-conforming areas are posing threat to environment to unsound recycling practices
333 Polythene waste
Disposal of plastics waste has drawn attention of environmentalist due to their non biodegradability and unaesthetic views since these are not disposed scientifically and possibilities to contaminate soil and sub-soil water because of leachates Plastic packagings are extensively used in the Railways and Airportrsquos catering services resulting into significant quantity of plastic waste In view of problems posed due tolittering of plastic waste on the railway stations and along the tracks due to lack of their proper facilitiessystems the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) sponsored a study through RITES Ltd Gurgaon relating to ldquoAssessment of Plastic Waste Generation and its Management at 02 Airports and 03 Railway Stations in Delhirdquo The present study envisages data on Plastics Waste generated at three Railway Stations and two Airports in Delhi About 6758 kgday of Plastics Waste is Generated in these 03 Railway Stations and about 3662 kgday at the 02 Airports The per capita Plastics Waste Generation is approximately 9 gmday at Railway Station and 69 gmdayat
Airport which is many times higher than the Railways While the value added plastics waste is collected by informal sectors (rag-pickers) whereas the non-recyclable plastic carry bags and multilayer and metalized pouches are left at siteVarious literatures concerned with the subject are reviewed to understand the present percentage of plastic waste in MSW and the recent practice of recycling The plastic constitutes two major category of plastics (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics TheThermoplastics constitutes 80 and Thermoset constitutes approximately 20 of total postconsumer plastics waste generated The plastic materials are categorized in seven types based on properties and applications To make sorting and thus recycling easier the universally accepted standards marking code has been developed to help consumersidentify and sort the main types of plastic It will also help in identifying whether the material used on the end product is virgin recycled or a blend of virgin and recycled The symbols defined by society of the Plastic Industry (SPI) USA and available in the IS 145341998 ofBIS are as followsPET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS OTHERPresently for manufacturing usage amp management of Plastic Waste Plastic Manufactured and Usage Rules 1999 as amended in 2003 is existing This Rule empowers reduction of use of poly-bags and alleviates the problem of littering in the country The Rule attempts to attain these objectives by not allowing to manufacture and use of plastics bags lt 20μ and also restriction on use of recycled amp coloured bags in food applications However the existing Rules are not effective in mitigating littering and its associated problems In India- 2 -the per capita plastic consumption is 6-7 kg per annum as compared to the developed countries where the per capita consumption is in the range of 15 to 22 kgannum The methodology adopted for assessment of plastic waste and its management at airport sand railway stations in Delhi was achieved by the standard approach for desk research field studies data collection through questionnaire analysis and interpretations The acts legislations and standards were also consulted Meetings were organized with individual organizations and stakeholders involved in the plastic sector An effort has been made to study the present practices of plastics waste and its management at airports and railway stations in Delhi and its management
TABLE 11 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN INDIAN CITIES
POPULATION RANGE (MILLIONS) AVERAGE PER CAPITAVALUE KGCAPITADAY
01 - 0505 - 1010 - 2020 - 50gt5
021025027035050
Source CPHEEO Manual on MSW Management
TABLE ndash 12 PLASTICS CONSUMPTION IN INDIASNO YEAR CONSUMPTION
(Tones)1234
1996200020012007
61000300000400000
8500000
33 STEP WISE PROCEDURE
At first we collected few plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles)brought fly ash from sarni pwer plant and some simple polythene of size more than 2 micron that is much dangerous for us
Polythene was cut down in small chips sized pieces so that it can be easily filled into bottles
Then pieces of polythene waste and fly ash are mixed thoroughly and then filled into plastic bottles
Tamping was done at initial stages to ensure complete filling of waste into plastic bottles
In the next step we prepared a mould in which concrete has to be casted
M-15 grade of concrete was prepared by volume batching the proportion of concrete elements was kept standard ie 124
Casting of concrete was done at standard supervision for only concrete cube
Then waste filled plastic bottle was placed inside the mould and concrete was poured in the surrounding of bottle
After curing of 14 days cube was tested under Universal testing machine (UTM) for compressive strength test
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The completion of this Major Project could have been possible with continued dedicated efforts amp guidance of large number of faculty amp staff members of the Institute amp the organization We acknowledge our gratitude to all of them The acknowledgement however will be incomplete without specific as follows
We express our profound sense of gratitude to our project guide Prof Sajan Malviya for his encouragement amp guidance during the entire the project period
We also express our sincere thanks to Dr Rakesh Patel (HOD CE) for his suggestions amp providing all the facilities required for the successful completion of the project work
We would like extend our gratitude to Dr Ganga Agnihotri Director SIRTS Bhopal for her valuable encouragement amp approval to the Project work
Last but not the least we would also like to thank our parents colleague and all those who helped us directly or indirectly in the completion of the project
Student Name Enrollment No
SAURABH GAREWAL (0186CE121091)
VAIBHAV KUMAR GUPTA (0186CE121114) SOURABH SINGH PATEL (0186CE121108) MOHIT NARTAM (0186CE121064)
ABSTRACT
One of the main disadvantages in constructing houses is high cost of the building High cost is primary requirement for constructing the house in places where people are below poverty line is becoming one of the most significant problem of peoples On the other hand urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially non-renewable ones Eco friendly architectural principles are being incorporated into more buildings every day in the world but they are still out of reach of many people due to lack of knowledge and awareness In this paper we implemented strategies and systems based on Eco-friendly environment that could still be built at very low costs with waste materials that is plastic bottle providing adequate thermal comfort while being sustainable At the end it concluded that in different factors such as time of execution load capacity flexibility reducing waste cost and energy efficiency plastic bottles can be more effective compared to some conventional building materials such as brick concrete and ceramic blocks
Plastic bottles are used to store different substances for consumption and for other uses Bottles used to package water takes over 1000 years to bio-degrade and if incinerated they produce toxic fumes Recycling is only feasible in limited circumstances because only PET bottles can be recycled all other bottles are discarded and only 1 out of 5 bottles are sent to the recycle bin So there is a need for environment friendly constructive use of waste plastic bottles This report consist of use of plastic waste bottle in construction as a brick which is filled with compacted sand or mud and other material method and technique of use its relative advantages over traditional bricks in this way plastic waste of bottle can be removed and reused safely for construction
CONTENTCertificatehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipI
DeclarationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipII
AcknowledgementhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipIII
AbstracthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipIV
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
11 Pile foundations helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip112 Historical Prospective helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip213 Function of pileshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip414 Classification of piles15 Advantages and Disadvantages of different pile material16 Classification of piles ndash Review
CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER-3 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED
CHAPTER-4 PARAMETRIC STUDY
CHAPTER-5 DISCUSSION
51 Spacing-Diameter Ratio (sd)
52 Effect of Pile Aspect-ratio (ld)
53 Raft Thickness
CHAPTER-6 MODIFIED DESIGN PROCEDURE
CHAPTER-7 SETTLEMENT OF PILED RAFT FOUNDATION
CHAPTER-8 RESULT
CHAPTER-9 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER-10 REFERENCES
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
In recent decades the industrialization and urbanization are the two phenomena that are going unabated all over the world Apart from the need for these phenomena one has to look into their negative impacts on the global environment and social life Most important ill effect of these global processes has been the generation of large quantities of industrial wastes Therefore the problems related with their safe management and disposal has become a major challenge to environmentalists and scientists Second related problem is the pressure on land materials and resources to support the developmental activities including infrastructure Industrialization and urbanization are the two world wide phenomena Though these are the necessity of the society and are mostly inevitable one has to look into their negative impacts on the global environment and social life The majorill effect of these global processes is the production of large quantities of industrial wastes and the problems related with their safe management and disposal Second problem is the scarcity of land materials and resources for ongoing developmental activities including infrastructureThe wastes generated from different industrial processes are of complex characteristics and composition and hence their safe management and disposal is also intricate and complex The disposal and storage of these wastes without treatment leads to contamination of surface and ground water through long term leachate accumulation from the disposal sites and ultimately disturbs the ecological and environmental balanceThe rapid rate of urbanization and development has led to increasing plastic waste generation The quantum of plastic waste in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is increasing due to increase in population development activities and changes in the life style Recently plastic waste has attracted widespread attention in India particularly in the last five years due to widespread littering on the landscape As plastic is non biodegradable in nature it remains in environment for several years and disposing plastic wastes at landfill are unsafe since toxic chemicals leach out into the soil and under-ground water and pollute the water bodies Due to littering habits inadequate waste management system infrastructure plastic waste disposal continue to be a major problem for the civic authorities especially in the urban areas It has been observed that due to an inefficient waste collection and transit system a large amount of plastic wastes are not disposed off completely or fails to reach the recyclingreuse chains
11 BACKGROUND
The first bottle house was constructed in 1902 by William FPeck in Tonopah Nevda The house was built with 10000 bottles of beer which were 90 alcohol and 10 opium The Peck house was demolished in the early 1980rsquos The use of empty vessels in construction dates back to ancient Rome which had structures with amphorae embedded in concrete This was not done for aesthetic reasons but to lighten the load of upper levels of structures empty and to reduce concrete usage The first plastic bottle construction project in Africa was pioneered in Uganda by Butakoola Village Association for Development (BUVAD) in 2010 in Cayuga district The idea followed a BUVAD community survey in 2009 that revealed that many farmers in Kayunga were experiencing low crop yields due to poor soil fertility which was a result of the presence of waste plastics such as bottles and polythene bags in the soilDec 2nd 2010 proving that there are all kinds of uses for recycled PET plastic Taiwan-based Er Arthur Huang processed 18 million used plastic bottles into honeycomb-shaped bricks for a boat-shaped exhibition hall called the Eco-ARK Built for Taipeirsquos flower show Eco-ARK was constructed for just one-third the cost of a conventional structure Once locked together the bricks are extremely strong
May 2011 Samarpan Foundation has constructed a children school in New Delhi using hundreds of used PET bottles instead of conventional bricks
12 MOTIVATION
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is following the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
At the present time the possibility of utilizing the renewable resources such as solar wind geothermal has been provided for us more than before and development of this science is making progress But those energies can be chosen as one of the renewable and alternative energies instead of fossil fuels which are cheap as possible and have fewer environmental impacts Since no attention to economic issues lead to that the use of these energies be just for groups dedicated to specific segments of society Whilst many renewable energy projects are large-scale renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas where energy is often crucial in human development With population growth in todayrsquos world the need to the building has increased and to respond to this demand the countries tend to use the industrial building materials and decline the use of indigenous and traditional materials These factors in spite of increasing the energy consumption in the industry section they can also raise the cost of homes and are considered as the barrier for users to obtain the basic needs of the life
The problem of users is losing the power and ability of design and building their own homes by themselves Two factors that prevent aboriginal people from building their homes are high cost of building materials and labor and also maybe long transportation One of the solutions for this problem can be using following factors
Use of affordable recycled materials in building Using the method of regenerating through proper education to
people
In the past the glass was common in packing some foods such as milk and etc They could be returned to the factory for using again for the
same purpose But now by changing the humanrsquos disposal culture glass bottles have been replaced by plastic bottles as they have increasingly become one of the substances of destruction of the landfills because they decompose in a long time Two alternative solutions against the plastic bottle disposal are recycling and reusing processRecycling needs additional energy to treat the materials for producing something usable Moreover the recycling process produces wastewater and air pollutants So the best solution is reusing for which no additional energy is required and does not contribute to pollution Indeed when we reuse junk we are helping to save the obtained energy which investigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Construction would otherwise be wasted It is focused on not only the financial aspect but also the environmental aspectPlastics are produced from the oil that is considered as non-renewable resource Because plastic has the insolubility about 300 years in the nature it is considered as a sustainable waste and environmental pollutant So reusing or recycling of it can be effectual in mitigation of environmental impacts relating to it It has been proven that the use of plastic bottles as innovative materials for building can be a proper solution for replacement of conventional materials The use of this material has been considered not only for exterior walls but also for the ceiling of the building
13 REVIEWS OF PREVIOUS WORK
According to Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough lsquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrsquo International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013 ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 Reuse of the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and when it is warm it is cold inside Constructing a house by plastic bottles used for the walls joist ceiling and concrete column offers us 45 diminution in the final cost Separation of various components of cost shows that the use of local manpower in making bottle panels can lead to cost reduction up to 75 compared to building the walls using the brick and concrete block
Shilpi Saxena Monika Singh lsquoEco-Architecture PET Bottle Housesrsquo International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Volume No2 Issue No12 pp 1243-1246 1 Dec 2013 ISSN 2277-1581 concluded that by utilizing PET bottles in construction recycled materials thermal comfort can be achieved in very low cost housing benefit in residents for those who cannot afford to buy and operate heating and cooling systems Plastic is non biodegradable toxic highly resistant to heat and electricity (best insulator) and not recyclable in true sense plastic PET bottles use in bottle brick technique This gives relief for the poor people of India to provide cheap and best houses for living
As per Seltzer DJ (2000) bottle houses wwwagilitynutcom The first example of known structures built with bottles is the William F Peckrsquos Bottle House located in Nevada (USA) It was built around 1902 and it required 10000 beer bottles to be built These buildings were primarily made out of glass bottles used as masonry units and they
were bound using mortar made out of adobe sand cement clay and plaster
Pratima Patel Akash Shah lsquoSub stainable development using waste PET bottles as construction element studied that plastic bottles wall have been less costly as compare to bricks and also they provide greater strength than bricks The PET bottles that are not recycled end up in landfills or as litter and they take approximately 1000 years to biodegrade This has resulted in plastic pollution problems in landfills water ways and on the roadside and this problem continues to grow along with the plastic bottle industry
Andreas Froese (2001) lsquoPlastic bottles in construction who is the founder of ECO-TECrsquo (Available from httpwwweco-tecnologiacom) has concluded that when the bottles are filled with soil or sand they work as bricks and form a framework for walls or pillars Different types of walls varying in size and orientation of the bottles are built The compression strength and fracture behavior of each wall are measured and compared PET bottle walls can bear up to 43 Nmmsup2 when the bottles are filled with sand which is the weakest filling material The bottles bear one third of the load while the plaster bears two thirds Plaster made of clay or a cement mixture fills the space between all bottles while a roof made of wood or corrugated metal completes the house As only regional products are used the houses are cheap and can be afforded even by poor families
CHAPTER-2 SUSTAINABILITY amp APPLICATION
21 SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable Development (SD) is the development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations some purposes of SD can be as following Resource conservation To conserve the non-renewable resources
such as fuel mineral and etc to ensure sufficient supply for present and future generations
Built development To integrate environmental considerations into planning and development to respect the natural environment
Environmental quality To prevent or reduce processes such as land filling which can lead to environment degradation and develop the culture of reusing and recycling process
Social equity To impede development that increases the gap between the rich and the poor and to encourage for reach to the social equality
Inhabitation needs of the sustainability are based on three aspects including environmental social and economical At current time the SD can be achieved through the partial integration of these three aspects But the alternative face of SD is the full integration of these aspects such that Economic exists entirely within the society as all parts of the
human economy are achieved through interaction among people Economy and society merely depend on the environment because
if something is un-environmental then the society will be affected When the society affected then it will be uneconomical for the
nation to create sustainable development
Fig 1 face of SD at present Fig 2 alternative face of
SD in futurePlastic bottle is considered as a sustainable material which can help in achieving the SD using the plastic bottle can follow the objectives of SD It can abstain from the resource depletion assist in protecting the environment prevent or reduce the environmental degradation process such as land filling through reusing process and it can assist to obtain a social equity by avoiding the gap between the rich and the poor people in the society
22 APPLICATIONS
Due to sustainability of plastic bottles they can be utilized many ways to get efficient result without investing a penny These uses are as follows
1) Plastic bottle as replacement of concrete in massive and load
sustaining structures2) Plastic bottle in replacement of general bricks as bottle brick3) Plastic bottles can be use to built a greenhouse structures4) Plastic bottles can also be to give aesthetic appearance to the
house
23 NOTEWORTHY CONTRIBUUTION
This project is mainly focusing on use of plastic bottles as a municipal waste in the buildings the key and positive characteristics of this product and the benefits obtained by using it in building It also intends to compare the characteristics of some construction materials such as brick ceramic and concrete block with bottle panel
CHAPTER-3
PLASTIC BOTTLE AS REPLACEMENT OF CONCRETE
31 CONCEPT
One of the main disadvantages in constructing world house is high cost of the buildings High cost of primary requirements for constructing the houses in places on where people are under poverty line is forming one of the most significant problems of people On the other hand urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially non-renewable ones A suitable approach for this situation is using some part of urban rubbish as required materials for building construction and also providing comfortable situation and suitable thermal for building residents Plastic bottle is considered as an urban junk with sustainability characteristic which can be used as a material instead of some conventional material such as brick in building construction
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
Use of solid waste in construction is gaining its popularity among environmentalists and other researchers in the field of low-cost housing Plastic bottle waste has been used as an alternative to conventional construction materials like brick in construction of small dwelling units Though this technique was started since the year 2000 in Honduras subsequently it has widely spread to other developing countries In India also some private organizations have begun constructing various small-scale projects using plastic bottle In this paper an extensive study on cost of construction using plastic bottle waste construction waste and low-cost roofing material replacing conventional materials has been carried out over a single dwelling unit taking minimum carpet area as per the government norms
32 DescriptionNow-a-days recycling of various modes of plastic is at alarming rate due to their outrageous effect on our environment Thus it has become necessary to create some kind of alternative to deal with these kind of problems In our project we have tried to create such a new alternative to deal with waste problems We have used three types of wastes viz plastic bottle Polyethylene Terephthalate waste and fly ash
321 Fly ash Energy requirements for the developing countries in particular are met from coal-based thermal power plants The disposal of the increasing amounts of solid waste from coal-fired thermal power plants is becoming a serious concern to the environmentalists Coal ash 80 of which is very fine in nature and is thus known as fly ash is collected by electrostatic precipitators in stacks In India nearly 90 mt of fly ash is generated per annum at present and is largely responsible for environmental pollution In developed countries like Germany 80 of the fly ash generated is being utilized whereas in India only 3 is being consumed This article attempts to highlight the management of fly ash to make use of this solid waste in order to save our environment
COAL-based thermal power plants have been a major source of power generation in India where 75 of the total power obtained is from coal-based thermal power plants The coal reserve of India is about 200 billion tones (bt) and its annual production reaches 250 million tonnes (mt) approximately About 70 of this is used in the power sector In India unlike in most of the developed countries ash content in the coal used for power generation is 30ndash40 High ash coal means more wear and tear of the plant and machinery low thermal efficiency of the boiler slogging choking and scaling of the furnace and most serious of them all generation of a large amount of fly ash India ranks fourth in the world in the production of coal ash as by-product waste after USSR USA and China in that order Fly ash is defined in Cement and Concrete Terminology (ACI Committee116) as the lsquofinely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal which is transported from the fire box through the boiler by flue gasesrsquo
A Physical Characteristics of Fly ashThe physical characteristics of the fly ash are listed below1048766 Size distribution1048766 Morphology1048766 Surface area1048766 Permeability hydraulic condition1048766 Specific gravityB Chemical Characteristics of Fly ashThe major chemical characteristics of the fly ash are as follows
1048766 pH1048766 Solubility1048766 Leachability1048766 Toxicity1048766 Radioactivity
Exhibit 2 Fly Ash Generation and Reuse in the United States 2008 Material
Product
Fly Ash Production (Short Tons)
Fly Ash Reuse (Short Tons) Fly Ash Reuse in Cement (Short Tons)
Fly Ash 72454230 30142274 12592245
322 Plastic bottlesPlastic products have become an integral part in our daily life as a basic need It produced on a massive scale worldwide and its production crosses the 150 million tonnes per year globally In India approximately 8 Million tonnes plastic products are consumed every year (2008) which is expected to rise 12 milllion tones by 2012 Its broad range of application is in packaging films wrapping materials shopping and garbage bags fluid containers clothing toys household and industrial products and building materials It is a fact that plastics will never degrade and remains on landscape for several years The recycled plastics are more harmful to the environment than the virgin products due to mixing of colour additives stabilizers flame retardants etc Further the recycling of a virgin plastic material can be done 2-3 time only because after every recycling the strength of plastic material is reduced due to thermal degradation It is to mention that no authentic estimation is available on total generation of plastic waste in the country however considering 70 of total plastic consumption is discarded as waste thus approximately 56 million tons per annum(TPA) of plastic waste is generated in country which is about 15342 tons per day(TPD)
TABLE 24 PLASTIC WASTE CONSUMPTION (PCYEAR)SNO COUNTRYCONTINENT PER YEAR
CONSUMPTION
1234567
(Kg)India 60East Europe 100South East Asia 100China 240West Europe 650North America 900World Average 250
Environmental issues on disposal of Plastic Waste
Indiscriminate littering of unskilled recyclingreprocessing and non-biodegradability of plastic waste raises the following environmental issuesbull During polymerization process fugitive emissions are releasedbull During product manufacturing various types of gases are releasedbull Indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste on land makes the land infertile due to its barrier propertiesbull Burning of plastics generates toxic emissions such as Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Hydrochloric Acid Dioxin Furans Amines Nitrides Styrene Benzene 1 3-butadiene CCl4 and Acetaldehydebull Lead and Cadmium pigments commonly used in LDPE HDPE and PP as additives are toxic and are known to leach outbull Non-recyclable plastic wastes such as multilayer metalised pouches and other thermoset plastic poses disposal problemsbull Sub-standard plastic carry bags packaging films (lt40μ) etc pose problem in collection and recyclingbull Littered plastics give unaesthetic look in the city choke the drain and may cause flood during monsoon bull Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing facilities and also cause problems in landfill operationsbull Recycling industries operating in non-conforming areas are posing threat to environment to unsound recycling practices
333 Polythene waste
Disposal of plastics waste has drawn attention of environmentalist due to their non biodegradability and unaesthetic views since these are not disposed scientifically and possibilities to contaminate soil and sub-soil water because of leachates Plastic packagings are extensively used in the Railways and Airportrsquos catering services resulting into significant quantity of plastic waste In view of problems posed due tolittering of plastic waste on the railway stations and along the tracks due to lack of their proper facilitiessystems the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) sponsored a study through RITES Ltd Gurgaon relating to ldquoAssessment of Plastic Waste Generation and its Management at 02 Airports and 03 Railway Stations in Delhirdquo The present study envisages data on Plastics Waste generated at three Railway Stations and two Airports in Delhi About 6758 kgday of Plastics Waste is Generated in these 03 Railway Stations and about 3662 kgday at the 02 Airports The per capita Plastics Waste Generation is approximately 9 gmday at Railway Station and 69 gmdayat
Airport which is many times higher than the Railways While the value added plastics waste is collected by informal sectors (rag-pickers) whereas the non-recyclable plastic carry bags and multilayer and metalized pouches are left at siteVarious literatures concerned with the subject are reviewed to understand the present percentage of plastic waste in MSW and the recent practice of recycling The plastic constitutes two major category of plastics (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics TheThermoplastics constitutes 80 and Thermoset constitutes approximately 20 of total postconsumer plastics waste generated The plastic materials are categorized in seven types based on properties and applications To make sorting and thus recycling easier the universally accepted standards marking code has been developed to help consumersidentify and sort the main types of plastic It will also help in identifying whether the material used on the end product is virgin recycled or a blend of virgin and recycled The symbols defined by society of the Plastic Industry (SPI) USA and available in the IS 145341998 ofBIS are as followsPET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS OTHERPresently for manufacturing usage amp management of Plastic Waste Plastic Manufactured and Usage Rules 1999 as amended in 2003 is existing This Rule empowers reduction of use of poly-bags and alleviates the problem of littering in the country The Rule attempts to attain these objectives by not allowing to manufacture and use of plastics bags lt 20μ and also restriction on use of recycled amp coloured bags in food applications However the existing Rules are not effective in mitigating littering and its associated problems In India- 2 -the per capita plastic consumption is 6-7 kg per annum as compared to the developed countries where the per capita consumption is in the range of 15 to 22 kgannum The methodology adopted for assessment of plastic waste and its management at airport sand railway stations in Delhi was achieved by the standard approach for desk research field studies data collection through questionnaire analysis and interpretations The acts legislations and standards were also consulted Meetings were organized with individual organizations and stakeholders involved in the plastic sector An effort has been made to study the present practices of plastics waste and its management at airports and railway stations in Delhi and its management
TABLE 11 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN INDIAN CITIES
POPULATION RANGE (MILLIONS) AVERAGE PER CAPITAVALUE KGCAPITADAY
01 - 0505 - 1010 - 2020 - 50gt5
021025027035050
Source CPHEEO Manual on MSW Management
TABLE ndash 12 PLASTICS CONSUMPTION IN INDIASNO YEAR CONSUMPTION
(Tones)1234
1996200020012007
61000300000400000
8500000
33 STEP WISE PROCEDURE
At first we collected few plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles)brought fly ash from sarni pwer plant and some simple polythene of size more than 2 micron that is much dangerous for us
Polythene was cut down in small chips sized pieces so that it can be easily filled into bottles
Then pieces of polythene waste and fly ash are mixed thoroughly and then filled into plastic bottles
Tamping was done at initial stages to ensure complete filling of waste into plastic bottles
In the next step we prepared a mould in which concrete has to be casted
M-15 grade of concrete was prepared by volume batching the proportion of concrete elements was kept standard ie 124
Casting of concrete was done at standard supervision for only concrete cube
Then waste filled plastic bottle was placed inside the mould and concrete was poured in the surrounding of bottle
After curing of 14 days cube was tested under Universal testing machine (UTM) for compressive strength test
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
ABSTRACT
One of the main disadvantages in constructing houses is high cost of the building High cost is primary requirement for constructing the house in places where people are below poverty line is becoming one of the most significant problem of peoples On the other hand urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially non-renewable ones Eco friendly architectural principles are being incorporated into more buildings every day in the world but they are still out of reach of many people due to lack of knowledge and awareness In this paper we implemented strategies and systems based on Eco-friendly environment that could still be built at very low costs with waste materials that is plastic bottle providing adequate thermal comfort while being sustainable At the end it concluded that in different factors such as time of execution load capacity flexibility reducing waste cost and energy efficiency plastic bottles can be more effective compared to some conventional building materials such as brick concrete and ceramic blocks
Plastic bottles are used to store different substances for consumption and for other uses Bottles used to package water takes over 1000 years to bio-degrade and if incinerated they produce toxic fumes Recycling is only feasible in limited circumstances because only PET bottles can be recycled all other bottles are discarded and only 1 out of 5 bottles are sent to the recycle bin So there is a need for environment friendly constructive use of waste plastic bottles This report consist of use of plastic waste bottle in construction as a brick which is filled with compacted sand or mud and other material method and technique of use its relative advantages over traditional bricks in this way plastic waste of bottle can be removed and reused safely for construction
CONTENTCertificatehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipI
DeclarationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipII
AcknowledgementhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipIII
AbstracthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipIV
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
11 Pile foundations helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip112 Historical Prospective helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip213 Function of pileshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip414 Classification of piles15 Advantages and Disadvantages of different pile material16 Classification of piles ndash Review
CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER-3 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED
CHAPTER-4 PARAMETRIC STUDY
CHAPTER-5 DISCUSSION
51 Spacing-Diameter Ratio (sd)
52 Effect of Pile Aspect-ratio (ld)
53 Raft Thickness
CHAPTER-6 MODIFIED DESIGN PROCEDURE
CHAPTER-7 SETTLEMENT OF PILED RAFT FOUNDATION
CHAPTER-8 RESULT
CHAPTER-9 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER-10 REFERENCES
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
In recent decades the industrialization and urbanization are the two phenomena that are going unabated all over the world Apart from the need for these phenomena one has to look into their negative impacts on the global environment and social life Most important ill effect of these global processes has been the generation of large quantities of industrial wastes Therefore the problems related with their safe management and disposal has become a major challenge to environmentalists and scientists Second related problem is the pressure on land materials and resources to support the developmental activities including infrastructure Industrialization and urbanization are the two world wide phenomena Though these are the necessity of the society and are mostly inevitable one has to look into their negative impacts on the global environment and social life The majorill effect of these global processes is the production of large quantities of industrial wastes and the problems related with their safe management and disposal Second problem is the scarcity of land materials and resources for ongoing developmental activities including infrastructureThe wastes generated from different industrial processes are of complex characteristics and composition and hence their safe management and disposal is also intricate and complex The disposal and storage of these wastes without treatment leads to contamination of surface and ground water through long term leachate accumulation from the disposal sites and ultimately disturbs the ecological and environmental balanceThe rapid rate of urbanization and development has led to increasing plastic waste generation The quantum of plastic waste in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is increasing due to increase in population development activities and changes in the life style Recently plastic waste has attracted widespread attention in India particularly in the last five years due to widespread littering on the landscape As plastic is non biodegradable in nature it remains in environment for several years and disposing plastic wastes at landfill are unsafe since toxic chemicals leach out into the soil and under-ground water and pollute the water bodies Due to littering habits inadequate waste management system infrastructure plastic waste disposal continue to be a major problem for the civic authorities especially in the urban areas It has been observed that due to an inefficient waste collection and transit system a large amount of plastic wastes are not disposed off completely or fails to reach the recyclingreuse chains
11 BACKGROUND
The first bottle house was constructed in 1902 by William FPeck in Tonopah Nevda The house was built with 10000 bottles of beer which were 90 alcohol and 10 opium The Peck house was demolished in the early 1980rsquos The use of empty vessels in construction dates back to ancient Rome which had structures with amphorae embedded in concrete This was not done for aesthetic reasons but to lighten the load of upper levels of structures empty and to reduce concrete usage The first plastic bottle construction project in Africa was pioneered in Uganda by Butakoola Village Association for Development (BUVAD) in 2010 in Cayuga district The idea followed a BUVAD community survey in 2009 that revealed that many farmers in Kayunga were experiencing low crop yields due to poor soil fertility which was a result of the presence of waste plastics such as bottles and polythene bags in the soilDec 2nd 2010 proving that there are all kinds of uses for recycled PET plastic Taiwan-based Er Arthur Huang processed 18 million used plastic bottles into honeycomb-shaped bricks for a boat-shaped exhibition hall called the Eco-ARK Built for Taipeirsquos flower show Eco-ARK was constructed for just one-third the cost of a conventional structure Once locked together the bricks are extremely strong
May 2011 Samarpan Foundation has constructed a children school in New Delhi using hundreds of used PET bottles instead of conventional bricks
12 MOTIVATION
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is following the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
At the present time the possibility of utilizing the renewable resources such as solar wind geothermal has been provided for us more than before and development of this science is making progress But those energies can be chosen as one of the renewable and alternative energies instead of fossil fuels which are cheap as possible and have fewer environmental impacts Since no attention to economic issues lead to that the use of these energies be just for groups dedicated to specific segments of society Whilst many renewable energy projects are large-scale renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas where energy is often crucial in human development With population growth in todayrsquos world the need to the building has increased and to respond to this demand the countries tend to use the industrial building materials and decline the use of indigenous and traditional materials These factors in spite of increasing the energy consumption in the industry section they can also raise the cost of homes and are considered as the barrier for users to obtain the basic needs of the life
The problem of users is losing the power and ability of design and building their own homes by themselves Two factors that prevent aboriginal people from building their homes are high cost of building materials and labor and also maybe long transportation One of the solutions for this problem can be using following factors
Use of affordable recycled materials in building Using the method of regenerating through proper education to
people
In the past the glass was common in packing some foods such as milk and etc They could be returned to the factory for using again for the
same purpose But now by changing the humanrsquos disposal culture glass bottles have been replaced by plastic bottles as they have increasingly become one of the substances of destruction of the landfills because they decompose in a long time Two alternative solutions against the plastic bottle disposal are recycling and reusing processRecycling needs additional energy to treat the materials for producing something usable Moreover the recycling process produces wastewater and air pollutants So the best solution is reusing for which no additional energy is required and does not contribute to pollution Indeed when we reuse junk we are helping to save the obtained energy which investigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Construction would otherwise be wasted It is focused on not only the financial aspect but also the environmental aspectPlastics are produced from the oil that is considered as non-renewable resource Because plastic has the insolubility about 300 years in the nature it is considered as a sustainable waste and environmental pollutant So reusing or recycling of it can be effectual in mitigation of environmental impacts relating to it It has been proven that the use of plastic bottles as innovative materials for building can be a proper solution for replacement of conventional materials The use of this material has been considered not only for exterior walls but also for the ceiling of the building
13 REVIEWS OF PREVIOUS WORK
According to Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough lsquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrsquo International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013 ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 Reuse of the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and when it is warm it is cold inside Constructing a house by plastic bottles used for the walls joist ceiling and concrete column offers us 45 diminution in the final cost Separation of various components of cost shows that the use of local manpower in making bottle panels can lead to cost reduction up to 75 compared to building the walls using the brick and concrete block
Shilpi Saxena Monika Singh lsquoEco-Architecture PET Bottle Housesrsquo International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Volume No2 Issue No12 pp 1243-1246 1 Dec 2013 ISSN 2277-1581 concluded that by utilizing PET bottles in construction recycled materials thermal comfort can be achieved in very low cost housing benefit in residents for those who cannot afford to buy and operate heating and cooling systems Plastic is non biodegradable toxic highly resistant to heat and electricity (best insulator) and not recyclable in true sense plastic PET bottles use in bottle brick technique This gives relief for the poor people of India to provide cheap and best houses for living
As per Seltzer DJ (2000) bottle houses wwwagilitynutcom The first example of known structures built with bottles is the William F Peckrsquos Bottle House located in Nevada (USA) It was built around 1902 and it required 10000 beer bottles to be built These buildings were primarily made out of glass bottles used as masonry units and they
were bound using mortar made out of adobe sand cement clay and plaster
Pratima Patel Akash Shah lsquoSub stainable development using waste PET bottles as construction element studied that plastic bottles wall have been less costly as compare to bricks and also they provide greater strength than bricks The PET bottles that are not recycled end up in landfills or as litter and they take approximately 1000 years to biodegrade This has resulted in plastic pollution problems in landfills water ways and on the roadside and this problem continues to grow along with the plastic bottle industry
Andreas Froese (2001) lsquoPlastic bottles in construction who is the founder of ECO-TECrsquo (Available from httpwwweco-tecnologiacom) has concluded that when the bottles are filled with soil or sand they work as bricks and form a framework for walls or pillars Different types of walls varying in size and orientation of the bottles are built The compression strength and fracture behavior of each wall are measured and compared PET bottle walls can bear up to 43 Nmmsup2 when the bottles are filled with sand which is the weakest filling material The bottles bear one third of the load while the plaster bears two thirds Plaster made of clay or a cement mixture fills the space between all bottles while a roof made of wood or corrugated metal completes the house As only regional products are used the houses are cheap and can be afforded even by poor families
CHAPTER-2 SUSTAINABILITY amp APPLICATION
21 SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable Development (SD) is the development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations some purposes of SD can be as following Resource conservation To conserve the non-renewable resources
such as fuel mineral and etc to ensure sufficient supply for present and future generations
Built development To integrate environmental considerations into planning and development to respect the natural environment
Environmental quality To prevent or reduce processes such as land filling which can lead to environment degradation and develop the culture of reusing and recycling process
Social equity To impede development that increases the gap between the rich and the poor and to encourage for reach to the social equality
Inhabitation needs of the sustainability are based on three aspects including environmental social and economical At current time the SD can be achieved through the partial integration of these three aspects But the alternative face of SD is the full integration of these aspects such that Economic exists entirely within the society as all parts of the
human economy are achieved through interaction among people Economy and society merely depend on the environment because
if something is un-environmental then the society will be affected When the society affected then it will be uneconomical for the
nation to create sustainable development
Fig 1 face of SD at present Fig 2 alternative face of
SD in futurePlastic bottle is considered as a sustainable material which can help in achieving the SD using the plastic bottle can follow the objectives of SD It can abstain from the resource depletion assist in protecting the environment prevent or reduce the environmental degradation process such as land filling through reusing process and it can assist to obtain a social equity by avoiding the gap between the rich and the poor people in the society
22 APPLICATIONS
Due to sustainability of plastic bottles they can be utilized many ways to get efficient result without investing a penny These uses are as follows
1) Plastic bottle as replacement of concrete in massive and load
sustaining structures2) Plastic bottle in replacement of general bricks as bottle brick3) Plastic bottles can be use to built a greenhouse structures4) Plastic bottles can also be to give aesthetic appearance to the
house
23 NOTEWORTHY CONTRIBUUTION
This project is mainly focusing on use of plastic bottles as a municipal waste in the buildings the key and positive characteristics of this product and the benefits obtained by using it in building It also intends to compare the characteristics of some construction materials such as brick ceramic and concrete block with bottle panel
CHAPTER-3
PLASTIC BOTTLE AS REPLACEMENT OF CONCRETE
31 CONCEPT
One of the main disadvantages in constructing world house is high cost of the buildings High cost of primary requirements for constructing the houses in places on where people are under poverty line is forming one of the most significant problems of people On the other hand urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially non-renewable ones A suitable approach for this situation is using some part of urban rubbish as required materials for building construction and also providing comfortable situation and suitable thermal for building residents Plastic bottle is considered as an urban junk with sustainability characteristic which can be used as a material instead of some conventional material such as brick in building construction
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
Use of solid waste in construction is gaining its popularity among environmentalists and other researchers in the field of low-cost housing Plastic bottle waste has been used as an alternative to conventional construction materials like brick in construction of small dwelling units Though this technique was started since the year 2000 in Honduras subsequently it has widely spread to other developing countries In India also some private organizations have begun constructing various small-scale projects using plastic bottle In this paper an extensive study on cost of construction using plastic bottle waste construction waste and low-cost roofing material replacing conventional materials has been carried out over a single dwelling unit taking minimum carpet area as per the government norms
32 DescriptionNow-a-days recycling of various modes of plastic is at alarming rate due to their outrageous effect on our environment Thus it has become necessary to create some kind of alternative to deal with these kind of problems In our project we have tried to create such a new alternative to deal with waste problems We have used three types of wastes viz plastic bottle Polyethylene Terephthalate waste and fly ash
321 Fly ash Energy requirements for the developing countries in particular are met from coal-based thermal power plants The disposal of the increasing amounts of solid waste from coal-fired thermal power plants is becoming a serious concern to the environmentalists Coal ash 80 of which is very fine in nature and is thus known as fly ash is collected by electrostatic precipitators in stacks In India nearly 90 mt of fly ash is generated per annum at present and is largely responsible for environmental pollution In developed countries like Germany 80 of the fly ash generated is being utilized whereas in India only 3 is being consumed This article attempts to highlight the management of fly ash to make use of this solid waste in order to save our environment
COAL-based thermal power plants have been a major source of power generation in India where 75 of the total power obtained is from coal-based thermal power plants The coal reserve of India is about 200 billion tones (bt) and its annual production reaches 250 million tonnes (mt) approximately About 70 of this is used in the power sector In India unlike in most of the developed countries ash content in the coal used for power generation is 30ndash40 High ash coal means more wear and tear of the plant and machinery low thermal efficiency of the boiler slogging choking and scaling of the furnace and most serious of them all generation of a large amount of fly ash India ranks fourth in the world in the production of coal ash as by-product waste after USSR USA and China in that order Fly ash is defined in Cement and Concrete Terminology (ACI Committee116) as the lsquofinely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal which is transported from the fire box through the boiler by flue gasesrsquo
A Physical Characteristics of Fly ashThe physical characteristics of the fly ash are listed below1048766 Size distribution1048766 Morphology1048766 Surface area1048766 Permeability hydraulic condition1048766 Specific gravityB Chemical Characteristics of Fly ashThe major chemical characteristics of the fly ash are as follows
1048766 pH1048766 Solubility1048766 Leachability1048766 Toxicity1048766 Radioactivity
Exhibit 2 Fly Ash Generation and Reuse in the United States 2008 Material
Product
Fly Ash Production (Short Tons)
Fly Ash Reuse (Short Tons) Fly Ash Reuse in Cement (Short Tons)
Fly Ash 72454230 30142274 12592245
322 Plastic bottlesPlastic products have become an integral part in our daily life as a basic need It produced on a massive scale worldwide and its production crosses the 150 million tonnes per year globally In India approximately 8 Million tonnes plastic products are consumed every year (2008) which is expected to rise 12 milllion tones by 2012 Its broad range of application is in packaging films wrapping materials shopping and garbage bags fluid containers clothing toys household and industrial products and building materials It is a fact that plastics will never degrade and remains on landscape for several years The recycled plastics are more harmful to the environment than the virgin products due to mixing of colour additives stabilizers flame retardants etc Further the recycling of a virgin plastic material can be done 2-3 time only because after every recycling the strength of plastic material is reduced due to thermal degradation It is to mention that no authentic estimation is available on total generation of plastic waste in the country however considering 70 of total plastic consumption is discarded as waste thus approximately 56 million tons per annum(TPA) of plastic waste is generated in country which is about 15342 tons per day(TPD)
TABLE 24 PLASTIC WASTE CONSUMPTION (PCYEAR)SNO COUNTRYCONTINENT PER YEAR
CONSUMPTION
1234567
(Kg)India 60East Europe 100South East Asia 100China 240West Europe 650North America 900World Average 250
Environmental issues on disposal of Plastic Waste
Indiscriminate littering of unskilled recyclingreprocessing and non-biodegradability of plastic waste raises the following environmental issuesbull During polymerization process fugitive emissions are releasedbull During product manufacturing various types of gases are releasedbull Indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste on land makes the land infertile due to its barrier propertiesbull Burning of plastics generates toxic emissions such as Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Hydrochloric Acid Dioxin Furans Amines Nitrides Styrene Benzene 1 3-butadiene CCl4 and Acetaldehydebull Lead and Cadmium pigments commonly used in LDPE HDPE and PP as additives are toxic and are known to leach outbull Non-recyclable plastic wastes such as multilayer metalised pouches and other thermoset plastic poses disposal problemsbull Sub-standard plastic carry bags packaging films (lt40μ) etc pose problem in collection and recyclingbull Littered plastics give unaesthetic look in the city choke the drain and may cause flood during monsoon bull Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing facilities and also cause problems in landfill operationsbull Recycling industries operating in non-conforming areas are posing threat to environment to unsound recycling practices
333 Polythene waste
Disposal of plastics waste has drawn attention of environmentalist due to their non biodegradability and unaesthetic views since these are not disposed scientifically and possibilities to contaminate soil and sub-soil water because of leachates Plastic packagings are extensively used in the Railways and Airportrsquos catering services resulting into significant quantity of plastic waste In view of problems posed due tolittering of plastic waste on the railway stations and along the tracks due to lack of their proper facilitiessystems the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) sponsored a study through RITES Ltd Gurgaon relating to ldquoAssessment of Plastic Waste Generation and its Management at 02 Airports and 03 Railway Stations in Delhirdquo The present study envisages data on Plastics Waste generated at three Railway Stations and two Airports in Delhi About 6758 kgday of Plastics Waste is Generated in these 03 Railway Stations and about 3662 kgday at the 02 Airports The per capita Plastics Waste Generation is approximately 9 gmday at Railway Station and 69 gmdayat
Airport which is many times higher than the Railways While the value added plastics waste is collected by informal sectors (rag-pickers) whereas the non-recyclable plastic carry bags and multilayer and metalized pouches are left at siteVarious literatures concerned with the subject are reviewed to understand the present percentage of plastic waste in MSW and the recent practice of recycling The plastic constitutes two major category of plastics (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics TheThermoplastics constitutes 80 and Thermoset constitutes approximately 20 of total postconsumer plastics waste generated The plastic materials are categorized in seven types based on properties and applications To make sorting and thus recycling easier the universally accepted standards marking code has been developed to help consumersidentify and sort the main types of plastic It will also help in identifying whether the material used on the end product is virgin recycled or a blend of virgin and recycled The symbols defined by society of the Plastic Industry (SPI) USA and available in the IS 145341998 ofBIS are as followsPET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS OTHERPresently for manufacturing usage amp management of Plastic Waste Plastic Manufactured and Usage Rules 1999 as amended in 2003 is existing This Rule empowers reduction of use of poly-bags and alleviates the problem of littering in the country The Rule attempts to attain these objectives by not allowing to manufacture and use of plastics bags lt 20μ and also restriction on use of recycled amp coloured bags in food applications However the existing Rules are not effective in mitigating littering and its associated problems In India- 2 -the per capita plastic consumption is 6-7 kg per annum as compared to the developed countries where the per capita consumption is in the range of 15 to 22 kgannum The methodology adopted for assessment of plastic waste and its management at airport sand railway stations in Delhi was achieved by the standard approach for desk research field studies data collection through questionnaire analysis and interpretations The acts legislations and standards were also consulted Meetings were organized with individual organizations and stakeholders involved in the plastic sector An effort has been made to study the present practices of plastics waste and its management at airports and railway stations in Delhi and its management
TABLE 11 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN INDIAN CITIES
POPULATION RANGE (MILLIONS) AVERAGE PER CAPITAVALUE KGCAPITADAY
01 - 0505 - 1010 - 2020 - 50gt5
021025027035050
Source CPHEEO Manual on MSW Management
TABLE ndash 12 PLASTICS CONSUMPTION IN INDIASNO YEAR CONSUMPTION
(Tones)1234
1996200020012007
61000300000400000
8500000
33 STEP WISE PROCEDURE
At first we collected few plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles)brought fly ash from sarni pwer plant and some simple polythene of size more than 2 micron that is much dangerous for us
Polythene was cut down in small chips sized pieces so that it can be easily filled into bottles
Then pieces of polythene waste and fly ash are mixed thoroughly and then filled into plastic bottles
Tamping was done at initial stages to ensure complete filling of waste into plastic bottles
In the next step we prepared a mould in which concrete has to be casted
M-15 grade of concrete was prepared by volume batching the proportion of concrete elements was kept standard ie 124
Casting of concrete was done at standard supervision for only concrete cube
Then waste filled plastic bottle was placed inside the mould and concrete was poured in the surrounding of bottle
After curing of 14 days cube was tested under Universal testing machine (UTM) for compressive strength test
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
CONTENTCertificatehelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipI
DeclarationhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipII
AcknowledgementhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipIII
AbstracthelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellipIV
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
11 Pile foundations helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip112 Historical Prospective helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip213 Function of pileshelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip414 Classification of piles15 Advantages and Disadvantages of different pile material16 Classification of piles ndash Review
CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER-3 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED
CHAPTER-4 PARAMETRIC STUDY
CHAPTER-5 DISCUSSION
51 Spacing-Diameter Ratio (sd)
52 Effect of Pile Aspect-ratio (ld)
53 Raft Thickness
CHAPTER-6 MODIFIED DESIGN PROCEDURE
CHAPTER-7 SETTLEMENT OF PILED RAFT FOUNDATION
CHAPTER-8 RESULT
CHAPTER-9 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER-10 REFERENCES
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
In recent decades the industrialization and urbanization are the two phenomena that are going unabated all over the world Apart from the need for these phenomena one has to look into their negative impacts on the global environment and social life Most important ill effect of these global processes has been the generation of large quantities of industrial wastes Therefore the problems related with their safe management and disposal has become a major challenge to environmentalists and scientists Second related problem is the pressure on land materials and resources to support the developmental activities including infrastructure Industrialization and urbanization are the two world wide phenomena Though these are the necessity of the society and are mostly inevitable one has to look into their negative impacts on the global environment and social life The majorill effect of these global processes is the production of large quantities of industrial wastes and the problems related with their safe management and disposal Second problem is the scarcity of land materials and resources for ongoing developmental activities including infrastructureThe wastes generated from different industrial processes are of complex characteristics and composition and hence their safe management and disposal is also intricate and complex The disposal and storage of these wastes without treatment leads to contamination of surface and ground water through long term leachate accumulation from the disposal sites and ultimately disturbs the ecological and environmental balanceThe rapid rate of urbanization and development has led to increasing plastic waste generation The quantum of plastic waste in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is increasing due to increase in population development activities and changes in the life style Recently plastic waste has attracted widespread attention in India particularly in the last five years due to widespread littering on the landscape As plastic is non biodegradable in nature it remains in environment for several years and disposing plastic wastes at landfill are unsafe since toxic chemicals leach out into the soil and under-ground water and pollute the water bodies Due to littering habits inadequate waste management system infrastructure plastic waste disposal continue to be a major problem for the civic authorities especially in the urban areas It has been observed that due to an inefficient waste collection and transit system a large amount of plastic wastes are not disposed off completely or fails to reach the recyclingreuse chains
11 BACKGROUND
The first bottle house was constructed in 1902 by William FPeck in Tonopah Nevda The house was built with 10000 bottles of beer which were 90 alcohol and 10 opium The Peck house was demolished in the early 1980rsquos The use of empty vessels in construction dates back to ancient Rome which had structures with amphorae embedded in concrete This was not done for aesthetic reasons but to lighten the load of upper levels of structures empty and to reduce concrete usage The first plastic bottle construction project in Africa was pioneered in Uganda by Butakoola Village Association for Development (BUVAD) in 2010 in Cayuga district The idea followed a BUVAD community survey in 2009 that revealed that many farmers in Kayunga were experiencing low crop yields due to poor soil fertility which was a result of the presence of waste plastics such as bottles and polythene bags in the soilDec 2nd 2010 proving that there are all kinds of uses for recycled PET plastic Taiwan-based Er Arthur Huang processed 18 million used plastic bottles into honeycomb-shaped bricks for a boat-shaped exhibition hall called the Eco-ARK Built for Taipeirsquos flower show Eco-ARK was constructed for just one-third the cost of a conventional structure Once locked together the bricks are extremely strong
May 2011 Samarpan Foundation has constructed a children school in New Delhi using hundreds of used PET bottles instead of conventional bricks
12 MOTIVATION
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is following the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
At the present time the possibility of utilizing the renewable resources such as solar wind geothermal has been provided for us more than before and development of this science is making progress But those energies can be chosen as one of the renewable and alternative energies instead of fossil fuels which are cheap as possible and have fewer environmental impacts Since no attention to economic issues lead to that the use of these energies be just for groups dedicated to specific segments of society Whilst many renewable energy projects are large-scale renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas where energy is often crucial in human development With population growth in todayrsquos world the need to the building has increased and to respond to this demand the countries tend to use the industrial building materials and decline the use of indigenous and traditional materials These factors in spite of increasing the energy consumption in the industry section they can also raise the cost of homes and are considered as the barrier for users to obtain the basic needs of the life
The problem of users is losing the power and ability of design and building their own homes by themselves Two factors that prevent aboriginal people from building their homes are high cost of building materials and labor and also maybe long transportation One of the solutions for this problem can be using following factors
Use of affordable recycled materials in building Using the method of regenerating through proper education to
people
In the past the glass was common in packing some foods such as milk and etc They could be returned to the factory for using again for the
same purpose But now by changing the humanrsquos disposal culture glass bottles have been replaced by plastic bottles as they have increasingly become one of the substances of destruction of the landfills because they decompose in a long time Two alternative solutions against the plastic bottle disposal are recycling and reusing processRecycling needs additional energy to treat the materials for producing something usable Moreover the recycling process produces wastewater and air pollutants So the best solution is reusing for which no additional energy is required and does not contribute to pollution Indeed when we reuse junk we are helping to save the obtained energy which investigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Construction would otherwise be wasted It is focused on not only the financial aspect but also the environmental aspectPlastics are produced from the oil that is considered as non-renewable resource Because plastic has the insolubility about 300 years in the nature it is considered as a sustainable waste and environmental pollutant So reusing or recycling of it can be effectual in mitigation of environmental impacts relating to it It has been proven that the use of plastic bottles as innovative materials for building can be a proper solution for replacement of conventional materials The use of this material has been considered not only for exterior walls but also for the ceiling of the building
13 REVIEWS OF PREVIOUS WORK
According to Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough lsquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrsquo International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013 ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 Reuse of the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and when it is warm it is cold inside Constructing a house by plastic bottles used for the walls joist ceiling and concrete column offers us 45 diminution in the final cost Separation of various components of cost shows that the use of local manpower in making bottle panels can lead to cost reduction up to 75 compared to building the walls using the brick and concrete block
Shilpi Saxena Monika Singh lsquoEco-Architecture PET Bottle Housesrsquo International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Volume No2 Issue No12 pp 1243-1246 1 Dec 2013 ISSN 2277-1581 concluded that by utilizing PET bottles in construction recycled materials thermal comfort can be achieved in very low cost housing benefit in residents for those who cannot afford to buy and operate heating and cooling systems Plastic is non biodegradable toxic highly resistant to heat and electricity (best insulator) and not recyclable in true sense plastic PET bottles use in bottle brick technique This gives relief for the poor people of India to provide cheap and best houses for living
As per Seltzer DJ (2000) bottle houses wwwagilitynutcom The first example of known structures built with bottles is the William F Peckrsquos Bottle House located in Nevada (USA) It was built around 1902 and it required 10000 beer bottles to be built These buildings were primarily made out of glass bottles used as masonry units and they
were bound using mortar made out of adobe sand cement clay and plaster
Pratima Patel Akash Shah lsquoSub stainable development using waste PET bottles as construction element studied that plastic bottles wall have been less costly as compare to bricks and also they provide greater strength than bricks The PET bottles that are not recycled end up in landfills or as litter and they take approximately 1000 years to biodegrade This has resulted in plastic pollution problems in landfills water ways and on the roadside and this problem continues to grow along with the plastic bottle industry
Andreas Froese (2001) lsquoPlastic bottles in construction who is the founder of ECO-TECrsquo (Available from httpwwweco-tecnologiacom) has concluded that when the bottles are filled with soil or sand they work as bricks and form a framework for walls or pillars Different types of walls varying in size and orientation of the bottles are built The compression strength and fracture behavior of each wall are measured and compared PET bottle walls can bear up to 43 Nmmsup2 when the bottles are filled with sand which is the weakest filling material The bottles bear one third of the load while the plaster bears two thirds Plaster made of clay or a cement mixture fills the space between all bottles while a roof made of wood or corrugated metal completes the house As only regional products are used the houses are cheap and can be afforded even by poor families
CHAPTER-2 SUSTAINABILITY amp APPLICATION
21 SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable Development (SD) is the development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations some purposes of SD can be as following Resource conservation To conserve the non-renewable resources
such as fuel mineral and etc to ensure sufficient supply for present and future generations
Built development To integrate environmental considerations into planning and development to respect the natural environment
Environmental quality To prevent or reduce processes such as land filling which can lead to environment degradation and develop the culture of reusing and recycling process
Social equity To impede development that increases the gap between the rich and the poor and to encourage for reach to the social equality
Inhabitation needs of the sustainability are based on three aspects including environmental social and economical At current time the SD can be achieved through the partial integration of these three aspects But the alternative face of SD is the full integration of these aspects such that Economic exists entirely within the society as all parts of the
human economy are achieved through interaction among people Economy and society merely depend on the environment because
if something is un-environmental then the society will be affected When the society affected then it will be uneconomical for the
nation to create sustainable development
Fig 1 face of SD at present Fig 2 alternative face of
SD in futurePlastic bottle is considered as a sustainable material which can help in achieving the SD using the plastic bottle can follow the objectives of SD It can abstain from the resource depletion assist in protecting the environment prevent or reduce the environmental degradation process such as land filling through reusing process and it can assist to obtain a social equity by avoiding the gap between the rich and the poor people in the society
22 APPLICATIONS
Due to sustainability of plastic bottles they can be utilized many ways to get efficient result without investing a penny These uses are as follows
1) Plastic bottle as replacement of concrete in massive and load
sustaining structures2) Plastic bottle in replacement of general bricks as bottle brick3) Plastic bottles can be use to built a greenhouse structures4) Plastic bottles can also be to give aesthetic appearance to the
house
23 NOTEWORTHY CONTRIBUUTION
This project is mainly focusing on use of plastic bottles as a municipal waste in the buildings the key and positive characteristics of this product and the benefits obtained by using it in building It also intends to compare the characteristics of some construction materials such as brick ceramic and concrete block with bottle panel
CHAPTER-3
PLASTIC BOTTLE AS REPLACEMENT OF CONCRETE
31 CONCEPT
One of the main disadvantages in constructing world house is high cost of the buildings High cost of primary requirements for constructing the houses in places on where people are under poverty line is forming one of the most significant problems of people On the other hand urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially non-renewable ones A suitable approach for this situation is using some part of urban rubbish as required materials for building construction and also providing comfortable situation and suitable thermal for building residents Plastic bottle is considered as an urban junk with sustainability characteristic which can be used as a material instead of some conventional material such as brick in building construction
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
Use of solid waste in construction is gaining its popularity among environmentalists and other researchers in the field of low-cost housing Plastic bottle waste has been used as an alternative to conventional construction materials like brick in construction of small dwelling units Though this technique was started since the year 2000 in Honduras subsequently it has widely spread to other developing countries In India also some private organizations have begun constructing various small-scale projects using plastic bottle In this paper an extensive study on cost of construction using plastic bottle waste construction waste and low-cost roofing material replacing conventional materials has been carried out over a single dwelling unit taking minimum carpet area as per the government norms
32 DescriptionNow-a-days recycling of various modes of plastic is at alarming rate due to their outrageous effect on our environment Thus it has become necessary to create some kind of alternative to deal with these kind of problems In our project we have tried to create such a new alternative to deal with waste problems We have used three types of wastes viz plastic bottle Polyethylene Terephthalate waste and fly ash
321 Fly ash Energy requirements for the developing countries in particular are met from coal-based thermal power plants The disposal of the increasing amounts of solid waste from coal-fired thermal power plants is becoming a serious concern to the environmentalists Coal ash 80 of which is very fine in nature and is thus known as fly ash is collected by electrostatic precipitators in stacks In India nearly 90 mt of fly ash is generated per annum at present and is largely responsible for environmental pollution In developed countries like Germany 80 of the fly ash generated is being utilized whereas in India only 3 is being consumed This article attempts to highlight the management of fly ash to make use of this solid waste in order to save our environment
COAL-based thermal power plants have been a major source of power generation in India where 75 of the total power obtained is from coal-based thermal power plants The coal reserve of India is about 200 billion tones (bt) and its annual production reaches 250 million tonnes (mt) approximately About 70 of this is used in the power sector In India unlike in most of the developed countries ash content in the coal used for power generation is 30ndash40 High ash coal means more wear and tear of the plant and machinery low thermal efficiency of the boiler slogging choking and scaling of the furnace and most serious of them all generation of a large amount of fly ash India ranks fourth in the world in the production of coal ash as by-product waste after USSR USA and China in that order Fly ash is defined in Cement and Concrete Terminology (ACI Committee116) as the lsquofinely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal which is transported from the fire box through the boiler by flue gasesrsquo
A Physical Characteristics of Fly ashThe physical characteristics of the fly ash are listed below1048766 Size distribution1048766 Morphology1048766 Surface area1048766 Permeability hydraulic condition1048766 Specific gravityB Chemical Characteristics of Fly ashThe major chemical characteristics of the fly ash are as follows
1048766 pH1048766 Solubility1048766 Leachability1048766 Toxicity1048766 Radioactivity
Exhibit 2 Fly Ash Generation and Reuse in the United States 2008 Material
Product
Fly Ash Production (Short Tons)
Fly Ash Reuse (Short Tons) Fly Ash Reuse in Cement (Short Tons)
Fly Ash 72454230 30142274 12592245
322 Plastic bottlesPlastic products have become an integral part in our daily life as a basic need It produced on a massive scale worldwide and its production crosses the 150 million tonnes per year globally In India approximately 8 Million tonnes plastic products are consumed every year (2008) which is expected to rise 12 milllion tones by 2012 Its broad range of application is in packaging films wrapping materials shopping and garbage bags fluid containers clothing toys household and industrial products and building materials It is a fact that plastics will never degrade and remains on landscape for several years The recycled plastics are more harmful to the environment than the virgin products due to mixing of colour additives stabilizers flame retardants etc Further the recycling of a virgin plastic material can be done 2-3 time only because after every recycling the strength of plastic material is reduced due to thermal degradation It is to mention that no authentic estimation is available on total generation of plastic waste in the country however considering 70 of total plastic consumption is discarded as waste thus approximately 56 million tons per annum(TPA) of plastic waste is generated in country which is about 15342 tons per day(TPD)
TABLE 24 PLASTIC WASTE CONSUMPTION (PCYEAR)SNO COUNTRYCONTINENT PER YEAR
CONSUMPTION
1234567
(Kg)India 60East Europe 100South East Asia 100China 240West Europe 650North America 900World Average 250
Environmental issues on disposal of Plastic Waste
Indiscriminate littering of unskilled recyclingreprocessing and non-biodegradability of plastic waste raises the following environmental issuesbull During polymerization process fugitive emissions are releasedbull During product manufacturing various types of gases are releasedbull Indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste on land makes the land infertile due to its barrier propertiesbull Burning of plastics generates toxic emissions such as Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Hydrochloric Acid Dioxin Furans Amines Nitrides Styrene Benzene 1 3-butadiene CCl4 and Acetaldehydebull Lead and Cadmium pigments commonly used in LDPE HDPE and PP as additives are toxic and are known to leach outbull Non-recyclable plastic wastes such as multilayer metalised pouches and other thermoset plastic poses disposal problemsbull Sub-standard plastic carry bags packaging films (lt40μ) etc pose problem in collection and recyclingbull Littered plastics give unaesthetic look in the city choke the drain and may cause flood during monsoon bull Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing facilities and also cause problems in landfill operationsbull Recycling industries operating in non-conforming areas are posing threat to environment to unsound recycling practices
333 Polythene waste
Disposal of plastics waste has drawn attention of environmentalist due to their non biodegradability and unaesthetic views since these are not disposed scientifically and possibilities to contaminate soil and sub-soil water because of leachates Plastic packagings are extensively used in the Railways and Airportrsquos catering services resulting into significant quantity of plastic waste In view of problems posed due tolittering of plastic waste on the railway stations and along the tracks due to lack of their proper facilitiessystems the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) sponsored a study through RITES Ltd Gurgaon relating to ldquoAssessment of Plastic Waste Generation and its Management at 02 Airports and 03 Railway Stations in Delhirdquo The present study envisages data on Plastics Waste generated at three Railway Stations and two Airports in Delhi About 6758 kgday of Plastics Waste is Generated in these 03 Railway Stations and about 3662 kgday at the 02 Airports The per capita Plastics Waste Generation is approximately 9 gmday at Railway Station and 69 gmdayat
Airport which is many times higher than the Railways While the value added plastics waste is collected by informal sectors (rag-pickers) whereas the non-recyclable plastic carry bags and multilayer and metalized pouches are left at siteVarious literatures concerned with the subject are reviewed to understand the present percentage of plastic waste in MSW and the recent practice of recycling The plastic constitutes two major category of plastics (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics TheThermoplastics constitutes 80 and Thermoset constitutes approximately 20 of total postconsumer plastics waste generated The plastic materials are categorized in seven types based on properties and applications To make sorting and thus recycling easier the universally accepted standards marking code has been developed to help consumersidentify and sort the main types of plastic It will also help in identifying whether the material used on the end product is virgin recycled or a blend of virgin and recycled The symbols defined by society of the Plastic Industry (SPI) USA and available in the IS 145341998 ofBIS are as followsPET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS OTHERPresently for manufacturing usage amp management of Plastic Waste Plastic Manufactured and Usage Rules 1999 as amended in 2003 is existing This Rule empowers reduction of use of poly-bags and alleviates the problem of littering in the country The Rule attempts to attain these objectives by not allowing to manufacture and use of plastics bags lt 20μ and also restriction on use of recycled amp coloured bags in food applications However the existing Rules are not effective in mitigating littering and its associated problems In India- 2 -the per capita plastic consumption is 6-7 kg per annum as compared to the developed countries where the per capita consumption is in the range of 15 to 22 kgannum The methodology adopted for assessment of plastic waste and its management at airport sand railway stations in Delhi was achieved by the standard approach for desk research field studies data collection through questionnaire analysis and interpretations The acts legislations and standards were also consulted Meetings were organized with individual organizations and stakeholders involved in the plastic sector An effort has been made to study the present practices of plastics waste and its management at airports and railway stations in Delhi and its management
TABLE 11 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN INDIAN CITIES
POPULATION RANGE (MILLIONS) AVERAGE PER CAPITAVALUE KGCAPITADAY
01 - 0505 - 1010 - 2020 - 50gt5
021025027035050
Source CPHEEO Manual on MSW Management
TABLE ndash 12 PLASTICS CONSUMPTION IN INDIASNO YEAR CONSUMPTION
(Tones)1234
1996200020012007
61000300000400000
8500000
33 STEP WISE PROCEDURE
At first we collected few plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles)brought fly ash from sarni pwer plant and some simple polythene of size more than 2 micron that is much dangerous for us
Polythene was cut down in small chips sized pieces so that it can be easily filled into bottles
Then pieces of polythene waste and fly ash are mixed thoroughly and then filled into plastic bottles
Tamping was done at initial stages to ensure complete filling of waste into plastic bottles
In the next step we prepared a mould in which concrete has to be casted
M-15 grade of concrete was prepared by volume batching the proportion of concrete elements was kept standard ie 124
Casting of concrete was done at standard supervision for only concrete cube
Then waste filled plastic bottle was placed inside the mould and concrete was poured in the surrounding of bottle
After curing of 14 days cube was tested under Universal testing machine (UTM) for compressive strength test
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
CHAPTER-10 REFERENCES
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
In recent decades the industrialization and urbanization are the two phenomena that are going unabated all over the world Apart from the need for these phenomena one has to look into their negative impacts on the global environment and social life Most important ill effect of these global processes has been the generation of large quantities of industrial wastes Therefore the problems related with their safe management and disposal has become a major challenge to environmentalists and scientists Second related problem is the pressure on land materials and resources to support the developmental activities including infrastructure Industrialization and urbanization are the two world wide phenomena Though these are the necessity of the society and are mostly inevitable one has to look into their negative impacts on the global environment and social life The majorill effect of these global processes is the production of large quantities of industrial wastes and the problems related with their safe management and disposal Second problem is the scarcity of land materials and resources for ongoing developmental activities including infrastructureThe wastes generated from different industrial processes are of complex characteristics and composition and hence their safe management and disposal is also intricate and complex The disposal and storage of these wastes without treatment leads to contamination of surface and ground water through long term leachate accumulation from the disposal sites and ultimately disturbs the ecological and environmental balanceThe rapid rate of urbanization and development has led to increasing plastic waste generation The quantum of plastic waste in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is increasing due to increase in population development activities and changes in the life style Recently plastic waste has attracted widespread attention in India particularly in the last five years due to widespread littering on the landscape As plastic is non biodegradable in nature it remains in environment for several years and disposing plastic wastes at landfill are unsafe since toxic chemicals leach out into the soil and under-ground water and pollute the water bodies Due to littering habits inadequate waste management system infrastructure plastic waste disposal continue to be a major problem for the civic authorities especially in the urban areas It has been observed that due to an inefficient waste collection and transit system a large amount of plastic wastes are not disposed off completely or fails to reach the recyclingreuse chains
11 BACKGROUND
The first bottle house was constructed in 1902 by William FPeck in Tonopah Nevda The house was built with 10000 bottles of beer which were 90 alcohol and 10 opium The Peck house was demolished in the early 1980rsquos The use of empty vessels in construction dates back to ancient Rome which had structures with amphorae embedded in concrete This was not done for aesthetic reasons but to lighten the load of upper levels of structures empty and to reduce concrete usage The first plastic bottle construction project in Africa was pioneered in Uganda by Butakoola Village Association for Development (BUVAD) in 2010 in Cayuga district The idea followed a BUVAD community survey in 2009 that revealed that many farmers in Kayunga were experiencing low crop yields due to poor soil fertility which was a result of the presence of waste plastics such as bottles and polythene bags in the soilDec 2nd 2010 proving that there are all kinds of uses for recycled PET plastic Taiwan-based Er Arthur Huang processed 18 million used plastic bottles into honeycomb-shaped bricks for a boat-shaped exhibition hall called the Eco-ARK Built for Taipeirsquos flower show Eco-ARK was constructed for just one-third the cost of a conventional structure Once locked together the bricks are extremely strong
May 2011 Samarpan Foundation has constructed a children school in New Delhi using hundreds of used PET bottles instead of conventional bricks
12 MOTIVATION
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is following the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
At the present time the possibility of utilizing the renewable resources such as solar wind geothermal has been provided for us more than before and development of this science is making progress But those energies can be chosen as one of the renewable and alternative energies instead of fossil fuels which are cheap as possible and have fewer environmental impacts Since no attention to economic issues lead to that the use of these energies be just for groups dedicated to specific segments of society Whilst many renewable energy projects are large-scale renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas where energy is often crucial in human development With population growth in todayrsquos world the need to the building has increased and to respond to this demand the countries tend to use the industrial building materials and decline the use of indigenous and traditional materials These factors in spite of increasing the energy consumption in the industry section they can also raise the cost of homes and are considered as the barrier for users to obtain the basic needs of the life
The problem of users is losing the power and ability of design and building their own homes by themselves Two factors that prevent aboriginal people from building their homes are high cost of building materials and labor and also maybe long transportation One of the solutions for this problem can be using following factors
Use of affordable recycled materials in building Using the method of regenerating through proper education to
people
In the past the glass was common in packing some foods such as milk and etc They could be returned to the factory for using again for the
same purpose But now by changing the humanrsquos disposal culture glass bottles have been replaced by plastic bottles as they have increasingly become one of the substances of destruction of the landfills because they decompose in a long time Two alternative solutions against the plastic bottle disposal are recycling and reusing processRecycling needs additional energy to treat the materials for producing something usable Moreover the recycling process produces wastewater and air pollutants So the best solution is reusing for which no additional energy is required and does not contribute to pollution Indeed when we reuse junk we are helping to save the obtained energy which investigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Construction would otherwise be wasted It is focused on not only the financial aspect but also the environmental aspectPlastics are produced from the oil that is considered as non-renewable resource Because plastic has the insolubility about 300 years in the nature it is considered as a sustainable waste and environmental pollutant So reusing or recycling of it can be effectual in mitigation of environmental impacts relating to it It has been proven that the use of plastic bottles as innovative materials for building can be a proper solution for replacement of conventional materials The use of this material has been considered not only for exterior walls but also for the ceiling of the building
13 REVIEWS OF PREVIOUS WORK
According to Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough lsquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrsquo International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013 ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 Reuse of the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and when it is warm it is cold inside Constructing a house by plastic bottles used for the walls joist ceiling and concrete column offers us 45 diminution in the final cost Separation of various components of cost shows that the use of local manpower in making bottle panels can lead to cost reduction up to 75 compared to building the walls using the brick and concrete block
Shilpi Saxena Monika Singh lsquoEco-Architecture PET Bottle Housesrsquo International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Volume No2 Issue No12 pp 1243-1246 1 Dec 2013 ISSN 2277-1581 concluded that by utilizing PET bottles in construction recycled materials thermal comfort can be achieved in very low cost housing benefit in residents for those who cannot afford to buy and operate heating and cooling systems Plastic is non biodegradable toxic highly resistant to heat and electricity (best insulator) and not recyclable in true sense plastic PET bottles use in bottle brick technique This gives relief for the poor people of India to provide cheap and best houses for living
As per Seltzer DJ (2000) bottle houses wwwagilitynutcom The first example of known structures built with bottles is the William F Peckrsquos Bottle House located in Nevada (USA) It was built around 1902 and it required 10000 beer bottles to be built These buildings were primarily made out of glass bottles used as masonry units and they
were bound using mortar made out of adobe sand cement clay and plaster
Pratima Patel Akash Shah lsquoSub stainable development using waste PET bottles as construction element studied that plastic bottles wall have been less costly as compare to bricks and also they provide greater strength than bricks The PET bottles that are not recycled end up in landfills or as litter and they take approximately 1000 years to biodegrade This has resulted in plastic pollution problems in landfills water ways and on the roadside and this problem continues to grow along with the plastic bottle industry
Andreas Froese (2001) lsquoPlastic bottles in construction who is the founder of ECO-TECrsquo (Available from httpwwweco-tecnologiacom) has concluded that when the bottles are filled with soil or sand they work as bricks and form a framework for walls or pillars Different types of walls varying in size and orientation of the bottles are built The compression strength and fracture behavior of each wall are measured and compared PET bottle walls can bear up to 43 Nmmsup2 when the bottles are filled with sand which is the weakest filling material The bottles bear one third of the load while the plaster bears two thirds Plaster made of clay or a cement mixture fills the space between all bottles while a roof made of wood or corrugated metal completes the house As only regional products are used the houses are cheap and can be afforded even by poor families
CHAPTER-2 SUSTAINABILITY amp APPLICATION
21 SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable Development (SD) is the development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations some purposes of SD can be as following Resource conservation To conserve the non-renewable resources
such as fuel mineral and etc to ensure sufficient supply for present and future generations
Built development To integrate environmental considerations into planning and development to respect the natural environment
Environmental quality To prevent or reduce processes such as land filling which can lead to environment degradation and develop the culture of reusing and recycling process
Social equity To impede development that increases the gap between the rich and the poor and to encourage for reach to the social equality
Inhabitation needs of the sustainability are based on three aspects including environmental social and economical At current time the SD can be achieved through the partial integration of these three aspects But the alternative face of SD is the full integration of these aspects such that Economic exists entirely within the society as all parts of the
human economy are achieved through interaction among people Economy and society merely depend on the environment because
if something is un-environmental then the society will be affected When the society affected then it will be uneconomical for the
nation to create sustainable development
Fig 1 face of SD at present Fig 2 alternative face of
SD in futurePlastic bottle is considered as a sustainable material which can help in achieving the SD using the plastic bottle can follow the objectives of SD It can abstain from the resource depletion assist in protecting the environment prevent or reduce the environmental degradation process such as land filling through reusing process and it can assist to obtain a social equity by avoiding the gap between the rich and the poor people in the society
22 APPLICATIONS
Due to sustainability of plastic bottles they can be utilized many ways to get efficient result without investing a penny These uses are as follows
1) Plastic bottle as replacement of concrete in massive and load
sustaining structures2) Plastic bottle in replacement of general bricks as bottle brick3) Plastic bottles can be use to built a greenhouse structures4) Plastic bottles can also be to give aesthetic appearance to the
house
23 NOTEWORTHY CONTRIBUUTION
This project is mainly focusing on use of plastic bottles as a municipal waste in the buildings the key and positive characteristics of this product and the benefits obtained by using it in building It also intends to compare the characteristics of some construction materials such as brick ceramic and concrete block with bottle panel
CHAPTER-3
PLASTIC BOTTLE AS REPLACEMENT OF CONCRETE
31 CONCEPT
One of the main disadvantages in constructing world house is high cost of the buildings High cost of primary requirements for constructing the houses in places on where people are under poverty line is forming one of the most significant problems of people On the other hand urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially non-renewable ones A suitable approach for this situation is using some part of urban rubbish as required materials for building construction and also providing comfortable situation and suitable thermal for building residents Plastic bottle is considered as an urban junk with sustainability characteristic which can be used as a material instead of some conventional material such as brick in building construction
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
Use of solid waste in construction is gaining its popularity among environmentalists and other researchers in the field of low-cost housing Plastic bottle waste has been used as an alternative to conventional construction materials like brick in construction of small dwelling units Though this technique was started since the year 2000 in Honduras subsequently it has widely spread to other developing countries In India also some private organizations have begun constructing various small-scale projects using plastic bottle In this paper an extensive study on cost of construction using plastic bottle waste construction waste and low-cost roofing material replacing conventional materials has been carried out over a single dwelling unit taking minimum carpet area as per the government norms
32 DescriptionNow-a-days recycling of various modes of plastic is at alarming rate due to their outrageous effect on our environment Thus it has become necessary to create some kind of alternative to deal with these kind of problems In our project we have tried to create such a new alternative to deal with waste problems We have used three types of wastes viz plastic bottle Polyethylene Terephthalate waste and fly ash
321 Fly ash Energy requirements for the developing countries in particular are met from coal-based thermal power plants The disposal of the increasing amounts of solid waste from coal-fired thermal power plants is becoming a serious concern to the environmentalists Coal ash 80 of which is very fine in nature and is thus known as fly ash is collected by electrostatic precipitators in stacks In India nearly 90 mt of fly ash is generated per annum at present and is largely responsible for environmental pollution In developed countries like Germany 80 of the fly ash generated is being utilized whereas in India only 3 is being consumed This article attempts to highlight the management of fly ash to make use of this solid waste in order to save our environment
COAL-based thermal power plants have been a major source of power generation in India where 75 of the total power obtained is from coal-based thermal power plants The coal reserve of India is about 200 billion tones (bt) and its annual production reaches 250 million tonnes (mt) approximately About 70 of this is used in the power sector In India unlike in most of the developed countries ash content in the coal used for power generation is 30ndash40 High ash coal means more wear and tear of the plant and machinery low thermal efficiency of the boiler slogging choking and scaling of the furnace and most serious of them all generation of a large amount of fly ash India ranks fourth in the world in the production of coal ash as by-product waste after USSR USA and China in that order Fly ash is defined in Cement and Concrete Terminology (ACI Committee116) as the lsquofinely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal which is transported from the fire box through the boiler by flue gasesrsquo
A Physical Characteristics of Fly ashThe physical characteristics of the fly ash are listed below1048766 Size distribution1048766 Morphology1048766 Surface area1048766 Permeability hydraulic condition1048766 Specific gravityB Chemical Characteristics of Fly ashThe major chemical characteristics of the fly ash are as follows
1048766 pH1048766 Solubility1048766 Leachability1048766 Toxicity1048766 Radioactivity
Exhibit 2 Fly Ash Generation and Reuse in the United States 2008 Material
Product
Fly Ash Production (Short Tons)
Fly Ash Reuse (Short Tons) Fly Ash Reuse in Cement (Short Tons)
Fly Ash 72454230 30142274 12592245
322 Plastic bottlesPlastic products have become an integral part in our daily life as a basic need It produced on a massive scale worldwide and its production crosses the 150 million tonnes per year globally In India approximately 8 Million tonnes plastic products are consumed every year (2008) which is expected to rise 12 milllion tones by 2012 Its broad range of application is in packaging films wrapping materials shopping and garbage bags fluid containers clothing toys household and industrial products and building materials It is a fact that plastics will never degrade and remains on landscape for several years The recycled plastics are more harmful to the environment than the virgin products due to mixing of colour additives stabilizers flame retardants etc Further the recycling of a virgin plastic material can be done 2-3 time only because after every recycling the strength of plastic material is reduced due to thermal degradation It is to mention that no authentic estimation is available on total generation of plastic waste in the country however considering 70 of total plastic consumption is discarded as waste thus approximately 56 million tons per annum(TPA) of plastic waste is generated in country which is about 15342 tons per day(TPD)
TABLE 24 PLASTIC WASTE CONSUMPTION (PCYEAR)SNO COUNTRYCONTINENT PER YEAR
CONSUMPTION
1234567
(Kg)India 60East Europe 100South East Asia 100China 240West Europe 650North America 900World Average 250
Environmental issues on disposal of Plastic Waste
Indiscriminate littering of unskilled recyclingreprocessing and non-biodegradability of plastic waste raises the following environmental issuesbull During polymerization process fugitive emissions are releasedbull During product manufacturing various types of gases are releasedbull Indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste on land makes the land infertile due to its barrier propertiesbull Burning of plastics generates toxic emissions such as Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Hydrochloric Acid Dioxin Furans Amines Nitrides Styrene Benzene 1 3-butadiene CCl4 and Acetaldehydebull Lead and Cadmium pigments commonly used in LDPE HDPE and PP as additives are toxic and are known to leach outbull Non-recyclable plastic wastes such as multilayer metalised pouches and other thermoset plastic poses disposal problemsbull Sub-standard plastic carry bags packaging films (lt40μ) etc pose problem in collection and recyclingbull Littered plastics give unaesthetic look in the city choke the drain and may cause flood during monsoon bull Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing facilities and also cause problems in landfill operationsbull Recycling industries operating in non-conforming areas are posing threat to environment to unsound recycling practices
333 Polythene waste
Disposal of plastics waste has drawn attention of environmentalist due to their non biodegradability and unaesthetic views since these are not disposed scientifically and possibilities to contaminate soil and sub-soil water because of leachates Plastic packagings are extensively used in the Railways and Airportrsquos catering services resulting into significant quantity of plastic waste In view of problems posed due tolittering of plastic waste on the railway stations and along the tracks due to lack of their proper facilitiessystems the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) sponsored a study through RITES Ltd Gurgaon relating to ldquoAssessment of Plastic Waste Generation and its Management at 02 Airports and 03 Railway Stations in Delhirdquo The present study envisages data on Plastics Waste generated at three Railway Stations and two Airports in Delhi About 6758 kgday of Plastics Waste is Generated in these 03 Railway Stations and about 3662 kgday at the 02 Airports The per capita Plastics Waste Generation is approximately 9 gmday at Railway Station and 69 gmdayat
Airport which is many times higher than the Railways While the value added plastics waste is collected by informal sectors (rag-pickers) whereas the non-recyclable plastic carry bags and multilayer and metalized pouches are left at siteVarious literatures concerned with the subject are reviewed to understand the present percentage of plastic waste in MSW and the recent practice of recycling The plastic constitutes two major category of plastics (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics TheThermoplastics constitutes 80 and Thermoset constitutes approximately 20 of total postconsumer plastics waste generated The plastic materials are categorized in seven types based on properties and applications To make sorting and thus recycling easier the universally accepted standards marking code has been developed to help consumersidentify and sort the main types of plastic It will also help in identifying whether the material used on the end product is virgin recycled or a blend of virgin and recycled The symbols defined by society of the Plastic Industry (SPI) USA and available in the IS 145341998 ofBIS are as followsPET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS OTHERPresently for manufacturing usage amp management of Plastic Waste Plastic Manufactured and Usage Rules 1999 as amended in 2003 is existing This Rule empowers reduction of use of poly-bags and alleviates the problem of littering in the country The Rule attempts to attain these objectives by not allowing to manufacture and use of plastics bags lt 20μ and also restriction on use of recycled amp coloured bags in food applications However the existing Rules are not effective in mitigating littering and its associated problems In India- 2 -the per capita plastic consumption is 6-7 kg per annum as compared to the developed countries where the per capita consumption is in the range of 15 to 22 kgannum The methodology adopted for assessment of plastic waste and its management at airport sand railway stations in Delhi was achieved by the standard approach for desk research field studies data collection through questionnaire analysis and interpretations The acts legislations and standards were also consulted Meetings were organized with individual organizations and stakeholders involved in the plastic sector An effort has been made to study the present practices of plastics waste and its management at airports and railway stations in Delhi and its management
TABLE 11 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN INDIAN CITIES
POPULATION RANGE (MILLIONS) AVERAGE PER CAPITAVALUE KGCAPITADAY
01 - 0505 - 1010 - 2020 - 50gt5
021025027035050
Source CPHEEO Manual on MSW Management
TABLE ndash 12 PLASTICS CONSUMPTION IN INDIASNO YEAR CONSUMPTION
(Tones)1234
1996200020012007
61000300000400000
8500000
33 STEP WISE PROCEDURE
At first we collected few plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles)brought fly ash from sarni pwer plant and some simple polythene of size more than 2 micron that is much dangerous for us
Polythene was cut down in small chips sized pieces so that it can be easily filled into bottles
Then pieces of polythene waste and fly ash are mixed thoroughly and then filled into plastic bottles
Tamping was done at initial stages to ensure complete filling of waste into plastic bottles
In the next step we prepared a mould in which concrete has to be casted
M-15 grade of concrete was prepared by volume batching the proportion of concrete elements was kept standard ie 124
Casting of concrete was done at standard supervision for only concrete cube
Then waste filled plastic bottle was placed inside the mould and concrete was poured in the surrounding of bottle
After curing of 14 days cube was tested under Universal testing machine (UTM) for compressive strength test
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
In recent decades the industrialization and urbanization are the two phenomena that are going unabated all over the world Apart from the need for these phenomena one has to look into their negative impacts on the global environment and social life Most important ill effect of these global processes has been the generation of large quantities of industrial wastes Therefore the problems related with their safe management and disposal has become a major challenge to environmentalists and scientists Second related problem is the pressure on land materials and resources to support the developmental activities including infrastructure Industrialization and urbanization are the two world wide phenomena Though these are the necessity of the society and are mostly inevitable one has to look into their negative impacts on the global environment and social life The majorill effect of these global processes is the production of large quantities of industrial wastes and the problems related with their safe management and disposal Second problem is the scarcity of land materials and resources for ongoing developmental activities including infrastructureThe wastes generated from different industrial processes are of complex characteristics and composition and hence their safe management and disposal is also intricate and complex The disposal and storage of these wastes without treatment leads to contamination of surface and ground water through long term leachate accumulation from the disposal sites and ultimately disturbs the ecological and environmental balanceThe rapid rate of urbanization and development has led to increasing plastic waste generation The quantum of plastic waste in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is increasing due to increase in population development activities and changes in the life style Recently plastic waste has attracted widespread attention in India particularly in the last five years due to widespread littering on the landscape As plastic is non biodegradable in nature it remains in environment for several years and disposing plastic wastes at landfill are unsafe since toxic chemicals leach out into the soil and under-ground water and pollute the water bodies Due to littering habits inadequate waste management system infrastructure plastic waste disposal continue to be a major problem for the civic authorities especially in the urban areas It has been observed that due to an inefficient waste collection and transit system a large amount of plastic wastes are not disposed off completely or fails to reach the recyclingreuse chains
11 BACKGROUND
The first bottle house was constructed in 1902 by William FPeck in Tonopah Nevda The house was built with 10000 bottles of beer which were 90 alcohol and 10 opium The Peck house was demolished in the early 1980rsquos The use of empty vessels in construction dates back to ancient Rome which had structures with amphorae embedded in concrete This was not done for aesthetic reasons but to lighten the load of upper levels of structures empty and to reduce concrete usage The first plastic bottle construction project in Africa was pioneered in Uganda by Butakoola Village Association for Development (BUVAD) in 2010 in Cayuga district The idea followed a BUVAD community survey in 2009 that revealed that many farmers in Kayunga were experiencing low crop yields due to poor soil fertility which was a result of the presence of waste plastics such as bottles and polythene bags in the soilDec 2nd 2010 proving that there are all kinds of uses for recycled PET plastic Taiwan-based Er Arthur Huang processed 18 million used plastic bottles into honeycomb-shaped bricks for a boat-shaped exhibition hall called the Eco-ARK Built for Taipeirsquos flower show Eco-ARK was constructed for just one-third the cost of a conventional structure Once locked together the bricks are extremely strong
May 2011 Samarpan Foundation has constructed a children school in New Delhi using hundreds of used PET bottles instead of conventional bricks
12 MOTIVATION
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is following the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
At the present time the possibility of utilizing the renewable resources such as solar wind geothermal has been provided for us more than before and development of this science is making progress But those energies can be chosen as one of the renewable and alternative energies instead of fossil fuels which are cheap as possible and have fewer environmental impacts Since no attention to economic issues lead to that the use of these energies be just for groups dedicated to specific segments of society Whilst many renewable energy projects are large-scale renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas where energy is often crucial in human development With population growth in todayrsquos world the need to the building has increased and to respond to this demand the countries tend to use the industrial building materials and decline the use of indigenous and traditional materials These factors in spite of increasing the energy consumption in the industry section they can also raise the cost of homes and are considered as the barrier for users to obtain the basic needs of the life
The problem of users is losing the power and ability of design and building their own homes by themselves Two factors that prevent aboriginal people from building their homes are high cost of building materials and labor and also maybe long transportation One of the solutions for this problem can be using following factors
Use of affordable recycled materials in building Using the method of regenerating through proper education to
people
In the past the glass was common in packing some foods such as milk and etc They could be returned to the factory for using again for the
same purpose But now by changing the humanrsquos disposal culture glass bottles have been replaced by plastic bottles as they have increasingly become one of the substances of destruction of the landfills because they decompose in a long time Two alternative solutions against the plastic bottle disposal are recycling and reusing processRecycling needs additional energy to treat the materials for producing something usable Moreover the recycling process produces wastewater and air pollutants So the best solution is reusing for which no additional energy is required and does not contribute to pollution Indeed when we reuse junk we are helping to save the obtained energy which investigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Construction would otherwise be wasted It is focused on not only the financial aspect but also the environmental aspectPlastics are produced from the oil that is considered as non-renewable resource Because plastic has the insolubility about 300 years in the nature it is considered as a sustainable waste and environmental pollutant So reusing or recycling of it can be effectual in mitigation of environmental impacts relating to it It has been proven that the use of plastic bottles as innovative materials for building can be a proper solution for replacement of conventional materials The use of this material has been considered not only for exterior walls but also for the ceiling of the building
13 REVIEWS OF PREVIOUS WORK
According to Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough lsquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrsquo International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013 ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 Reuse of the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and when it is warm it is cold inside Constructing a house by plastic bottles used for the walls joist ceiling and concrete column offers us 45 diminution in the final cost Separation of various components of cost shows that the use of local manpower in making bottle panels can lead to cost reduction up to 75 compared to building the walls using the brick and concrete block
Shilpi Saxena Monika Singh lsquoEco-Architecture PET Bottle Housesrsquo International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Volume No2 Issue No12 pp 1243-1246 1 Dec 2013 ISSN 2277-1581 concluded that by utilizing PET bottles in construction recycled materials thermal comfort can be achieved in very low cost housing benefit in residents for those who cannot afford to buy and operate heating and cooling systems Plastic is non biodegradable toxic highly resistant to heat and electricity (best insulator) and not recyclable in true sense plastic PET bottles use in bottle brick technique This gives relief for the poor people of India to provide cheap and best houses for living
As per Seltzer DJ (2000) bottle houses wwwagilitynutcom The first example of known structures built with bottles is the William F Peckrsquos Bottle House located in Nevada (USA) It was built around 1902 and it required 10000 beer bottles to be built These buildings were primarily made out of glass bottles used as masonry units and they
were bound using mortar made out of adobe sand cement clay and plaster
Pratima Patel Akash Shah lsquoSub stainable development using waste PET bottles as construction element studied that plastic bottles wall have been less costly as compare to bricks and also they provide greater strength than bricks The PET bottles that are not recycled end up in landfills or as litter and they take approximately 1000 years to biodegrade This has resulted in plastic pollution problems in landfills water ways and on the roadside and this problem continues to grow along with the plastic bottle industry
Andreas Froese (2001) lsquoPlastic bottles in construction who is the founder of ECO-TECrsquo (Available from httpwwweco-tecnologiacom) has concluded that when the bottles are filled with soil or sand they work as bricks and form a framework for walls or pillars Different types of walls varying in size and orientation of the bottles are built The compression strength and fracture behavior of each wall are measured and compared PET bottle walls can bear up to 43 Nmmsup2 when the bottles are filled with sand which is the weakest filling material The bottles bear one third of the load while the plaster bears two thirds Plaster made of clay or a cement mixture fills the space between all bottles while a roof made of wood or corrugated metal completes the house As only regional products are used the houses are cheap and can be afforded even by poor families
CHAPTER-2 SUSTAINABILITY amp APPLICATION
21 SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable Development (SD) is the development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations some purposes of SD can be as following Resource conservation To conserve the non-renewable resources
such as fuel mineral and etc to ensure sufficient supply for present and future generations
Built development To integrate environmental considerations into planning and development to respect the natural environment
Environmental quality To prevent or reduce processes such as land filling which can lead to environment degradation and develop the culture of reusing and recycling process
Social equity To impede development that increases the gap between the rich and the poor and to encourage for reach to the social equality
Inhabitation needs of the sustainability are based on three aspects including environmental social and economical At current time the SD can be achieved through the partial integration of these three aspects But the alternative face of SD is the full integration of these aspects such that Economic exists entirely within the society as all parts of the
human economy are achieved through interaction among people Economy and society merely depend on the environment because
if something is un-environmental then the society will be affected When the society affected then it will be uneconomical for the
nation to create sustainable development
Fig 1 face of SD at present Fig 2 alternative face of
SD in futurePlastic bottle is considered as a sustainable material which can help in achieving the SD using the plastic bottle can follow the objectives of SD It can abstain from the resource depletion assist in protecting the environment prevent or reduce the environmental degradation process such as land filling through reusing process and it can assist to obtain a social equity by avoiding the gap between the rich and the poor people in the society
22 APPLICATIONS
Due to sustainability of plastic bottles they can be utilized many ways to get efficient result without investing a penny These uses are as follows
1) Plastic bottle as replacement of concrete in massive and load
sustaining structures2) Plastic bottle in replacement of general bricks as bottle brick3) Plastic bottles can be use to built a greenhouse structures4) Plastic bottles can also be to give aesthetic appearance to the
house
23 NOTEWORTHY CONTRIBUUTION
This project is mainly focusing on use of plastic bottles as a municipal waste in the buildings the key and positive characteristics of this product and the benefits obtained by using it in building It also intends to compare the characteristics of some construction materials such as brick ceramic and concrete block with bottle panel
CHAPTER-3
PLASTIC BOTTLE AS REPLACEMENT OF CONCRETE
31 CONCEPT
One of the main disadvantages in constructing world house is high cost of the buildings High cost of primary requirements for constructing the houses in places on where people are under poverty line is forming one of the most significant problems of people On the other hand urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially non-renewable ones A suitable approach for this situation is using some part of urban rubbish as required materials for building construction and also providing comfortable situation and suitable thermal for building residents Plastic bottle is considered as an urban junk with sustainability characteristic which can be used as a material instead of some conventional material such as brick in building construction
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
Use of solid waste in construction is gaining its popularity among environmentalists and other researchers in the field of low-cost housing Plastic bottle waste has been used as an alternative to conventional construction materials like brick in construction of small dwelling units Though this technique was started since the year 2000 in Honduras subsequently it has widely spread to other developing countries In India also some private organizations have begun constructing various small-scale projects using plastic bottle In this paper an extensive study on cost of construction using plastic bottle waste construction waste and low-cost roofing material replacing conventional materials has been carried out over a single dwelling unit taking minimum carpet area as per the government norms
32 DescriptionNow-a-days recycling of various modes of plastic is at alarming rate due to their outrageous effect on our environment Thus it has become necessary to create some kind of alternative to deal with these kind of problems In our project we have tried to create such a new alternative to deal with waste problems We have used three types of wastes viz plastic bottle Polyethylene Terephthalate waste and fly ash
321 Fly ash Energy requirements for the developing countries in particular are met from coal-based thermal power plants The disposal of the increasing amounts of solid waste from coal-fired thermal power plants is becoming a serious concern to the environmentalists Coal ash 80 of which is very fine in nature and is thus known as fly ash is collected by electrostatic precipitators in stacks In India nearly 90 mt of fly ash is generated per annum at present and is largely responsible for environmental pollution In developed countries like Germany 80 of the fly ash generated is being utilized whereas in India only 3 is being consumed This article attempts to highlight the management of fly ash to make use of this solid waste in order to save our environment
COAL-based thermal power plants have been a major source of power generation in India where 75 of the total power obtained is from coal-based thermal power plants The coal reserve of India is about 200 billion tones (bt) and its annual production reaches 250 million tonnes (mt) approximately About 70 of this is used in the power sector In India unlike in most of the developed countries ash content in the coal used for power generation is 30ndash40 High ash coal means more wear and tear of the plant and machinery low thermal efficiency of the boiler slogging choking and scaling of the furnace and most serious of them all generation of a large amount of fly ash India ranks fourth in the world in the production of coal ash as by-product waste after USSR USA and China in that order Fly ash is defined in Cement and Concrete Terminology (ACI Committee116) as the lsquofinely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal which is transported from the fire box through the boiler by flue gasesrsquo
A Physical Characteristics of Fly ashThe physical characteristics of the fly ash are listed below1048766 Size distribution1048766 Morphology1048766 Surface area1048766 Permeability hydraulic condition1048766 Specific gravityB Chemical Characteristics of Fly ashThe major chemical characteristics of the fly ash are as follows
1048766 pH1048766 Solubility1048766 Leachability1048766 Toxicity1048766 Radioactivity
Exhibit 2 Fly Ash Generation and Reuse in the United States 2008 Material
Product
Fly Ash Production (Short Tons)
Fly Ash Reuse (Short Tons) Fly Ash Reuse in Cement (Short Tons)
Fly Ash 72454230 30142274 12592245
322 Plastic bottlesPlastic products have become an integral part in our daily life as a basic need It produced on a massive scale worldwide and its production crosses the 150 million tonnes per year globally In India approximately 8 Million tonnes plastic products are consumed every year (2008) which is expected to rise 12 milllion tones by 2012 Its broad range of application is in packaging films wrapping materials shopping and garbage bags fluid containers clothing toys household and industrial products and building materials It is a fact that plastics will never degrade and remains on landscape for several years The recycled plastics are more harmful to the environment than the virgin products due to mixing of colour additives stabilizers flame retardants etc Further the recycling of a virgin plastic material can be done 2-3 time only because after every recycling the strength of plastic material is reduced due to thermal degradation It is to mention that no authentic estimation is available on total generation of plastic waste in the country however considering 70 of total plastic consumption is discarded as waste thus approximately 56 million tons per annum(TPA) of plastic waste is generated in country which is about 15342 tons per day(TPD)
TABLE 24 PLASTIC WASTE CONSUMPTION (PCYEAR)SNO COUNTRYCONTINENT PER YEAR
CONSUMPTION
1234567
(Kg)India 60East Europe 100South East Asia 100China 240West Europe 650North America 900World Average 250
Environmental issues on disposal of Plastic Waste
Indiscriminate littering of unskilled recyclingreprocessing and non-biodegradability of plastic waste raises the following environmental issuesbull During polymerization process fugitive emissions are releasedbull During product manufacturing various types of gases are releasedbull Indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste on land makes the land infertile due to its barrier propertiesbull Burning of plastics generates toxic emissions such as Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Hydrochloric Acid Dioxin Furans Amines Nitrides Styrene Benzene 1 3-butadiene CCl4 and Acetaldehydebull Lead and Cadmium pigments commonly used in LDPE HDPE and PP as additives are toxic and are known to leach outbull Non-recyclable plastic wastes such as multilayer metalised pouches and other thermoset plastic poses disposal problemsbull Sub-standard plastic carry bags packaging films (lt40μ) etc pose problem in collection and recyclingbull Littered plastics give unaesthetic look in the city choke the drain and may cause flood during monsoon bull Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing facilities and also cause problems in landfill operationsbull Recycling industries operating in non-conforming areas are posing threat to environment to unsound recycling practices
333 Polythene waste
Disposal of plastics waste has drawn attention of environmentalist due to their non biodegradability and unaesthetic views since these are not disposed scientifically and possibilities to contaminate soil and sub-soil water because of leachates Plastic packagings are extensively used in the Railways and Airportrsquos catering services resulting into significant quantity of plastic waste In view of problems posed due tolittering of plastic waste on the railway stations and along the tracks due to lack of their proper facilitiessystems the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) sponsored a study through RITES Ltd Gurgaon relating to ldquoAssessment of Plastic Waste Generation and its Management at 02 Airports and 03 Railway Stations in Delhirdquo The present study envisages data on Plastics Waste generated at three Railway Stations and two Airports in Delhi About 6758 kgday of Plastics Waste is Generated in these 03 Railway Stations and about 3662 kgday at the 02 Airports The per capita Plastics Waste Generation is approximately 9 gmday at Railway Station and 69 gmdayat
Airport which is many times higher than the Railways While the value added plastics waste is collected by informal sectors (rag-pickers) whereas the non-recyclable plastic carry bags and multilayer and metalized pouches are left at siteVarious literatures concerned with the subject are reviewed to understand the present percentage of plastic waste in MSW and the recent practice of recycling The plastic constitutes two major category of plastics (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics TheThermoplastics constitutes 80 and Thermoset constitutes approximately 20 of total postconsumer plastics waste generated The plastic materials are categorized in seven types based on properties and applications To make sorting and thus recycling easier the universally accepted standards marking code has been developed to help consumersidentify and sort the main types of plastic It will also help in identifying whether the material used on the end product is virgin recycled or a blend of virgin and recycled The symbols defined by society of the Plastic Industry (SPI) USA and available in the IS 145341998 ofBIS are as followsPET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS OTHERPresently for manufacturing usage amp management of Plastic Waste Plastic Manufactured and Usage Rules 1999 as amended in 2003 is existing This Rule empowers reduction of use of poly-bags and alleviates the problem of littering in the country The Rule attempts to attain these objectives by not allowing to manufacture and use of plastics bags lt 20μ and also restriction on use of recycled amp coloured bags in food applications However the existing Rules are not effective in mitigating littering and its associated problems In India- 2 -the per capita plastic consumption is 6-7 kg per annum as compared to the developed countries where the per capita consumption is in the range of 15 to 22 kgannum The methodology adopted for assessment of plastic waste and its management at airport sand railway stations in Delhi was achieved by the standard approach for desk research field studies data collection through questionnaire analysis and interpretations The acts legislations and standards were also consulted Meetings were organized with individual organizations and stakeholders involved in the plastic sector An effort has been made to study the present practices of plastics waste and its management at airports and railway stations in Delhi and its management
TABLE 11 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN INDIAN CITIES
POPULATION RANGE (MILLIONS) AVERAGE PER CAPITAVALUE KGCAPITADAY
01 - 0505 - 1010 - 2020 - 50gt5
021025027035050
Source CPHEEO Manual on MSW Management
TABLE ndash 12 PLASTICS CONSUMPTION IN INDIASNO YEAR CONSUMPTION
(Tones)1234
1996200020012007
61000300000400000
8500000
33 STEP WISE PROCEDURE
At first we collected few plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles)brought fly ash from sarni pwer plant and some simple polythene of size more than 2 micron that is much dangerous for us
Polythene was cut down in small chips sized pieces so that it can be easily filled into bottles
Then pieces of polythene waste and fly ash are mixed thoroughly and then filled into plastic bottles
Tamping was done at initial stages to ensure complete filling of waste into plastic bottles
In the next step we prepared a mould in which concrete has to be casted
M-15 grade of concrete was prepared by volume batching the proportion of concrete elements was kept standard ie 124
Casting of concrete was done at standard supervision for only concrete cube
Then waste filled plastic bottle was placed inside the mould and concrete was poured in the surrounding of bottle
After curing of 14 days cube was tested under Universal testing machine (UTM) for compressive strength test
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
11 BACKGROUND
The first bottle house was constructed in 1902 by William FPeck in Tonopah Nevda The house was built with 10000 bottles of beer which were 90 alcohol and 10 opium The Peck house was demolished in the early 1980rsquos The use of empty vessels in construction dates back to ancient Rome which had structures with amphorae embedded in concrete This was not done for aesthetic reasons but to lighten the load of upper levels of structures empty and to reduce concrete usage The first plastic bottle construction project in Africa was pioneered in Uganda by Butakoola Village Association for Development (BUVAD) in 2010 in Cayuga district The idea followed a BUVAD community survey in 2009 that revealed that many farmers in Kayunga were experiencing low crop yields due to poor soil fertility which was a result of the presence of waste plastics such as bottles and polythene bags in the soilDec 2nd 2010 proving that there are all kinds of uses for recycled PET plastic Taiwan-based Er Arthur Huang processed 18 million used plastic bottles into honeycomb-shaped bricks for a boat-shaped exhibition hall called the Eco-ARK Built for Taipeirsquos flower show Eco-ARK was constructed for just one-third the cost of a conventional structure Once locked together the bricks are extremely strong
May 2011 Samarpan Foundation has constructed a children school in New Delhi using hundreds of used PET bottles instead of conventional bricks
12 MOTIVATION
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is following the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
At the present time the possibility of utilizing the renewable resources such as solar wind geothermal has been provided for us more than before and development of this science is making progress But those energies can be chosen as one of the renewable and alternative energies instead of fossil fuels which are cheap as possible and have fewer environmental impacts Since no attention to economic issues lead to that the use of these energies be just for groups dedicated to specific segments of society Whilst many renewable energy projects are large-scale renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas where energy is often crucial in human development With population growth in todayrsquos world the need to the building has increased and to respond to this demand the countries tend to use the industrial building materials and decline the use of indigenous and traditional materials These factors in spite of increasing the energy consumption in the industry section they can also raise the cost of homes and are considered as the barrier for users to obtain the basic needs of the life
The problem of users is losing the power and ability of design and building their own homes by themselves Two factors that prevent aboriginal people from building their homes are high cost of building materials and labor and also maybe long transportation One of the solutions for this problem can be using following factors
Use of affordable recycled materials in building Using the method of regenerating through proper education to
people
In the past the glass was common in packing some foods such as milk and etc They could be returned to the factory for using again for the
same purpose But now by changing the humanrsquos disposal culture glass bottles have been replaced by plastic bottles as they have increasingly become one of the substances of destruction of the landfills because they decompose in a long time Two alternative solutions against the plastic bottle disposal are recycling and reusing processRecycling needs additional energy to treat the materials for producing something usable Moreover the recycling process produces wastewater and air pollutants So the best solution is reusing for which no additional energy is required and does not contribute to pollution Indeed when we reuse junk we are helping to save the obtained energy which investigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Construction would otherwise be wasted It is focused on not only the financial aspect but also the environmental aspectPlastics are produced from the oil that is considered as non-renewable resource Because plastic has the insolubility about 300 years in the nature it is considered as a sustainable waste and environmental pollutant So reusing or recycling of it can be effectual in mitigation of environmental impacts relating to it It has been proven that the use of plastic bottles as innovative materials for building can be a proper solution for replacement of conventional materials The use of this material has been considered not only for exterior walls but also for the ceiling of the building
13 REVIEWS OF PREVIOUS WORK
According to Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough lsquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrsquo International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013 ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 Reuse of the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and when it is warm it is cold inside Constructing a house by plastic bottles used for the walls joist ceiling and concrete column offers us 45 diminution in the final cost Separation of various components of cost shows that the use of local manpower in making bottle panels can lead to cost reduction up to 75 compared to building the walls using the brick and concrete block
Shilpi Saxena Monika Singh lsquoEco-Architecture PET Bottle Housesrsquo International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Volume No2 Issue No12 pp 1243-1246 1 Dec 2013 ISSN 2277-1581 concluded that by utilizing PET bottles in construction recycled materials thermal comfort can be achieved in very low cost housing benefit in residents for those who cannot afford to buy and operate heating and cooling systems Plastic is non biodegradable toxic highly resistant to heat and electricity (best insulator) and not recyclable in true sense plastic PET bottles use in bottle brick technique This gives relief for the poor people of India to provide cheap and best houses for living
As per Seltzer DJ (2000) bottle houses wwwagilitynutcom The first example of known structures built with bottles is the William F Peckrsquos Bottle House located in Nevada (USA) It was built around 1902 and it required 10000 beer bottles to be built These buildings were primarily made out of glass bottles used as masonry units and they
were bound using mortar made out of adobe sand cement clay and plaster
Pratima Patel Akash Shah lsquoSub stainable development using waste PET bottles as construction element studied that plastic bottles wall have been less costly as compare to bricks and also they provide greater strength than bricks The PET bottles that are not recycled end up in landfills or as litter and they take approximately 1000 years to biodegrade This has resulted in plastic pollution problems in landfills water ways and on the roadside and this problem continues to grow along with the plastic bottle industry
Andreas Froese (2001) lsquoPlastic bottles in construction who is the founder of ECO-TECrsquo (Available from httpwwweco-tecnologiacom) has concluded that when the bottles are filled with soil or sand they work as bricks and form a framework for walls or pillars Different types of walls varying in size and orientation of the bottles are built The compression strength and fracture behavior of each wall are measured and compared PET bottle walls can bear up to 43 Nmmsup2 when the bottles are filled with sand which is the weakest filling material The bottles bear one third of the load while the plaster bears two thirds Plaster made of clay or a cement mixture fills the space between all bottles while a roof made of wood or corrugated metal completes the house As only regional products are used the houses are cheap and can be afforded even by poor families
CHAPTER-2 SUSTAINABILITY amp APPLICATION
21 SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable Development (SD) is the development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations some purposes of SD can be as following Resource conservation To conserve the non-renewable resources
such as fuel mineral and etc to ensure sufficient supply for present and future generations
Built development To integrate environmental considerations into planning and development to respect the natural environment
Environmental quality To prevent or reduce processes such as land filling which can lead to environment degradation and develop the culture of reusing and recycling process
Social equity To impede development that increases the gap between the rich and the poor and to encourage for reach to the social equality
Inhabitation needs of the sustainability are based on three aspects including environmental social and economical At current time the SD can be achieved through the partial integration of these three aspects But the alternative face of SD is the full integration of these aspects such that Economic exists entirely within the society as all parts of the
human economy are achieved through interaction among people Economy and society merely depend on the environment because
if something is un-environmental then the society will be affected When the society affected then it will be uneconomical for the
nation to create sustainable development
Fig 1 face of SD at present Fig 2 alternative face of
SD in futurePlastic bottle is considered as a sustainable material which can help in achieving the SD using the plastic bottle can follow the objectives of SD It can abstain from the resource depletion assist in protecting the environment prevent or reduce the environmental degradation process such as land filling through reusing process and it can assist to obtain a social equity by avoiding the gap between the rich and the poor people in the society
22 APPLICATIONS
Due to sustainability of plastic bottles they can be utilized many ways to get efficient result without investing a penny These uses are as follows
1) Plastic bottle as replacement of concrete in massive and load
sustaining structures2) Plastic bottle in replacement of general bricks as bottle brick3) Plastic bottles can be use to built a greenhouse structures4) Plastic bottles can also be to give aesthetic appearance to the
house
23 NOTEWORTHY CONTRIBUUTION
This project is mainly focusing on use of plastic bottles as a municipal waste in the buildings the key and positive characteristics of this product and the benefits obtained by using it in building It also intends to compare the characteristics of some construction materials such as brick ceramic and concrete block with bottle panel
CHAPTER-3
PLASTIC BOTTLE AS REPLACEMENT OF CONCRETE
31 CONCEPT
One of the main disadvantages in constructing world house is high cost of the buildings High cost of primary requirements for constructing the houses in places on where people are under poverty line is forming one of the most significant problems of people On the other hand urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially non-renewable ones A suitable approach for this situation is using some part of urban rubbish as required materials for building construction and also providing comfortable situation and suitable thermal for building residents Plastic bottle is considered as an urban junk with sustainability characteristic which can be used as a material instead of some conventional material such as brick in building construction
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
Use of solid waste in construction is gaining its popularity among environmentalists and other researchers in the field of low-cost housing Plastic bottle waste has been used as an alternative to conventional construction materials like brick in construction of small dwelling units Though this technique was started since the year 2000 in Honduras subsequently it has widely spread to other developing countries In India also some private organizations have begun constructing various small-scale projects using plastic bottle In this paper an extensive study on cost of construction using plastic bottle waste construction waste and low-cost roofing material replacing conventional materials has been carried out over a single dwelling unit taking minimum carpet area as per the government norms
32 DescriptionNow-a-days recycling of various modes of plastic is at alarming rate due to their outrageous effect on our environment Thus it has become necessary to create some kind of alternative to deal with these kind of problems In our project we have tried to create such a new alternative to deal with waste problems We have used three types of wastes viz plastic bottle Polyethylene Terephthalate waste and fly ash
321 Fly ash Energy requirements for the developing countries in particular are met from coal-based thermal power plants The disposal of the increasing amounts of solid waste from coal-fired thermal power plants is becoming a serious concern to the environmentalists Coal ash 80 of which is very fine in nature and is thus known as fly ash is collected by electrostatic precipitators in stacks In India nearly 90 mt of fly ash is generated per annum at present and is largely responsible for environmental pollution In developed countries like Germany 80 of the fly ash generated is being utilized whereas in India only 3 is being consumed This article attempts to highlight the management of fly ash to make use of this solid waste in order to save our environment
COAL-based thermal power plants have been a major source of power generation in India where 75 of the total power obtained is from coal-based thermal power plants The coal reserve of India is about 200 billion tones (bt) and its annual production reaches 250 million tonnes (mt) approximately About 70 of this is used in the power sector In India unlike in most of the developed countries ash content in the coal used for power generation is 30ndash40 High ash coal means more wear and tear of the plant and machinery low thermal efficiency of the boiler slogging choking and scaling of the furnace and most serious of them all generation of a large amount of fly ash India ranks fourth in the world in the production of coal ash as by-product waste after USSR USA and China in that order Fly ash is defined in Cement and Concrete Terminology (ACI Committee116) as the lsquofinely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal which is transported from the fire box through the boiler by flue gasesrsquo
A Physical Characteristics of Fly ashThe physical characteristics of the fly ash are listed below1048766 Size distribution1048766 Morphology1048766 Surface area1048766 Permeability hydraulic condition1048766 Specific gravityB Chemical Characteristics of Fly ashThe major chemical characteristics of the fly ash are as follows
1048766 pH1048766 Solubility1048766 Leachability1048766 Toxicity1048766 Radioactivity
Exhibit 2 Fly Ash Generation and Reuse in the United States 2008 Material
Product
Fly Ash Production (Short Tons)
Fly Ash Reuse (Short Tons) Fly Ash Reuse in Cement (Short Tons)
Fly Ash 72454230 30142274 12592245
322 Plastic bottlesPlastic products have become an integral part in our daily life as a basic need It produced on a massive scale worldwide and its production crosses the 150 million tonnes per year globally In India approximately 8 Million tonnes plastic products are consumed every year (2008) which is expected to rise 12 milllion tones by 2012 Its broad range of application is in packaging films wrapping materials shopping and garbage bags fluid containers clothing toys household and industrial products and building materials It is a fact that plastics will never degrade and remains on landscape for several years The recycled plastics are more harmful to the environment than the virgin products due to mixing of colour additives stabilizers flame retardants etc Further the recycling of a virgin plastic material can be done 2-3 time only because after every recycling the strength of plastic material is reduced due to thermal degradation It is to mention that no authentic estimation is available on total generation of plastic waste in the country however considering 70 of total plastic consumption is discarded as waste thus approximately 56 million tons per annum(TPA) of plastic waste is generated in country which is about 15342 tons per day(TPD)
TABLE 24 PLASTIC WASTE CONSUMPTION (PCYEAR)SNO COUNTRYCONTINENT PER YEAR
CONSUMPTION
1234567
(Kg)India 60East Europe 100South East Asia 100China 240West Europe 650North America 900World Average 250
Environmental issues on disposal of Plastic Waste
Indiscriminate littering of unskilled recyclingreprocessing and non-biodegradability of plastic waste raises the following environmental issuesbull During polymerization process fugitive emissions are releasedbull During product manufacturing various types of gases are releasedbull Indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste on land makes the land infertile due to its barrier propertiesbull Burning of plastics generates toxic emissions such as Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Hydrochloric Acid Dioxin Furans Amines Nitrides Styrene Benzene 1 3-butadiene CCl4 and Acetaldehydebull Lead and Cadmium pigments commonly used in LDPE HDPE and PP as additives are toxic and are known to leach outbull Non-recyclable plastic wastes such as multilayer metalised pouches and other thermoset plastic poses disposal problemsbull Sub-standard plastic carry bags packaging films (lt40μ) etc pose problem in collection and recyclingbull Littered plastics give unaesthetic look in the city choke the drain and may cause flood during monsoon bull Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing facilities and also cause problems in landfill operationsbull Recycling industries operating in non-conforming areas are posing threat to environment to unsound recycling practices
333 Polythene waste
Disposal of plastics waste has drawn attention of environmentalist due to their non biodegradability and unaesthetic views since these are not disposed scientifically and possibilities to contaminate soil and sub-soil water because of leachates Plastic packagings are extensively used in the Railways and Airportrsquos catering services resulting into significant quantity of plastic waste In view of problems posed due tolittering of plastic waste on the railway stations and along the tracks due to lack of their proper facilitiessystems the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) sponsored a study through RITES Ltd Gurgaon relating to ldquoAssessment of Plastic Waste Generation and its Management at 02 Airports and 03 Railway Stations in Delhirdquo The present study envisages data on Plastics Waste generated at three Railway Stations and two Airports in Delhi About 6758 kgday of Plastics Waste is Generated in these 03 Railway Stations and about 3662 kgday at the 02 Airports The per capita Plastics Waste Generation is approximately 9 gmday at Railway Station and 69 gmdayat
Airport which is many times higher than the Railways While the value added plastics waste is collected by informal sectors (rag-pickers) whereas the non-recyclable plastic carry bags and multilayer and metalized pouches are left at siteVarious literatures concerned with the subject are reviewed to understand the present percentage of plastic waste in MSW and the recent practice of recycling The plastic constitutes two major category of plastics (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics TheThermoplastics constitutes 80 and Thermoset constitutes approximately 20 of total postconsumer plastics waste generated The plastic materials are categorized in seven types based on properties and applications To make sorting and thus recycling easier the universally accepted standards marking code has been developed to help consumersidentify and sort the main types of plastic It will also help in identifying whether the material used on the end product is virgin recycled or a blend of virgin and recycled The symbols defined by society of the Plastic Industry (SPI) USA and available in the IS 145341998 ofBIS are as followsPET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS OTHERPresently for manufacturing usage amp management of Plastic Waste Plastic Manufactured and Usage Rules 1999 as amended in 2003 is existing This Rule empowers reduction of use of poly-bags and alleviates the problem of littering in the country The Rule attempts to attain these objectives by not allowing to manufacture and use of plastics bags lt 20μ and also restriction on use of recycled amp coloured bags in food applications However the existing Rules are not effective in mitigating littering and its associated problems In India- 2 -the per capita plastic consumption is 6-7 kg per annum as compared to the developed countries where the per capita consumption is in the range of 15 to 22 kgannum The methodology adopted for assessment of plastic waste and its management at airport sand railway stations in Delhi was achieved by the standard approach for desk research field studies data collection through questionnaire analysis and interpretations The acts legislations and standards were also consulted Meetings were organized with individual organizations and stakeholders involved in the plastic sector An effort has been made to study the present practices of plastics waste and its management at airports and railway stations in Delhi and its management
TABLE 11 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN INDIAN CITIES
POPULATION RANGE (MILLIONS) AVERAGE PER CAPITAVALUE KGCAPITADAY
01 - 0505 - 1010 - 2020 - 50gt5
021025027035050
Source CPHEEO Manual on MSW Management
TABLE ndash 12 PLASTICS CONSUMPTION IN INDIASNO YEAR CONSUMPTION
(Tones)1234
1996200020012007
61000300000400000
8500000
33 STEP WISE PROCEDURE
At first we collected few plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles)brought fly ash from sarni pwer plant and some simple polythene of size more than 2 micron that is much dangerous for us
Polythene was cut down in small chips sized pieces so that it can be easily filled into bottles
Then pieces of polythene waste and fly ash are mixed thoroughly and then filled into plastic bottles
Tamping was done at initial stages to ensure complete filling of waste into plastic bottles
In the next step we prepared a mould in which concrete has to be casted
M-15 grade of concrete was prepared by volume batching the proportion of concrete elements was kept standard ie 124
Casting of concrete was done at standard supervision for only concrete cube
Then waste filled plastic bottle was placed inside the mould and concrete was poured in the surrounding of bottle
After curing of 14 days cube was tested under Universal testing machine (UTM) for compressive strength test
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
12 MOTIVATION
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is following the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
At the present time the possibility of utilizing the renewable resources such as solar wind geothermal has been provided for us more than before and development of this science is making progress But those energies can be chosen as one of the renewable and alternative energies instead of fossil fuels which are cheap as possible and have fewer environmental impacts Since no attention to economic issues lead to that the use of these energies be just for groups dedicated to specific segments of society Whilst many renewable energy projects are large-scale renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas where energy is often crucial in human development With population growth in todayrsquos world the need to the building has increased and to respond to this demand the countries tend to use the industrial building materials and decline the use of indigenous and traditional materials These factors in spite of increasing the energy consumption in the industry section they can also raise the cost of homes and are considered as the barrier for users to obtain the basic needs of the life
The problem of users is losing the power and ability of design and building their own homes by themselves Two factors that prevent aboriginal people from building their homes are high cost of building materials and labor and also maybe long transportation One of the solutions for this problem can be using following factors
Use of affordable recycled materials in building Using the method of regenerating through proper education to
people
In the past the glass was common in packing some foods such as milk and etc They could be returned to the factory for using again for the
same purpose But now by changing the humanrsquos disposal culture glass bottles have been replaced by plastic bottles as they have increasingly become one of the substances of destruction of the landfills because they decompose in a long time Two alternative solutions against the plastic bottle disposal are recycling and reusing processRecycling needs additional energy to treat the materials for producing something usable Moreover the recycling process produces wastewater and air pollutants So the best solution is reusing for which no additional energy is required and does not contribute to pollution Indeed when we reuse junk we are helping to save the obtained energy which investigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Construction would otherwise be wasted It is focused on not only the financial aspect but also the environmental aspectPlastics are produced from the oil that is considered as non-renewable resource Because plastic has the insolubility about 300 years in the nature it is considered as a sustainable waste and environmental pollutant So reusing or recycling of it can be effectual in mitigation of environmental impacts relating to it It has been proven that the use of plastic bottles as innovative materials for building can be a proper solution for replacement of conventional materials The use of this material has been considered not only for exterior walls but also for the ceiling of the building
13 REVIEWS OF PREVIOUS WORK
According to Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough lsquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrsquo International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013 ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 Reuse of the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and when it is warm it is cold inside Constructing a house by plastic bottles used for the walls joist ceiling and concrete column offers us 45 diminution in the final cost Separation of various components of cost shows that the use of local manpower in making bottle panels can lead to cost reduction up to 75 compared to building the walls using the brick and concrete block
Shilpi Saxena Monika Singh lsquoEco-Architecture PET Bottle Housesrsquo International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Volume No2 Issue No12 pp 1243-1246 1 Dec 2013 ISSN 2277-1581 concluded that by utilizing PET bottles in construction recycled materials thermal comfort can be achieved in very low cost housing benefit in residents for those who cannot afford to buy and operate heating and cooling systems Plastic is non biodegradable toxic highly resistant to heat and electricity (best insulator) and not recyclable in true sense plastic PET bottles use in bottle brick technique This gives relief for the poor people of India to provide cheap and best houses for living
As per Seltzer DJ (2000) bottle houses wwwagilitynutcom The first example of known structures built with bottles is the William F Peckrsquos Bottle House located in Nevada (USA) It was built around 1902 and it required 10000 beer bottles to be built These buildings were primarily made out of glass bottles used as masonry units and they
were bound using mortar made out of adobe sand cement clay and plaster
Pratima Patel Akash Shah lsquoSub stainable development using waste PET bottles as construction element studied that plastic bottles wall have been less costly as compare to bricks and also they provide greater strength than bricks The PET bottles that are not recycled end up in landfills or as litter and they take approximately 1000 years to biodegrade This has resulted in plastic pollution problems in landfills water ways and on the roadside and this problem continues to grow along with the plastic bottle industry
Andreas Froese (2001) lsquoPlastic bottles in construction who is the founder of ECO-TECrsquo (Available from httpwwweco-tecnologiacom) has concluded that when the bottles are filled with soil or sand they work as bricks and form a framework for walls or pillars Different types of walls varying in size and orientation of the bottles are built The compression strength and fracture behavior of each wall are measured and compared PET bottle walls can bear up to 43 Nmmsup2 when the bottles are filled with sand which is the weakest filling material The bottles bear one third of the load while the plaster bears two thirds Plaster made of clay or a cement mixture fills the space between all bottles while a roof made of wood or corrugated metal completes the house As only regional products are used the houses are cheap and can be afforded even by poor families
CHAPTER-2 SUSTAINABILITY amp APPLICATION
21 SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable Development (SD) is the development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations some purposes of SD can be as following Resource conservation To conserve the non-renewable resources
such as fuel mineral and etc to ensure sufficient supply for present and future generations
Built development To integrate environmental considerations into planning and development to respect the natural environment
Environmental quality To prevent or reduce processes such as land filling which can lead to environment degradation and develop the culture of reusing and recycling process
Social equity To impede development that increases the gap between the rich and the poor and to encourage for reach to the social equality
Inhabitation needs of the sustainability are based on three aspects including environmental social and economical At current time the SD can be achieved through the partial integration of these three aspects But the alternative face of SD is the full integration of these aspects such that Economic exists entirely within the society as all parts of the
human economy are achieved through interaction among people Economy and society merely depend on the environment because
if something is un-environmental then the society will be affected When the society affected then it will be uneconomical for the
nation to create sustainable development
Fig 1 face of SD at present Fig 2 alternative face of
SD in futurePlastic bottle is considered as a sustainable material which can help in achieving the SD using the plastic bottle can follow the objectives of SD It can abstain from the resource depletion assist in protecting the environment prevent or reduce the environmental degradation process such as land filling through reusing process and it can assist to obtain a social equity by avoiding the gap between the rich and the poor people in the society
22 APPLICATIONS
Due to sustainability of plastic bottles they can be utilized many ways to get efficient result without investing a penny These uses are as follows
1) Plastic bottle as replacement of concrete in massive and load
sustaining structures2) Plastic bottle in replacement of general bricks as bottle brick3) Plastic bottles can be use to built a greenhouse structures4) Plastic bottles can also be to give aesthetic appearance to the
house
23 NOTEWORTHY CONTRIBUUTION
This project is mainly focusing on use of plastic bottles as a municipal waste in the buildings the key and positive characteristics of this product and the benefits obtained by using it in building It also intends to compare the characteristics of some construction materials such as brick ceramic and concrete block with bottle panel
CHAPTER-3
PLASTIC BOTTLE AS REPLACEMENT OF CONCRETE
31 CONCEPT
One of the main disadvantages in constructing world house is high cost of the buildings High cost of primary requirements for constructing the houses in places on where people are under poverty line is forming one of the most significant problems of people On the other hand urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially non-renewable ones A suitable approach for this situation is using some part of urban rubbish as required materials for building construction and also providing comfortable situation and suitable thermal for building residents Plastic bottle is considered as an urban junk with sustainability characteristic which can be used as a material instead of some conventional material such as brick in building construction
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
Use of solid waste in construction is gaining its popularity among environmentalists and other researchers in the field of low-cost housing Plastic bottle waste has been used as an alternative to conventional construction materials like brick in construction of small dwelling units Though this technique was started since the year 2000 in Honduras subsequently it has widely spread to other developing countries In India also some private organizations have begun constructing various small-scale projects using plastic bottle In this paper an extensive study on cost of construction using plastic bottle waste construction waste and low-cost roofing material replacing conventional materials has been carried out over a single dwelling unit taking minimum carpet area as per the government norms
32 DescriptionNow-a-days recycling of various modes of plastic is at alarming rate due to their outrageous effect on our environment Thus it has become necessary to create some kind of alternative to deal with these kind of problems In our project we have tried to create such a new alternative to deal with waste problems We have used three types of wastes viz plastic bottle Polyethylene Terephthalate waste and fly ash
321 Fly ash Energy requirements for the developing countries in particular are met from coal-based thermal power plants The disposal of the increasing amounts of solid waste from coal-fired thermal power plants is becoming a serious concern to the environmentalists Coal ash 80 of which is very fine in nature and is thus known as fly ash is collected by electrostatic precipitators in stacks In India nearly 90 mt of fly ash is generated per annum at present and is largely responsible for environmental pollution In developed countries like Germany 80 of the fly ash generated is being utilized whereas in India only 3 is being consumed This article attempts to highlight the management of fly ash to make use of this solid waste in order to save our environment
COAL-based thermal power plants have been a major source of power generation in India where 75 of the total power obtained is from coal-based thermal power plants The coal reserve of India is about 200 billion tones (bt) and its annual production reaches 250 million tonnes (mt) approximately About 70 of this is used in the power sector In India unlike in most of the developed countries ash content in the coal used for power generation is 30ndash40 High ash coal means more wear and tear of the plant and machinery low thermal efficiency of the boiler slogging choking and scaling of the furnace and most serious of them all generation of a large amount of fly ash India ranks fourth in the world in the production of coal ash as by-product waste after USSR USA and China in that order Fly ash is defined in Cement and Concrete Terminology (ACI Committee116) as the lsquofinely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal which is transported from the fire box through the boiler by flue gasesrsquo
A Physical Characteristics of Fly ashThe physical characteristics of the fly ash are listed below1048766 Size distribution1048766 Morphology1048766 Surface area1048766 Permeability hydraulic condition1048766 Specific gravityB Chemical Characteristics of Fly ashThe major chemical characteristics of the fly ash are as follows
1048766 pH1048766 Solubility1048766 Leachability1048766 Toxicity1048766 Radioactivity
Exhibit 2 Fly Ash Generation and Reuse in the United States 2008 Material
Product
Fly Ash Production (Short Tons)
Fly Ash Reuse (Short Tons) Fly Ash Reuse in Cement (Short Tons)
Fly Ash 72454230 30142274 12592245
322 Plastic bottlesPlastic products have become an integral part in our daily life as a basic need It produced on a massive scale worldwide and its production crosses the 150 million tonnes per year globally In India approximately 8 Million tonnes plastic products are consumed every year (2008) which is expected to rise 12 milllion tones by 2012 Its broad range of application is in packaging films wrapping materials shopping and garbage bags fluid containers clothing toys household and industrial products and building materials It is a fact that plastics will never degrade and remains on landscape for several years The recycled plastics are more harmful to the environment than the virgin products due to mixing of colour additives stabilizers flame retardants etc Further the recycling of a virgin plastic material can be done 2-3 time only because after every recycling the strength of plastic material is reduced due to thermal degradation It is to mention that no authentic estimation is available on total generation of plastic waste in the country however considering 70 of total plastic consumption is discarded as waste thus approximately 56 million tons per annum(TPA) of plastic waste is generated in country which is about 15342 tons per day(TPD)
TABLE 24 PLASTIC WASTE CONSUMPTION (PCYEAR)SNO COUNTRYCONTINENT PER YEAR
CONSUMPTION
1234567
(Kg)India 60East Europe 100South East Asia 100China 240West Europe 650North America 900World Average 250
Environmental issues on disposal of Plastic Waste
Indiscriminate littering of unskilled recyclingreprocessing and non-biodegradability of plastic waste raises the following environmental issuesbull During polymerization process fugitive emissions are releasedbull During product manufacturing various types of gases are releasedbull Indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste on land makes the land infertile due to its barrier propertiesbull Burning of plastics generates toxic emissions such as Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Hydrochloric Acid Dioxin Furans Amines Nitrides Styrene Benzene 1 3-butadiene CCl4 and Acetaldehydebull Lead and Cadmium pigments commonly used in LDPE HDPE and PP as additives are toxic and are known to leach outbull Non-recyclable plastic wastes such as multilayer metalised pouches and other thermoset plastic poses disposal problemsbull Sub-standard plastic carry bags packaging films (lt40μ) etc pose problem in collection and recyclingbull Littered plastics give unaesthetic look in the city choke the drain and may cause flood during monsoon bull Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing facilities and also cause problems in landfill operationsbull Recycling industries operating in non-conforming areas are posing threat to environment to unsound recycling practices
333 Polythene waste
Disposal of plastics waste has drawn attention of environmentalist due to their non biodegradability and unaesthetic views since these are not disposed scientifically and possibilities to contaminate soil and sub-soil water because of leachates Plastic packagings are extensively used in the Railways and Airportrsquos catering services resulting into significant quantity of plastic waste In view of problems posed due tolittering of plastic waste on the railway stations and along the tracks due to lack of their proper facilitiessystems the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) sponsored a study through RITES Ltd Gurgaon relating to ldquoAssessment of Plastic Waste Generation and its Management at 02 Airports and 03 Railway Stations in Delhirdquo The present study envisages data on Plastics Waste generated at three Railway Stations and two Airports in Delhi About 6758 kgday of Plastics Waste is Generated in these 03 Railway Stations and about 3662 kgday at the 02 Airports The per capita Plastics Waste Generation is approximately 9 gmday at Railway Station and 69 gmdayat
Airport which is many times higher than the Railways While the value added plastics waste is collected by informal sectors (rag-pickers) whereas the non-recyclable plastic carry bags and multilayer and metalized pouches are left at siteVarious literatures concerned with the subject are reviewed to understand the present percentage of plastic waste in MSW and the recent practice of recycling The plastic constitutes two major category of plastics (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics TheThermoplastics constitutes 80 and Thermoset constitutes approximately 20 of total postconsumer plastics waste generated The plastic materials are categorized in seven types based on properties and applications To make sorting and thus recycling easier the universally accepted standards marking code has been developed to help consumersidentify and sort the main types of plastic It will also help in identifying whether the material used on the end product is virgin recycled or a blend of virgin and recycled The symbols defined by society of the Plastic Industry (SPI) USA and available in the IS 145341998 ofBIS are as followsPET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS OTHERPresently for manufacturing usage amp management of Plastic Waste Plastic Manufactured and Usage Rules 1999 as amended in 2003 is existing This Rule empowers reduction of use of poly-bags and alleviates the problem of littering in the country The Rule attempts to attain these objectives by not allowing to manufacture and use of plastics bags lt 20μ and also restriction on use of recycled amp coloured bags in food applications However the existing Rules are not effective in mitigating littering and its associated problems In India- 2 -the per capita plastic consumption is 6-7 kg per annum as compared to the developed countries where the per capita consumption is in the range of 15 to 22 kgannum The methodology adopted for assessment of plastic waste and its management at airport sand railway stations in Delhi was achieved by the standard approach for desk research field studies data collection through questionnaire analysis and interpretations The acts legislations and standards were also consulted Meetings were organized with individual organizations and stakeholders involved in the plastic sector An effort has been made to study the present practices of plastics waste and its management at airports and railway stations in Delhi and its management
TABLE 11 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN INDIAN CITIES
POPULATION RANGE (MILLIONS) AVERAGE PER CAPITAVALUE KGCAPITADAY
01 - 0505 - 1010 - 2020 - 50gt5
021025027035050
Source CPHEEO Manual on MSW Management
TABLE ndash 12 PLASTICS CONSUMPTION IN INDIASNO YEAR CONSUMPTION
(Tones)1234
1996200020012007
61000300000400000
8500000
33 STEP WISE PROCEDURE
At first we collected few plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles)brought fly ash from sarni pwer plant and some simple polythene of size more than 2 micron that is much dangerous for us
Polythene was cut down in small chips sized pieces so that it can be easily filled into bottles
Then pieces of polythene waste and fly ash are mixed thoroughly and then filled into plastic bottles
Tamping was done at initial stages to ensure complete filling of waste into plastic bottles
In the next step we prepared a mould in which concrete has to be casted
M-15 grade of concrete was prepared by volume batching the proportion of concrete elements was kept standard ie 124
Casting of concrete was done at standard supervision for only concrete cube
Then waste filled plastic bottle was placed inside the mould and concrete was poured in the surrounding of bottle
After curing of 14 days cube was tested under Universal testing machine (UTM) for compressive strength test
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
same purpose But now by changing the humanrsquos disposal culture glass bottles have been replaced by plastic bottles as they have increasingly become one of the substances of destruction of the landfills because they decompose in a long time Two alternative solutions against the plastic bottle disposal are recycling and reusing processRecycling needs additional energy to treat the materials for producing something usable Moreover the recycling process produces wastewater and air pollutants So the best solution is reusing for which no additional energy is required and does not contribute to pollution Indeed when we reuse junk we are helping to save the obtained energy which investigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Construction would otherwise be wasted It is focused on not only the financial aspect but also the environmental aspectPlastics are produced from the oil that is considered as non-renewable resource Because plastic has the insolubility about 300 years in the nature it is considered as a sustainable waste and environmental pollutant So reusing or recycling of it can be effectual in mitigation of environmental impacts relating to it It has been proven that the use of plastic bottles as innovative materials for building can be a proper solution for replacement of conventional materials The use of this material has been considered not only for exterior walls but also for the ceiling of the building
13 REVIEWS OF PREVIOUS WORK
According to Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough lsquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrsquo International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013 ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 Reuse of the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and when it is warm it is cold inside Constructing a house by plastic bottles used for the walls joist ceiling and concrete column offers us 45 diminution in the final cost Separation of various components of cost shows that the use of local manpower in making bottle panels can lead to cost reduction up to 75 compared to building the walls using the brick and concrete block
Shilpi Saxena Monika Singh lsquoEco-Architecture PET Bottle Housesrsquo International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Volume No2 Issue No12 pp 1243-1246 1 Dec 2013 ISSN 2277-1581 concluded that by utilizing PET bottles in construction recycled materials thermal comfort can be achieved in very low cost housing benefit in residents for those who cannot afford to buy and operate heating and cooling systems Plastic is non biodegradable toxic highly resistant to heat and electricity (best insulator) and not recyclable in true sense plastic PET bottles use in bottle brick technique This gives relief for the poor people of India to provide cheap and best houses for living
As per Seltzer DJ (2000) bottle houses wwwagilitynutcom The first example of known structures built with bottles is the William F Peckrsquos Bottle House located in Nevada (USA) It was built around 1902 and it required 10000 beer bottles to be built These buildings were primarily made out of glass bottles used as masonry units and they
were bound using mortar made out of adobe sand cement clay and plaster
Pratima Patel Akash Shah lsquoSub stainable development using waste PET bottles as construction element studied that plastic bottles wall have been less costly as compare to bricks and also they provide greater strength than bricks The PET bottles that are not recycled end up in landfills or as litter and they take approximately 1000 years to biodegrade This has resulted in plastic pollution problems in landfills water ways and on the roadside and this problem continues to grow along with the plastic bottle industry
Andreas Froese (2001) lsquoPlastic bottles in construction who is the founder of ECO-TECrsquo (Available from httpwwweco-tecnologiacom) has concluded that when the bottles are filled with soil or sand they work as bricks and form a framework for walls or pillars Different types of walls varying in size and orientation of the bottles are built The compression strength and fracture behavior of each wall are measured and compared PET bottle walls can bear up to 43 Nmmsup2 when the bottles are filled with sand which is the weakest filling material The bottles bear one third of the load while the plaster bears two thirds Plaster made of clay or a cement mixture fills the space between all bottles while a roof made of wood or corrugated metal completes the house As only regional products are used the houses are cheap and can be afforded even by poor families
CHAPTER-2 SUSTAINABILITY amp APPLICATION
21 SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable Development (SD) is the development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations some purposes of SD can be as following Resource conservation To conserve the non-renewable resources
such as fuel mineral and etc to ensure sufficient supply for present and future generations
Built development To integrate environmental considerations into planning and development to respect the natural environment
Environmental quality To prevent or reduce processes such as land filling which can lead to environment degradation and develop the culture of reusing and recycling process
Social equity To impede development that increases the gap between the rich and the poor and to encourage for reach to the social equality
Inhabitation needs of the sustainability are based on three aspects including environmental social and economical At current time the SD can be achieved through the partial integration of these three aspects But the alternative face of SD is the full integration of these aspects such that Economic exists entirely within the society as all parts of the
human economy are achieved through interaction among people Economy and society merely depend on the environment because
if something is un-environmental then the society will be affected When the society affected then it will be uneconomical for the
nation to create sustainable development
Fig 1 face of SD at present Fig 2 alternative face of
SD in futurePlastic bottle is considered as a sustainable material which can help in achieving the SD using the plastic bottle can follow the objectives of SD It can abstain from the resource depletion assist in protecting the environment prevent or reduce the environmental degradation process such as land filling through reusing process and it can assist to obtain a social equity by avoiding the gap between the rich and the poor people in the society
22 APPLICATIONS
Due to sustainability of plastic bottles they can be utilized many ways to get efficient result without investing a penny These uses are as follows
1) Plastic bottle as replacement of concrete in massive and load
sustaining structures2) Plastic bottle in replacement of general bricks as bottle brick3) Plastic bottles can be use to built a greenhouse structures4) Plastic bottles can also be to give aesthetic appearance to the
house
23 NOTEWORTHY CONTRIBUUTION
This project is mainly focusing on use of plastic bottles as a municipal waste in the buildings the key and positive characteristics of this product and the benefits obtained by using it in building It also intends to compare the characteristics of some construction materials such as brick ceramic and concrete block with bottle panel
CHAPTER-3
PLASTIC BOTTLE AS REPLACEMENT OF CONCRETE
31 CONCEPT
One of the main disadvantages in constructing world house is high cost of the buildings High cost of primary requirements for constructing the houses in places on where people are under poverty line is forming one of the most significant problems of people On the other hand urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially non-renewable ones A suitable approach for this situation is using some part of urban rubbish as required materials for building construction and also providing comfortable situation and suitable thermal for building residents Plastic bottle is considered as an urban junk with sustainability characteristic which can be used as a material instead of some conventional material such as brick in building construction
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
Use of solid waste in construction is gaining its popularity among environmentalists and other researchers in the field of low-cost housing Plastic bottle waste has been used as an alternative to conventional construction materials like brick in construction of small dwelling units Though this technique was started since the year 2000 in Honduras subsequently it has widely spread to other developing countries In India also some private organizations have begun constructing various small-scale projects using plastic bottle In this paper an extensive study on cost of construction using plastic bottle waste construction waste and low-cost roofing material replacing conventional materials has been carried out over a single dwelling unit taking minimum carpet area as per the government norms
32 DescriptionNow-a-days recycling of various modes of plastic is at alarming rate due to their outrageous effect on our environment Thus it has become necessary to create some kind of alternative to deal with these kind of problems In our project we have tried to create such a new alternative to deal with waste problems We have used three types of wastes viz plastic bottle Polyethylene Terephthalate waste and fly ash
321 Fly ash Energy requirements for the developing countries in particular are met from coal-based thermal power plants The disposal of the increasing amounts of solid waste from coal-fired thermal power plants is becoming a serious concern to the environmentalists Coal ash 80 of which is very fine in nature and is thus known as fly ash is collected by electrostatic precipitators in stacks In India nearly 90 mt of fly ash is generated per annum at present and is largely responsible for environmental pollution In developed countries like Germany 80 of the fly ash generated is being utilized whereas in India only 3 is being consumed This article attempts to highlight the management of fly ash to make use of this solid waste in order to save our environment
COAL-based thermal power plants have been a major source of power generation in India where 75 of the total power obtained is from coal-based thermal power plants The coal reserve of India is about 200 billion tones (bt) and its annual production reaches 250 million tonnes (mt) approximately About 70 of this is used in the power sector In India unlike in most of the developed countries ash content in the coal used for power generation is 30ndash40 High ash coal means more wear and tear of the plant and machinery low thermal efficiency of the boiler slogging choking and scaling of the furnace and most serious of them all generation of a large amount of fly ash India ranks fourth in the world in the production of coal ash as by-product waste after USSR USA and China in that order Fly ash is defined in Cement and Concrete Terminology (ACI Committee116) as the lsquofinely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal which is transported from the fire box through the boiler by flue gasesrsquo
A Physical Characteristics of Fly ashThe physical characteristics of the fly ash are listed below1048766 Size distribution1048766 Morphology1048766 Surface area1048766 Permeability hydraulic condition1048766 Specific gravityB Chemical Characteristics of Fly ashThe major chemical characteristics of the fly ash are as follows
1048766 pH1048766 Solubility1048766 Leachability1048766 Toxicity1048766 Radioactivity
Exhibit 2 Fly Ash Generation and Reuse in the United States 2008 Material
Product
Fly Ash Production (Short Tons)
Fly Ash Reuse (Short Tons) Fly Ash Reuse in Cement (Short Tons)
Fly Ash 72454230 30142274 12592245
322 Plastic bottlesPlastic products have become an integral part in our daily life as a basic need It produced on a massive scale worldwide and its production crosses the 150 million tonnes per year globally In India approximately 8 Million tonnes plastic products are consumed every year (2008) which is expected to rise 12 milllion tones by 2012 Its broad range of application is in packaging films wrapping materials shopping and garbage bags fluid containers clothing toys household and industrial products and building materials It is a fact that plastics will never degrade and remains on landscape for several years The recycled plastics are more harmful to the environment than the virgin products due to mixing of colour additives stabilizers flame retardants etc Further the recycling of a virgin plastic material can be done 2-3 time only because after every recycling the strength of plastic material is reduced due to thermal degradation It is to mention that no authentic estimation is available on total generation of plastic waste in the country however considering 70 of total plastic consumption is discarded as waste thus approximately 56 million tons per annum(TPA) of plastic waste is generated in country which is about 15342 tons per day(TPD)
TABLE 24 PLASTIC WASTE CONSUMPTION (PCYEAR)SNO COUNTRYCONTINENT PER YEAR
CONSUMPTION
1234567
(Kg)India 60East Europe 100South East Asia 100China 240West Europe 650North America 900World Average 250
Environmental issues on disposal of Plastic Waste
Indiscriminate littering of unskilled recyclingreprocessing and non-biodegradability of plastic waste raises the following environmental issuesbull During polymerization process fugitive emissions are releasedbull During product manufacturing various types of gases are releasedbull Indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste on land makes the land infertile due to its barrier propertiesbull Burning of plastics generates toxic emissions such as Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Hydrochloric Acid Dioxin Furans Amines Nitrides Styrene Benzene 1 3-butadiene CCl4 and Acetaldehydebull Lead and Cadmium pigments commonly used in LDPE HDPE and PP as additives are toxic and are known to leach outbull Non-recyclable plastic wastes such as multilayer metalised pouches and other thermoset plastic poses disposal problemsbull Sub-standard plastic carry bags packaging films (lt40μ) etc pose problem in collection and recyclingbull Littered plastics give unaesthetic look in the city choke the drain and may cause flood during monsoon bull Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing facilities and also cause problems in landfill operationsbull Recycling industries operating in non-conforming areas are posing threat to environment to unsound recycling practices
333 Polythene waste
Disposal of plastics waste has drawn attention of environmentalist due to their non biodegradability and unaesthetic views since these are not disposed scientifically and possibilities to contaminate soil and sub-soil water because of leachates Plastic packagings are extensively used in the Railways and Airportrsquos catering services resulting into significant quantity of plastic waste In view of problems posed due tolittering of plastic waste on the railway stations and along the tracks due to lack of their proper facilitiessystems the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) sponsored a study through RITES Ltd Gurgaon relating to ldquoAssessment of Plastic Waste Generation and its Management at 02 Airports and 03 Railway Stations in Delhirdquo The present study envisages data on Plastics Waste generated at three Railway Stations and two Airports in Delhi About 6758 kgday of Plastics Waste is Generated in these 03 Railway Stations and about 3662 kgday at the 02 Airports The per capita Plastics Waste Generation is approximately 9 gmday at Railway Station and 69 gmdayat
Airport which is many times higher than the Railways While the value added plastics waste is collected by informal sectors (rag-pickers) whereas the non-recyclable plastic carry bags and multilayer and metalized pouches are left at siteVarious literatures concerned with the subject are reviewed to understand the present percentage of plastic waste in MSW and the recent practice of recycling The plastic constitutes two major category of plastics (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics TheThermoplastics constitutes 80 and Thermoset constitutes approximately 20 of total postconsumer plastics waste generated The plastic materials are categorized in seven types based on properties and applications To make sorting and thus recycling easier the universally accepted standards marking code has been developed to help consumersidentify and sort the main types of plastic It will also help in identifying whether the material used on the end product is virgin recycled or a blend of virgin and recycled The symbols defined by society of the Plastic Industry (SPI) USA and available in the IS 145341998 ofBIS are as followsPET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS OTHERPresently for manufacturing usage amp management of Plastic Waste Plastic Manufactured and Usage Rules 1999 as amended in 2003 is existing This Rule empowers reduction of use of poly-bags and alleviates the problem of littering in the country The Rule attempts to attain these objectives by not allowing to manufacture and use of plastics bags lt 20μ and also restriction on use of recycled amp coloured bags in food applications However the existing Rules are not effective in mitigating littering and its associated problems In India- 2 -the per capita plastic consumption is 6-7 kg per annum as compared to the developed countries where the per capita consumption is in the range of 15 to 22 kgannum The methodology adopted for assessment of plastic waste and its management at airport sand railway stations in Delhi was achieved by the standard approach for desk research field studies data collection through questionnaire analysis and interpretations The acts legislations and standards were also consulted Meetings were organized with individual organizations and stakeholders involved in the plastic sector An effort has been made to study the present practices of plastics waste and its management at airports and railway stations in Delhi and its management
TABLE 11 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN INDIAN CITIES
POPULATION RANGE (MILLIONS) AVERAGE PER CAPITAVALUE KGCAPITADAY
01 - 0505 - 1010 - 2020 - 50gt5
021025027035050
Source CPHEEO Manual on MSW Management
TABLE ndash 12 PLASTICS CONSUMPTION IN INDIASNO YEAR CONSUMPTION
(Tones)1234
1996200020012007
61000300000400000
8500000
33 STEP WISE PROCEDURE
At first we collected few plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles)brought fly ash from sarni pwer plant and some simple polythene of size more than 2 micron that is much dangerous for us
Polythene was cut down in small chips sized pieces so that it can be easily filled into bottles
Then pieces of polythene waste and fly ash are mixed thoroughly and then filled into plastic bottles
Tamping was done at initial stages to ensure complete filling of waste into plastic bottles
In the next step we prepared a mould in which concrete has to be casted
M-15 grade of concrete was prepared by volume batching the proportion of concrete elements was kept standard ie 124
Casting of concrete was done at standard supervision for only concrete cube
Then waste filled plastic bottle was placed inside the mould and concrete was poured in the surrounding of bottle
After curing of 14 days cube was tested under Universal testing machine (UTM) for compressive strength test
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
13 REVIEWS OF PREVIOUS WORK
According to Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough lsquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrsquo International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013 ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 Reuse of the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and when it is warm it is cold inside Constructing a house by plastic bottles used for the walls joist ceiling and concrete column offers us 45 diminution in the final cost Separation of various components of cost shows that the use of local manpower in making bottle panels can lead to cost reduction up to 75 compared to building the walls using the brick and concrete block
Shilpi Saxena Monika Singh lsquoEco-Architecture PET Bottle Housesrsquo International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Volume No2 Issue No12 pp 1243-1246 1 Dec 2013 ISSN 2277-1581 concluded that by utilizing PET bottles in construction recycled materials thermal comfort can be achieved in very low cost housing benefit in residents for those who cannot afford to buy and operate heating and cooling systems Plastic is non biodegradable toxic highly resistant to heat and electricity (best insulator) and not recyclable in true sense plastic PET bottles use in bottle brick technique This gives relief for the poor people of India to provide cheap and best houses for living
As per Seltzer DJ (2000) bottle houses wwwagilitynutcom The first example of known structures built with bottles is the William F Peckrsquos Bottle House located in Nevada (USA) It was built around 1902 and it required 10000 beer bottles to be built These buildings were primarily made out of glass bottles used as masonry units and they
were bound using mortar made out of adobe sand cement clay and plaster
Pratima Patel Akash Shah lsquoSub stainable development using waste PET bottles as construction element studied that plastic bottles wall have been less costly as compare to bricks and also they provide greater strength than bricks The PET bottles that are not recycled end up in landfills or as litter and they take approximately 1000 years to biodegrade This has resulted in plastic pollution problems in landfills water ways and on the roadside and this problem continues to grow along with the plastic bottle industry
Andreas Froese (2001) lsquoPlastic bottles in construction who is the founder of ECO-TECrsquo (Available from httpwwweco-tecnologiacom) has concluded that when the bottles are filled with soil or sand they work as bricks and form a framework for walls or pillars Different types of walls varying in size and orientation of the bottles are built The compression strength and fracture behavior of each wall are measured and compared PET bottle walls can bear up to 43 Nmmsup2 when the bottles are filled with sand which is the weakest filling material The bottles bear one third of the load while the plaster bears two thirds Plaster made of clay or a cement mixture fills the space between all bottles while a roof made of wood or corrugated metal completes the house As only regional products are used the houses are cheap and can be afforded even by poor families
CHAPTER-2 SUSTAINABILITY amp APPLICATION
21 SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable Development (SD) is the development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations some purposes of SD can be as following Resource conservation To conserve the non-renewable resources
such as fuel mineral and etc to ensure sufficient supply for present and future generations
Built development To integrate environmental considerations into planning and development to respect the natural environment
Environmental quality To prevent or reduce processes such as land filling which can lead to environment degradation and develop the culture of reusing and recycling process
Social equity To impede development that increases the gap between the rich and the poor and to encourage for reach to the social equality
Inhabitation needs of the sustainability are based on three aspects including environmental social and economical At current time the SD can be achieved through the partial integration of these three aspects But the alternative face of SD is the full integration of these aspects such that Economic exists entirely within the society as all parts of the
human economy are achieved through interaction among people Economy and society merely depend on the environment because
if something is un-environmental then the society will be affected When the society affected then it will be uneconomical for the
nation to create sustainable development
Fig 1 face of SD at present Fig 2 alternative face of
SD in futurePlastic bottle is considered as a sustainable material which can help in achieving the SD using the plastic bottle can follow the objectives of SD It can abstain from the resource depletion assist in protecting the environment prevent or reduce the environmental degradation process such as land filling through reusing process and it can assist to obtain a social equity by avoiding the gap between the rich and the poor people in the society
22 APPLICATIONS
Due to sustainability of plastic bottles they can be utilized many ways to get efficient result without investing a penny These uses are as follows
1) Plastic bottle as replacement of concrete in massive and load
sustaining structures2) Plastic bottle in replacement of general bricks as bottle brick3) Plastic bottles can be use to built a greenhouse structures4) Plastic bottles can also be to give aesthetic appearance to the
house
23 NOTEWORTHY CONTRIBUUTION
This project is mainly focusing on use of plastic bottles as a municipal waste in the buildings the key and positive characteristics of this product and the benefits obtained by using it in building It also intends to compare the characteristics of some construction materials such as brick ceramic and concrete block with bottle panel
CHAPTER-3
PLASTIC BOTTLE AS REPLACEMENT OF CONCRETE
31 CONCEPT
One of the main disadvantages in constructing world house is high cost of the buildings High cost of primary requirements for constructing the houses in places on where people are under poverty line is forming one of the most significant problems of people On the other hand urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially non-renewable ones A suitable approach for this situation is using some part of urban rubbish as required materials for building construction and also providing comfortable situation and suitable thermal for building residents Plastic bottle is considered as an urban junk with sustainability characteristic which can be used as a material instead of some conventional material such as brick in building construction
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
Use of solid waste in construction is gaining its popularity among environmentalists and other researchers in the field of low-cost housing Plastic bottle waste has been used as an alternative to conventional construction materials like brick in construction of small dwelling units Though this technique was started since the year 2000 in Honduras subsequently it has widely spread to other developing countries In India also some private organizations have begun constructing various small-scale projects using plastic bottle In this paper an extensive study on cost of construction using plastic bottle waste construction waste and low-cost roofing material replacing conventional materials has been carried out over a single dwelling unit taking minimum carpet area as per the government norms
32 DescriptionNow-a-days recycling of various modes of plastic is at alarming rate due to their outrageous effect on our environment Thus it has become necessary to create some kind of alternative to deal with these kind of problems In our project we have tried to create such a new alternative to deal with waste problems We have used three types of wastes viz plastic bottle Polyethylene Terephthalate waste and fly ash
321 Fly ash Energy requirements for the developing countries in particular are met from coal-based thermal power plants The disposal of the increasing amounts of solid waste from coal-fired thermal power plants is becoming a serious concern to the environmentalists Coal ash 80 of which is very fine in nature and is thus known as fly ash is collected by electrostatic precipitators in stacks In India nearly 90 mt of fly ash is generated per annum at present and is largely responsible for environmental pollution In developed countries like Germany 80 of the fly ash generated is being utilized whereas in India only 3 is being consumed This article attempts to highlight the management of fly ash to make use of this solid waste in order to save our environment
COAL-based thermal power plants have been a major source of power generation in India where 75 of the total power obtained is from coal-based thermal power plants The coal reserve of India is about 200 billion tones (bt) and its annual production reaches 250 million tonnes (mt) approximately About 70 of this is used in the power sector In India unlike in most of the developed countries ash content in the coal used for power generation is 30ndash40 High ash coal means more wear and tear of the plant and machinery low thermal efficiency of the boiler slogging choking and scaling of the furnace and most serious of them all generation of a large amount of fly ash India ranks fourth in the world in the production of coal ash as by-product waste after USSR USA and China in that order Fly ash is defined in Cement and Concrete Terminology (ACI Committee116) as the lsquofinely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal which is transported from the fire box through the boiler by flue gasesrsquo
A Physical Characteristics of Fly ashThe physical characteristics of the fly ash are listed below1048766 Size distribution1048766 Morphology1048766 Surface area1048766 Permeability hydraulic condition1048766 Specific gravityB Chemical Characteristics of Fly ashThe major chemical characteristics of the fly ash are as follows
1048766 pH1048766 Solubility1048766 Leachability1048766 Toxicity1048766 Radioactivity
Exhibit 2 Fly Ash Generation and Reuse in the United States 2008 Material
Product
Fly Ash Production (Short Tons)
Fly Ash Reuse (Short Tons) Fly Ash Reuse in Cement (Short Tons)
Fly Ash 72454230 30142274 12592245
322 Plastic bottlesPlastic products have become an integral part in our daily life as a basic need It produced on a massive scale worldwide and its production crosses the 150 million tonnes per year globally In India approximately 8 Million tonnes plastic products are consumed every year (2008) which is expected to rise 12 milllion tones by 2012 Its broad range of application is in packaging films wrapping materials shopping and garbage bags fluid containers clothing toys household and industrial products and building materials It is a fact that plastics will never degrade and remains on landscape for several years The recycled plastics are more harmful to the environment than the virgin products due to mixing of colour additives stabilizers flame retardants etc Further the recycling of a virgin plastic material can be done 2-3 time only because after every recycling the strength of plastic material is reduced due to thermal degradation It is to mention that no authentic estimation is available on total generation of plastic waste in the country however considering 70 of total plastic consumption is discarded as waste thus approximately 56 million tons per annum(TPA) of plastic waste is generated in country which is about 15342 tons per day(TPD)
TABLE 24 PLASTIC WASTE CONSUMPTION (PCYEAR)SNO COUNTRYCONTINENT PER YEAR
CONSUMPTION
1234567
(Kg)India 60East Europe 100South East Asia 100China 240West Europe 650North America 900World Average 250
Environmental issues on disposal of Plastic Waste
Indiscriminate littering of unskilled recyclingreprocessing and non-biodegradability of plastic waste raises the following environmental issuesbull During polymerization process fugitive emissions are releasedbull During product manufacturing various types of gases are releasedbull Indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste on land makes the land infertile due to its barrier propertiesbull Burning of plastics generates toxic emissions such as Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Hydrochloric Acid Dioxin Furans Amines Nitrides Styrene Benzene 1 3-butadiene CCl4 and Acetaldehydebull Lead and Cadmium pigments commonly used in LDPE HDPE and PP as additives are toxic and are known to leach outbull Non-recyclable plastic wastes such as multilayer metalised pouches and other thermoset plastic poses disposal problemsbull Sub-standard plastic carry bags packaging films (lt40μ) etc pose problem in collection and recyclingbull Littered plastics give unaesthetic look in the city choke the drain and may cause flood during monsoon bull Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing facilities and also cause problems in landfill operationsbull Recycling industries operating in non-conforming areas are posing threat to environment to unsound recycling practices
333 Polythene waste
Disposal of plastics waste has drawn attention of environmentalist due to their non biodegradability and unaesthetic views since these are not disposed scientifically and possibilities to contaminate soil and sub-soil water because of leachates Plastic packagings are extensively used in the Railways and Airportrsquos catering services resulting into significant quantity of plastic waste In view of problems posed due tolittering of plastic waste on the railway stations and along the tracks due to lack of their proper facilitiessystems the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) sponsored a study through RITES Ltd Gurgaon relating to ldquoAssessment of Plastic Waste Generation and its Management at 02 Airports and 03 Railway Stations in Delhirdquo The present study envisages data on Plastics Waste generated at three Railway Stations and two Airports in Delhi About 6758 kgday of Plastics Waste is Generated in these 03 Railway Stations and about 3662 kgday at the 02 Airports The per capita Plastics Waste Generation is approximately 9 gmday at Railway Station and 69 gmdayat
Airport which is many times higher than the Railways While the value added plastics waste is collected by informal sectors (rag-pickers) whereas the non-recyclable plastic carry bags and multilayer and metalized pouches are left at siteVarious literatures concerned with the subject are reviewed to understand the present percentage of plastic waste in MSW and the recent practice of recycling The plastic constitutes two major category of plastics (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics TheThermoplastics constitutes 80 and Thermoset constitutes approximately 20 of total postconsumer plastics waste generated The plastic materials are categorized in seven types based on properties and applications To make sorting and thus recycling easier the universally accepted standards marking code has been developed to help consumersidentify and sort the main types of plastic It will also help in identifying whether the material used on the end product is virgin recycled or a blend of virgin and recycled The symbols defined by society of the Plastic Industry (SPI) USA and available in the IS 145341998 ofBIS are as followsPET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS OTHERPresently for manufacturing usage amp management of Plastic Waste Plastic Manufactured and Usage Rules 1999 as amended in 2003 is existing This Rule empowers reduction of use of poly-bags and alleviates the problem of littering in the country The Rule attempts to attain these objectives by not allowing to manufacture and use of plastics bags lt 20μ and also restriction on use of recycled amp coloured bags in food applications However the existing Rules are not effective in mitigating littering and its associated problems In India- 2 -the per capita plastic consumption is 6-7 kg per annum as compared to the developed countries where the per capita consumption is in the range of 15 to 22 kgannum The methodology adopted for assessment of plastic waste and its management at airport sand railway stations in Delhi was achieved by the standard approach for desk research field studies data collection through questionnaire analysis and interpretations The acts legislations and standards were also consulted Meetings were organized with individual organizations and stakeholders involved in the plastic sector An effort has been made to study the present practices of plastics waste and its management at airports and railway stations in Delhi and its management
TABLE 11 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN INDIAN CITIES
POPULATION RANGE (MILLIONS) AVERAGE PER CAPITAVALUE KGCAPITADAY
01 - 0505 - 1010 - 2020 - 50gt5
021025027035050
Source CPHEEO Manual on MSW Management
TABLE ndash 12 PLASTICS CONSUMPTION IN INDIASNO YEAR CONSUMPTION
(Tones)1234
1996200020012007
61000300000400000
8500000
33 STEP WISE PROCEDURE
At first we collected few plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles)brought fly ash from sarni pwer plant and some simple polythene of size more than 2 micron that is much dangerous for us
Polythene was cut down in small chips sized pieces so that it can be easily filled into bottles
Then pieces of polythene waste and fly ash are mixed thoroughly and then filled into plastic bottles
Tamping was done at initial stages to ensure complete filling of waste into plastic bottles
In the next step we prepared a mould in which concrete has to be casted
M-15 grade of concrete was prepared by volume batching the proportion of concrete elements was kept standard ie 124
Casting of concrete was done at standard supervision for only concrete cube
Then waste filled plastic bottle was placed inside the mould and concrete was poured in the surrounding of bottle
After curing of 14 days cube was tested under Universal testing machine (UTM) for compressive strength test
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
were bound using mortar made out of adobe sand cement clay and plaster
Pratima Patel Akash Shah lsquoSub stainable development using waste PET bottles as construction element studied that plastic bottles wall have been less costly as compare to bricks and also they provide greater strength than bricks The PET bottles that are not recycled end up in landfills or as litter and they take approximately 1000 years to biodegrade This has resulted in plastic pollution problems in landfills water ways and on the roadside and this problem continues to grow along with the plastic bottle industry
Andreas Froese (2001) lsquoPlastic bottles in construction who is the founder of ECO-TECrsquo (Available from httpwwweco-tecnologiacom) has concluded that when the bottles are filled with soil or sand they work as bricks and form a framework for walls or pillars Different types of walls varying in size and orientation of the bottles are built The compression strength and fracture behavior of each wall are measured and compared PET bottle walls can bear up to 43 Nmmsup2 when the bottles are filled with sand which is the weakest filling material The bottles bear one third of the load while the plaster bears two thirds Plaster made of clay or a cement mixture fills the space between all bottles while a roof made of wood or corrugated metal completes the house As only regional products are used the houses are cheap and can be afforded even by poor families
CHAPTER-2 SUSTAINABILITY amp APPLICATION
21 SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable Development (SD) is the development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations some purposes of SD can be as following Resource conservation To conserve the non-renewable resources
such as fuel mineral and etc to ensure sufficient supply for present and future generations
Built development To integrate environmental considerations into planning and development to respect the natural environment
Environmental quality To prevent or reduce processes such as land filling which can lead to environment degradation and develop the culture of reusing and recycling process
Social equity To impede development that increases the gap between the rich and the poor and to encourage for reach to the social equality
Inhabitation needs of the sustainability are based on three aspects including environmental social and economical At current time the SD can be achieved through the partial integration of these three aspects But the alternative face of SD is the full integration of these aspects such that Economic exists entirely within the society as all parts of the
human economy are achieved through interaction among people Economy and society merely depend on the environment because
if something is un-environmental then the society will be affected When the society affected then it will be uneconomical for the
nation to create sustainable development
Fig 1 face of SD at present Fig 2 alternative face of
SD in futurePlastic bottle is considered as a sustainable material which can help in achieving the SD using the plastic bottle can follow the objectives of SD It can abstain from the resource depletion assist in protecting the environment prevent or reduce the environmental degradation process such as land filling through reusing process and it can assist to obtain a social equity by avoiding the gap between the rich and the poor people in the society
22 APPLICATIONS
Due to sustainability of plastic bottles they can be utilized many ways to get efficient result without investing a penny These uses are as follows
1) Plastic bottle as replacement of concrete in massive and load
sustaining structures2) Plastic bottle in replacement of general bricks as bottle brick3) Plastic bottles can be use to built a greenhouse structures4) Plastic bottles can also be to give aesthetic appearance to the
house
23 NOTEWORTHY CONTRIBUUTION
This project is mainly focusing on use of plastic bottles as a municipal waste in the buildings the key and positive characteristics of this product and the benefits obtained by using it in building It also intends to compare the characteristics of some construction materials such as brick ceramic and concrete block with bottle panel
CHAPTER-3
PLASTIC BOTTLE AS REPLACEMENT OF CONCRETE
31 CONCEPT
One of the main disadvantages in constructing world house is high cost of the buildings High cost of primary requirements for constructing the houses in places on where people are under poverty line is forming one of the most significant problems of people On the other hand urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially non-renewable ones A suitable approach for this situation is using some part of urban rubbish as required materials for building construction and also providing comfortable situation and suitable thermal for building residents Plastic bottle is considered as an urban junk with sustainability characteristic which can be used as a material instead of some conventional material such as brick in building construction
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
Use of solid waste in construction is gaining its popularity among environmentalists and other researchers in the field of low-cost housing Plastic bottle waste has been used as an alternative to conventional construction materials like brick in construction of small dwelling units Though this technique was started since the year 2000 in Honduras subsequently it has widely spread to other developing countries In India also some private organizations have begun constructing various small-scale projects using plastic bottle In this paper an extensive study on cost of construction using plastic bottle waste construction waste and low-cost roofing material replacing conventional materials has been carried out over a single dwelling unit taking minimum carpet area as per the government norms
32 DescriptionNow-a-days recycling of various modes of plastic is at alarming rate due to their outrageous effect on our environment Thus it has become necessary to create some kind of alternative to deal with these kind of problems In our project we have tried to create such a new alternative to deal with waste problems We have used three types of wastes viz plastic bottle Polyethylene Terephthalate waste and fly ash
321 Fly ash Energy requirements for the developing countries in particular are met from coal-based thermal power plants The disposal of the increasing amounts of solid waste from coal-fired thermal power plants is becoming a serious concern to the environmentalists Coal ash 80 of which is very fine in nature and is thus known as fly ash is collected by electrostatic precipitators in stacks In India nearly 90 mt of fly ash is generated per annum at present and is largely responsible for environmental pollution In developed countries like Germany 80 of the fly ash generated is being utilized whereas in India only 3 is being consumed This article attempts to highlight the management of fly ash to make use of this solid waste in order to save our environment
COAL-based thermal power plants have been a major source of power generation in India where 75 of the total power obtained is from coal-based thermal power plants The coal reserve of India is about 200 billion tones (bt) and its annual production reaches 250 million tonnes (mt) approximately About 70 of this is used in the power sector In India unlike in most of the developed countries ash content in the coal used for power generation is 30ndash40 High ash coal means more wear and tear of the plant and machinery low thermal efficiency of the boiler slogging choking and scaling of the furnace and most serious of them all generation of a large amount of fly ash India ranks fourth in the world in the production of coal ash as by-product waste after USSR USA and China in that order Fly ash is defined in Cement and Concrete Terminology (ACI Committee116) as the lsquofinely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal which is transported from the fire box through the boiler by flue gasesrsquo
A Physical Characteristics of Fly ashThe physical characteristics of the fly ash are listed below1048766 Size distribution1048766 Morphology1048766 Surface area1048766 Permeability hydraulic condition1048766 Specific gravityB Chemical Characteristics of Fly ashThe major chemical characteristics of the fly ash are as follows
1048766 pH1048766 Solubility1048766 Leachability1048766 Toxicity1048766 Radioactivity
Exhibit 2 Fly Ash Generation and Reuse in the United States 2008 Material
Product
Fly Ash Production (Short Tons)
Fly Ash Reuse (Short Tons) Fly Ash Reuse in Cement (Short Tons)
Fly Ash 72454230 30142274 12592245
322 Plastic bottlesPlastic products have become an integral part in our daily life as a basic need It produced on a massive scale worldwide and its production crosses the 150 million tonnes per year globally In India approximately 8 Million tonnes plastic products are consumed every year (2008) which is expected to rise 12 milllion tones by 2012 Its broad range of application is in packaging films wrapping materials shopping and garbage bags fluid containers clothing toys household and industrial products and building materials It is a fact that plastics will never degrade and remains on landscape for several years The recycled plastics are more harmful to the environment than the virgin products due to mixing of colour additives stabilizers flame retardants etc Further the recycling of a virgin plastic material can be done 2-3 time only because after every recycling the strength of plastic material is reduced due to thermal degradation It is to mention that no authentic estimation is available on total generation of plastic waste in the country however considering 70 of total plastic consumption is discarded as waste thus approximately 56 million tons per annum(TPA) of plastic waste is generated in country which is about 15342 tons per day(TPD)
TABLE 24 PLASTIC WASTE CONSUMPTION (PCYEAR)SNO COUNTRYCONTINENT PER YEAR
CONSUMPTION
1234567
(Kg)India 60East Europe 100South East Asia 100China 240West Europe 650North America 900World Average 250
Environmental issues on disposal of Plastic Waste
Indiscriminate littering of unskilled recyclingreprocessing and non-biodegradability of plastic waste raises the following environmental issuesbull During polymerization process fugitive emissions are releasedbull During product manufacturing various types of gases are releasedbull Indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste on land makes the land infertile due to its barrier propertiesbull Burning of plastics generates toxic emissions such as Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Hydrochloric Acid Dioxin Furans Amines Nitrides Styrene Benzene 1 3-butadiene CCl4 and Acetaldehydebull Lead and Cadmium pigments commonly used in LDPE HDPE and PP as additives are toxic and are known to leach outbull Non-recyclable plastic wastes such as multilayer metalised pouches and other thermoset plastic poses disposal problemsbull Sub-standard plastic carry bags packaging films (lt40μ) etc pose problem in collection and recyclingbull Littered plastics give unaesthetic look in the city choke the drain and may cause flood during monsoon bull Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing facilities and also cause problems in landfill operationsbull Recycling industries operating in non-conforming areas are posing threat to environment to unsound recycling practices
333 Polythene waste
Disposal of plastics waste has drawn attention of environmentalist due to their non biodegradability and unaesthetic views since these are not disposed scientifically and possibilities to contaminate soil and sub-soil water because of leachates Plastic packagings are extensively used in the Railways and Airportrsquos catering services resulting into significant quantity of plastic waste In view of problems posed due tolittering of plastic waste on the railway stations and along the tracks due to lack of their proper facilitiessystems the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) sponsored a study through RITES Ltd Gurgaon relating to ldquoAssessment of Plastic Waste Generation and its Management at 02 Airports and 03 Railway Stations in Delhirdquo The present study envisages data on Plastics Waste generated at three Railway Stations and two Airports in Delhi About 6758 kgday of Plastics Waste is Generated in these 03 Railway Stations and about 3662 kgday at the 02 Airports The per capita Plastics Waste Generation is approximately 9 gmday at Railway Station and 69 gmdayat
Airport which is many times higher than the Railways While the value added plastics waste is collected by informal sectors (rag-pickers) whereas the non-recyclable plastic carry bags and multilayer and metalized pouches are left at siteVarious literatures concerned with the subject are reviewed to understand the present percentage of plastic waste in MSW and the recent practice of recycling The plastic constitutes two major category of plastics (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics TheThermoplastics constitutes 80 and Thermoset constitutes approximately 20 of total postconsumer plastics waste generated The plastic materials are categorized in seven types based on properties and applications To make sorting and thus recycling easier the universally accepted standards marking code has been developed to help consumersidentify and sort the main types of plastic It will also help in identifying whether the material used on the end product is virgin recycled or a blend of virgin and recycled The symbols defined by society of the Plastic Industry (SPI) USA and available in the IS 145341998 ofBIS are as followsPET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS OTHERPresently for manufacturing usage amp management of Plastic Waste Plastic Manufactured and Usage Rules 1999 as amended in 2003 is existing This Rule empowers reduction of use of poly-bags and alleviates the problem of littering in the country The Rule attempts to attain these objectives by not allowing to manufacture and use of plastics bags lt 20μ and also restriction on use of recycled amp coloured bags in food applications However the existing Rules are not effective in mitigating littering and its associated problems In India- 2 -the per capita plastic consumption is 6-7 kg per annum as compared to the developed countries where the per capita consumption is in the range of 15 to 22 kgannum The methodology adopted for assessment of plastic waste and its management at airport sand railway stations in Delhi was achieved by the standard approach for desk research field studies data collection through questionnaire analysis and interpretations The acts legislations and standards were also consulted Meetings were organized with individual organizations and stakeholders involved in the plastic sector An effort has been made to study the present practices of plastics waste and its management at airports and railway stations in Delhi and its management
TABLE 11 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN INDIAN CITIES
POPULATION RANGE (MILLIONS) AVERAGE PER CAPITAVALUE KGCAPITADAY
01 - 0505 - 1010 - 2020 - 50gt5
021025027035050
Source CPHEEO Manual on MSW Management
TABLE ndash 12 PLASTICS CONSUMPTION IN INDIASNO YEAR CONSUMPTION
(Tones)1234
1996200020012007
61000300000400000
8500000
33 STEP WISE PROCEDURE
At first we collected few plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles)brought fly ash from sarni pwer plant and some simple polythene of size more than 2 micron that is much dangerous for us
Polythene was cut down in small chips sized pieces so that it can be easily filled into bottles
Then pieces of polythene waste and fly ash are mixed thoroughly and then filled into plastic bottles
Tamping was done at initial stages to ensure complete filling of waste into plastic bottles
In the next step we prepared a mould in which concrete has to be casted
M-15 grade of concrete was prepared by volume batching the proportion of concrete elements was kept standard ie 124
Casting of concrete was done at standard supervision for only concrete cube
Then waste filled plastic bottle was placed inside the mould and concrete was poured in the surrounding of bottle
After curing of 14 days cube was tested under Universal testing machine (UTM) for compressive strength test
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
CHAPTER-2 SUSTAINABILITY amp APPLICATION
21 SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable Development (SD) is the development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations some purposes of SD can be as following Resource conservation To conserve the non-renewable resources
such as fuel mineral and etc to ensure sufficient supply for present and future generations
Built development To integrate environmental considerations into planning and development to respect the natural environment
Environmental quality To prevent or reduce processes such as land filling which can lead to environment degradation and develop the culture of reusing and recycling process
Social equity To impede development that increases the gap between the rich and the poor and to encourage for reach to the social equality
Inhabitation needs of the sustainability are based on three aspects including environmental social and economical At current time the SD can be achieved through the partial integration of these three aspects But the alternative face of SD is the full integration of these aspects such that Economic exists entirely within the society as all parts of the
human economy are achieved through interaction among people Economy and society merely depend on the environment because
if something is un-environmental then the society will be affected When the society affected then it will be uneconomical for the
nation to create sustainable development
Fig 1 face of SD at present Fig 2 alternative face of
SD in futurePlastic bottle is considered as a sustainable material which can help in achieving the SD using the plastic bottle can follow the objectives of SD It can abstain from the resource depletion assist in protecting the environment prevent or reduce the environmental degradation process such as land filling through reusing process and it can assist to obtain a social equity by avoiding the gap between the rich and the poor people in the society
22 APPLICATIONS
Due to sustainability of plastic bottles they can be utilized many ways to get efficient result without investing a penny These uses are as follows
1) Plastic bottle as replacement of concrete in massive and load
sustaining structures2) Plastic bottle in replacement of general bricks as bottle brick3) Plastic bottles can be use to built a greenhouse structures4) Plastic bottles can also be to give aesthetic appearance to the
house
23 NOTEWORTHY CONTRIBUUTION
This project is mainly focusing on use of plastic bottles as a municipal waste in the buildings the key and positive characteristics of this product and the benefits obtained by using it in building It also intends to compare the characteristics of some construction materials such as brick ceramic and concrete block with bottle panel
CHAPTER-3
PLASTIC BOTTLE AS REPLACEMENT OF CONCRETE
31 CONCEPT
One of the main disadvantages in constructing world house is high cost of the buildings High cost of primary requirements for constructing the houses in places on where people are under poverty line is forming one of the most significant problems of people On the other hand urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially non-renewable ones A suitable approach for this situation is using some part of urban rubbish as required materials for building construction and also providing comfortable situation and suitable thermal for building residents Plastic bottle is considered as an urban junk with sustainability characteristic which can be used as a material instead of some conventional material such as brick in building construction
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
Use of solid waste in construction is gaining its popularity among environmentalists and other researchers in the field of low-cost housing Plastic bottle waste has been used as an alternative to conventional construction materials like brick in construction of small dwelling units Though this technique was started since the year 2000 in Honduras subsequently it has widely spread to other developing countries In India also some private organizations have begun constructing various small-scale projects using plastic bottle In this paper an extensive study on cost of construction using plastic bottle waste construction waste and low-cost roofing material replacing conventional materials has been carried out over a single dwelling unit taking minimum carpet area as per the government norms
32 DescriptionNow-a-days recycling of various modes of plastic is at alarming rate due to their outrageous effect on our environment Thus it has become necessary to create some kind of alternative to deal with these kind of problems In our project we have tried to create such a new alternative to deal with waste problems We have used three types of wastes viz plastic bottle Polyethylene Terephthalate waste and fly ash
321 Fly ash Energy requirements for the developing countries in particular are met from coal-based thermal power plants The disposal of the increasing amounts of solid waste from coal-fired thermal power plants is becoming a serious concern to the environmentalists Coal ash 80 of which is very fine in nature and is thus known as fly ash is collected by electrostatic precipitators in stacks In India nearly 90 mt of fly ash is generated per annum at present and is largely responsible for environmental pollution In developed countries like Germany 80 of the fly ash generated is being utilized whereas in India only 3 is being consumed This article attempts to highlight the management of fly ash to make use of this solid waste in order to save our environment
COAL-based thermal power plants have been a major source of power generation in India where 75 of the total power obtained is from coal-based thermal power plants The coal reserve of India is about 200 billion tones (bt) and its annual production reaches 250 million tonnes (mt) approximately About 70 of this is used in the power sector In India unlike in most of the developed countries ash content in the coal used for power generation is 30ndash40 High ash coal means more wear and tear of the plant and machinery low thermal efficiency of the boiler slogging choking and scaling of the furnace and most serious of them all generation of a large amount of fly ash India ranks fourth in the world in the production of coal ash as by-product waste after USSR USA and China in that order Fly ash is defined in Cement and Concrete Terminology (ACI Committee116) as the lsquofinely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal which is transported from the fire box through the boiler by flue gasesrsquo
A Physical Characteristics of Fly ashThe physical characteristics of the fly ash are listed below1048766 Size distribution1048766 Morphology1048766 Surface area1048766 Permeability hydraulic condition1048766 Specific gravityB Chemical Characteristics of Fly ashThe major chemical characteristics of the fly ash are as follows
1048766 pH1048766 Solubility1048766 Leachability1048766 Toxicity1048766 Radioactivity
Exhibit 2 Fly Ash Generation and Reuse in the United States 2008 Material
Product
Fly Ash Production (Short Tons)
Fly Ash Reuse (Short Tons) Fly Ash Reuse in Cement (Short Tons)
Fly Ash 72454230 30142274 12592245
322 Plastic bottlesPlastic products have become an integral part in our daily life as a basic need It produced on a massive scale worldwide and its production crosses the 150 million tonnes per year globally In India approximately 8 Million tonnes plastic products are consumed every year (2008) which is expected to rise 12 milllion tones by 2012 Its broad range of application is in packaging films wrapping materials shopping and garbage bags fluid containers clothing toys household and industrial products and building materials It is a fact that plastics will never degrade and remains on landscape for several years The recycled plastics are more harmful to the environment than the virgin products due to mixing of colour additives stabilizers flame retardants etc Further the recycling of a virgin plastic material can be done 2-3 time only because after every recycling the strength of plastic material is reduced due to thermal degradation It is to mention that no authentic estimation is available on total generation of plastic waste in the country however considering 70 of total plastic consumption is discarded as waste thus approximately 56 million tons per annum(TPA) of plastic waste is generated in country which is about 15342 tons per day(TPD)
TABLE 24 PLASTIC WASTE CONSUMPTION (PCYEAR)SNO COUNTRYCONTINENT PER YEAR
CONSUMPTION
1234567
(Kg)India 60East Europe 100South East Asia 100China 240West Europe 650North America 900World Average 250
Environmental issues on disposal of Plastic Waste
Indiscriminate littering of unskilled recyclingreprocessing and non-biodegradability of plastic waste raises the following environmental issuesbull During polymerization process fugitive emissions are releasedbull During product manufacturing various types of gases are releasedbull Indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste on land makes the land infertile due to its barrier propertiesbull Burning of plastics generates toxic emissions such as Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Hydrochloric Acid Dioxin Furans Amines Nitrides Styrene Benzene 1 3-butadiene CCl4 and Acetaldehydebull Lead and Cadmium pigments commonly used in LDPE HDPE and PP as additives are toxic and are known to leach outbull Non-recyclable plastic wastes such as multilayer metalised pouches and other thermoset plastic poses disposal problemsbull Sub-standard plastic carry bags packaging films (lt40μ) etc pose problem in collection and recyclingbull Littered plastics give unaesthetic look in the city choke the drain and may cause flood during monsoon bull Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing facilities and also cause problems in landfill operationsbull Recycling industries operating in non-conforming areas are posing threat to environment to unsound recycling practices
333 Polythene waste
Disposal of plastics waste has drawn attention of environmentalist due to their non biodegradability and unaesthetic views since these are not disposed scientifically and possibilities to contaminate soil and sub-soil water because of leachates Plastic packagings are extensively used in the Railways and Airportrsquos catering services resulting into significant quantity of plastic waste In view of problems posed due tolittering of plastic waste on the railway stations and along the tracks due to lack of their proper facilitiessystems the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) sponsored a study through RITES Ltd Gurgaon relating to ldquoAssessment of Plastic Waste Generation and its Management at 02 Airports and 03 Railway Stations in Delhirdquo The present study envisages data on Plastics Waste generated at three Railway Stations and two Airports in Delhi About 6758 kgday of Plastics Waste is Generated in these 03 Railway Stations and about 3662 kgday at the 02 Airports The per capita Plastics Waste Generation is approximately 9 gmday at Railway Station and 69 gmdayat
Airport which is many times higher than the Railways While the value added plastics waste is collected by informal sectors (rag-pickers) whereas the non-recyclable plastic carry bags and multilayer and metalized pouches are left at siteVarious literatures concerned with the subject are reviewed to understand the present percentage of plastic waste in MSW and the recent practice of recycling The plastic constitutes two major category of plastics (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics TheThermoplastics constitutes 80 and Thermoset constitutes approximately 20 of total postconsumer plastics waste generated The plastic materials are categorized in seven types based on properties and applications To make sorting and thus recycling easier the universally accepted standards marking code has been developed to help consumersidentify and sort the main types of plastic It will also help in identifying whether the material used on the end product is virgin recycled or a blend of virgin and recycled The symbols defined by society of the Plastic Industry (SPI) USA and available in the IS 145341998 ofBIS are as followsPET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS OTHERPresently for manufacturing usage amp management of Plastic Waste Plastic Manufactured and Usage Rules 1999 as amended in 2003 is existing This Rule empowers reduction of use of poly-bags and alleviates the problem of littering in the country The Rule attempts to attain these objectives by not allowing to manufacture and use of plastics bags lt 20μ and also restriction on use of recycled amp coloured bags in food applications However the existing Rules are not effective in mitigating littering and its associated problems In India- 2 -the per capita plastic consumption is 6-7 kg per annum as compared to the developed countries where the per capita consumption is in the range of 15 to 22 kgannum The methodology adopted for assessment of plastic waste and its management at airport sand railway stations in Delhi was achieved by the standard approach for desk research field studies data collection through questionnaire analysis and interpretations The acts legislations and standards were also consulted Meetings were organized with individual organizations and stakeholders involved in the plastic sector An effort has been made to study the present practices of plastics waste and its management at airports and railway stations in Delhi and its management
TABLE 11 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN INDIAN CITIES
POPULATION RANGE (MILLIONS) AVERAGE PER CAPITAVALUE KGCAPITADAY
01 - 0505 - 1010 - 2020 - 50gt5
021025027035050
Source CPHEEO Manual on MSW Management
TABLE ndash 12 PLASTICS CONSUMPTION IN INDIASNO YEAR CONSUMPTION
(Tones)1234
1996200020012007
61000300000400000
8500000
33 STEP WISE PROCEDURE
At first we collected few plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles)brought fly ash from sarni pwer plant and some simple polythene of size more than 2 micron that is much dangerous for us
Polythene was cut down in small chips sized pieces so that it can be easily filled into bottles
Then pieces of polythene waste and fly ash are mixed thoroughly and then filled into plastic bottles
Tamping was done at initial stages to ensure complete filling of waste into plastic bottles
In the next step we prepared a mould in which concrete has to be casted
M-15 grade of concrete was prepared by volume batching the proportion of concrete elements was kept standard ie 124
Casting of concrete was done at standard supervision for only concrete cube
Then waste filled plastic bottle was placed inside the mould and concrete was poured in the surrounding of bottle
After curing of 14 days cube was tested under Universal testing machine (UTM) for compressive strength test
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
Fig 1 face of SD at present Fig 2 alternative face of
SD in futurePlastic bottle is considered as a sustainable material which can help in achieving the SD using the plastic bottle can follow the objectives of SD It can abstain from the resource depletion assist in protecting the environment prevent or reduce the environmental degradation process such as land filling through reusing process and it can assist to obtain a social equity by avoiding the gap between the rich and the poor people in the society
22 APPLICATIONS
Due to sustainability of plastic bottles they can be utilized many ways to get efficient result without investing a penny These uses are as follows
1) Plastic bottle as replacement of concrete in massive and load
sustaining structures2) Plastic bottle in replacement of general bricks as bottle brick3) Plastic bottles can be use to built a greenhouse structures4) Plastic bottles can also be to give aesthetic appearance to the
house
23 NOTEWORTHY CONTRIBUUTION
This project is mainly focusing on use of plastic bottles as a municipal waste in the buildings the key and positive characteristics of this product and the benefits obtained by using it in building It also intends to compare the characteristics of some construction materials such as brick ceramic and concrete block with bottle panel
CHAPTER-3
PLASTIC BOTTLE AS REPLACEMENT OF CONCRETE
31 CONCEPT
One of the main disadvantages in constructing world house is high cost of the buildings High cost of primary requirements for constructing the houses in places on where people are under poverty line is forming one of the most significant problems of people On the other hand urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially non-renewable ones A suitable approach for this situation is using some part of urban rubbish as required materials for building construction and also providing comfortable situation and suitable thermal for building residents Plastic bottle is considered as an urban junk with sustainability characteristic which can be used as a material instead of some conventional material such as brick in building construction
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
Use of solid waste in construction is gaining its popularity among environmentalists and other researchers in the field of low-cost housing Plastic bottle waste has been used as an alternative to conventional construction materials like brick in construction of small dwelling units Though this technique was started since the year 2000 in Honduras subsequently it has widely spread to other developing countries In India also some private organizations have begun constructing various small-scale projects using plastic bottle In this paper an extensive study on cost of construction using plastic bottle waste construction waste and low-cost roofing material replacing conventional materials has been carried out over a single dwelling unit taking minimum carpet area as per the government norms
32 DescriptionNow-a-days recycling of various modes of plastic is at alarming rate due to their outrageous effect on our environment Thus it has become necessary to create some kind of alternative to deal with these kind of problems In our project we have tried to create such a new alternative to deal with waste problems We have used three types of wastes viz plastic bottle Polyethylene Terephthalate waste and fly ash
321 Fly ash Energy requirements for the developing countries in particular are met from coal-based thermal power plants The disposal of the increasing amounts of solid waste from coal-fired thermal power plants is becoming a serious concern to the environmentalists Coal ash 80 of which is very fine in nature and is thus known as fly ash is collected by electrostatic precipitators in stacks In India nearly 90 mt of fly ash is generated per annum at present and is largely responsible for environmental pollution In developed countries like Germany 80 of the fly ash generated is being utilized whereas in India only 3 is being consumed This article attempts to highlight the management of fly ash to make use of this solid waste in order to save our environment
COAL-based thermal power plants have been a major source of power generation in India where 75 of the total power obtained is from coal-based thermal power plants The coal reserve of India is about 200 billion tones (bt) and its annual production reaches 250 million tonnes (mt) approximately About 70 of this is used in the power sector In India unlike in most of the developed countries ash content in the coal used for power generation is 30ndash40 High ash coal means more wear and tear of the plant and machinery low thermal efficiency of the boiler slogging choking and scaling of the furnace and most serious of them all generation of a large amount of fly ash India ranks fourth in the world in the production of coal ash as by-product waste after USSR USA and China in that order Fly ash is defined in Cement and Concrete Terminology (ACI Committee116) as the lsquofinely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal which is transported from the fire box through the boiler by flue gasesrsquo
A Physical Characteristics of Fly ashThe physical characteristics of the fly ash are listed below1048766 Size distribution1048766 Morphology1048766 Surface area1048766 Permeability hydraulic condition1048766 Specific gravityB Chemical Characteristics of Fly ashThe major chemical characteristics of the fly ash are as follows
1048766 pH1048766 Solubility1048766 Leachability1048766 Toxicity1048766 Radioactivity
Exhibit 2 Fly Ash Generation and Reuse in the United States 2008 Material
Product
Fly Ash Production (Short Tons)
Fly Ash Reuse (Short Tons) Fly Ash Reuse in Cement (Short Tons)
Fly Ash 72454230 30142274 12592245
322 Plastic bottlesPlastic products have become an integral part in our daily life as a basic need It produced on a massive scale worldwide and its production crosses the 150 million tonnes per year globally In India approximately 8 Million tonnes plastic products are consumed every year (2008) which is expected to rise 12 milllion tones by 2012 Its broad range of application is in packaging films wrapping materials shopping and garbage bags fluid containers clothing toys household and industrial products and building materials It is a fact that plastics will never degrade and remains on landscape for several years The recycled plastics are more harmful to the environment than the virgin products due to mixing of colour additives stabilizers flame retardants etc Further the recycling of a virgin plastic material can be done 2-3 time only because after every recycling the strength of plastic material is reduced due to thermal degradation It is to mention that no authentic estimation is available on total generation of plastic waste in the country however considering 70 of total plastic consumption is discarded as waste thus approximately 56 million tons per annum(TPA) of plastic waste is generated in country which is about 15342 tons per day(TPD)
TABLE 24 PLASTIC WASTE CONSUMPTION (PCYEAR)SNO COUNTRYCONTINENT PER YEAR
CONSUMPTION
1234567
(Kg)India 60East Europe 100South East Asia 100China 240West Europe 650North America 900World Average 250
Environmental issues on disposal of Plastic Waste
Indiscriminate littering of unskilled recyclingreprocessing and non-biodegradability of plastic waste raises the following environmental issuesbull During polymerization process fugitive emissions are releasedbull During product manufacturing various types of gases are releasedbull Indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste on land makes the land infertile due to its barrier propertiesbull Burning of plastics generates toxic emissions such as Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Hydrochloric Acid Dioxin Furans Amines Nitrides Styrene Benzene 1 3-butadiene CCl4 and Acetaldehydebull Lead and Cadmium pigments commonly used in LDPE HDPE and PP as additives are toxic and are known to leach outbull Non-recyclable plastic wastes such as multilayer metalised pouches and other thermoset plastic poses disposal problemsbull Sub-standard plastic carry bags packaging films (lt40μ) etc pose problem in collection and recyclingbull Littered plastics give unaesthetic look in the city choke the drain and may cause flood during monsoon bull Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing facilities and also cause problems in landfill operationsbull Recycling industries operating in non-conforming areas are posing threat to environment to unsound recycling practices
333 Polythene waste
Disposal of plastics waste has drawn attention of environmentalist due to their non biodegradability and unaesthetic views since these are not disposed scientifically and possibilities to contaminate soil and sub-soil water because of leachates Plastic packagings are extensively used in the Railways and Airportrsquos catering services resulting into significant quantity of plastic waste In view of problems posed due tolittering of plastic waste on the railway stations and along the tracks due to lack of their proper facilitiessystems the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) sponsored a study through RITES Ltd Gurgaon relating to ldquoAssessment of Plastic Waste Generation and its Management at 02 Airports and 03 Railway Stations in Delhirdquo The present study envisages data on Plastics Waste generated at three Railway Stations and two Airports in Delhi About 6758 kgday of Plastics Waste is Generated in these 03 Railway Stations and about 3662 kgday at the 02 Airports The per capita Plastics Waste Generation is approximately 9 gmday at Railway Station and 69 gmdayat
Airport which is many times higher than the Railways While the value added plastics waste is collected by informal sectors (rag-pickers) whereas the non-recyclable plastic carry bags and multilayer and metalized pouches are left at siteVarious literatures concerned with the subject are reviewed to understand the present percentage of plastic waste in MSW and the recent practice of recycling The plastic constitutes two major category of plastics (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics TheThermoplastics constitutes 80 and Thermoset constitutes approximately 20 of total postconsumer plastics waste generated The plastic materials are categorized in seven types based on properties and applications To make sorting and thus recycling easier the universally accepted standards marking code has been developed to help consumersidentify and sort the main types of plastic It will also help in identifying whether the material used on the end product is virgin recycled or a blend of virgin and recycled The symbols defined by society of the Plastic Industry (SPI) USA and available in the IS 145341998 ofBIS are as followsPET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS OTHERPresently for manufacturing usage amp management of Plastic Waste Plastic Manufactured and Usage Rules 1999 as amended in 2003 is existing This Rule empowers reduction of use of poly-bags and alleviates the problem of littering in the country The Rule attempts to attain these objectives by not allowing to manufacture and use of plastics bags lt 20μ and also restriction on use of recycled amp coloured bags in food applications However the existing Rules are not effective in mitigating littering and its associated problems In India- 2 -the per capita plastic consumption is 6-7 kg per annum as compared to the developed countries where the per capita consumption is in the range of 15 to 22 kgannum The methodology adopted for assessment of plastic waste and its management at airport sand railway stations in Delhi was achieved by the standard approach for desk research field studies data collection through questionnaire analysis and interpretations The acts legislations and standards were also consulted Meetings were organized with individual organizations and stakeholders involved in the plastic sector An effort has been made to study the present practices of plastics waste and its management at airports and railway stations in Delhi and its management
TABLE 11 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN INDIAN CITIES
POPULATION RANGE (MILLIONS) AVERAGE PER CAPITAVALUE KGCAPITADAY
01 - 0505 - 1010 - 2020 - 50gt5
021025027035050
Source CPHEEO Manual on MSW Management
TABLE ndash 12 PLASTICS CONSUMPTION IN INDIASNO YEAR CONSUMPTION
(Tones)1234
1996200020012007
61000300000400000
8500000
33 STEP WISE PROCEDURE
At first we collected few plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles)brought fly ash from sarni pwer plant and some simple polythene of size more than 2 micron that is much dangerous for us
Polythene was cut down in small chips sized pieces so that it can be easily filled into bottles
Then pieces of polythene waste and fly ash are mixed thoroughly and then filled into plastic bottles
Tamping was done at initial stages to ensure complete filling of waste into plastic bottles
In the next step we prepared a mould in which concrete has to be casted
M-15 grade of concrete was prepared by volume batching the proportion of concrete elements was kept standard ie 124
Casting of concrete was done at standard supervision for only concrete cube
Then waste filled plastic bottle was placed inside the mould and concrete was poured in the surrounding of bottle
After curing of 14 days cube was tested under Universal testing machine (UTM) for compressive strength test
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
CHAPTER-3
PLASTIC BOTTLE AS REPLACEMENT OF CONCRETE
31 CONCEPT
One of the main disadvantages in constructing world house is high cost of the buildings High cost of primary requirements for constructing the houses in places on where people are under poverty line is forming one of the most significant problems of people On the other hand urbanization growth will increase rubbish especially non-renewable ones A suitable approach for this situation is using some part of urban rubbish as required materials for building construction and also providing comfortable situation and suitable thermal for building residents Plastic bottle is considered as an urban junk with sustainability characteristic which can be used as a material instead of some conventional material such as brick in building construction
Nowadays human apply all of its potentiality to consume more The result of this high consumption is nothing unless reducing the initial resources and increasing the landfill In recent times human from the one hand is always seeking broader sources with lower price and from the other hand is the way to get rid of the wastes The waste today can be produced wherever humans footprints be existed and remind him that they have not chosen the appropriate method for exploitation of the nature
Use of solid waste in construction is gaining its popularity among environmentalists and other researchers in the field of low-cost housing Plastic bottle waste has been used as an alternative to conventional construction materials like brick in construction of small dwelling units Though this technique was started since the year 2000 in Honduras subsequently it has widely spread to other developing countries In India also some private organizations have begun constructing various small-scale projects using plastic bottle In this paper an extensive study on cost of construction using plastic bottle waste construction waste and low-cost roofing material replacing conventional materials has been carried out over a single dwelling unit taking minimum carpet area as per the government norms
32 DescriptionNow-a-days recycling of various modes of plastic is at alarming rate due to their outrageous effect on our environment Thus it has become necessary to create some kind of alternative to deal with these kind of problems In our project we have tried to create such a new alternative to deal with waste problems We have used three types of wastes viz plastic bottle Polyethylene Terephthalate waste and fly ash
321 Fly ash Energy requirements for the developing countries in particular are met from coal-based thermal power plants The disposal of the increasing amounts of solid waste from coal-fired thermal power plants is becoming a serious concern to the environmentalists Coal ash 80 of which is very fine in nature and is thus known as fly ash is collected by electrostatic precipitators in stacks In India nearly 90 mt of fly ash is generated per annum at present and is largely responsible for environmental pollution In developed countries like Germany 80 of the fly ash generated is being utilized whereas in India only 3 is being consumed This article attempts to highlight the management of fly ash to make use of this solid waste in order to save our environment
COAL-based thermal power plants have been a major source of power generation in India where 75 of the total power obtained is from coal-based thermal power plants The coal reserve of India is about 200 billion tones (bt) and its annual production reaches 250 million tonnes (mt) approximately About 70 of this is used in the power sector In India unlike in most of the developed countries ash content in the coal used for power generation is 30ndash40 High ash coal means more wear and tear of the plant and machinery low thermal efficiency of the boiler slogging choking and scaling of the furnace and most serious of them all generation of a large amount of fly ash India ranks fourth in the world in the production of coal ash as by-product waste after USSR USA and China in that order Fly ash is defined in Cement and Concrete Terminology (ACI Committee116) as the lsquofinely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal which is transported from the fire box through the boiler by flue gasesrsquo
A Physical Characteristics of Fly ashThe physical characteristics of the fly ash are listed below1048766 Size distribution1048766 Morphology1048766 Surface area1048766 Permeability hydraulic condition1048766 Specific gravityB Chemical Characteristics of Fly ashThe major chemical characteristics of the fly ash are as follows
1048766 pH1048766 Solubility1048766 Leachability1048766 Toxicity1048766 Radioactivity
Exhibit 2 Fly Ash Generation and Reuse in the United States 2008 Material
Product
Fly Ash Production (Short Tons)
Fly Ash Reuse (Short Tons) Fly Ash Reuse in Cement (Short Tons)
Fly Ash 72454230 30142274 12592245
322 Plastic bottlesPlastic products have become an integral part in our daily life as a basic need It produced on a massive scale worldwide and its production crosses the 150 million tonnes per year globally In India approximately 8 Million tonnes plastic products are consumed every year (2008) which is expected to rise 12 milllion tones by 2012 Its broad range of application is in packaging films wrapping materials shopping and garbage bags fluid containers clothing toys household and industrial products and building materials It is a fact that plastics will never degrade and remains on landscape for several years The recycled plastics are more harmful to the environment than the virgin products due to mixing of colour additives stabilizers flame retardants etc Further the recycling of a virgin plastic material can be done 2-3 time only because after every recycling the strength of plastic material is reduced due to thermal degradation It is to mention that no authentic estimation is available on total generation of plastic waste in the country however considering 70 of total plastic consumption is discarded as waste thus approximately 56 million tons per annum(TPA) of plastic waste is generated in country which is about 15342 tons per day(TPD)
TABLE 24 PLASTIC WASTE CONSUMPTION (PCYEAR)SNO COUNTRYCONTINENT PER YEAR
CONSUMPTION
1234567
(Kg)India 60East Europe 100South East Asia 100China 240West Europe 650North America 900World Average 250
Environmental issues on disposal of Plastic Waste
Indiscriminate littering of unskilled recyclingreprocessing and non-biodegradability of plastic waste raises the following environmental issuesbull During polymerization process fugitive emissions are releasedbull During product manufacturing various types of gases are releasedbull Indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste on land makes the land infertile due to its barrier propertiesbull Burning of plastics generates toxic emissions such as Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Hydrochloric Acid Dioxin Furans Amines Nitrides Styrene Benzene 1 3-butadiene CCl4 and Acetaldehydebull Lead and Cadmium pigments commonly used in LDPE HDPE and PP as additives are toxic and are known to leach outbull Non-recyclable plastic wastes such as multilayer metalised pouches and other thermoset plastic poses disposal problemsbull Sub-standard plastic carry bags packaging films (lt40μ) etc pose problem in collection and recyclingbull Littered plastics give unaesthetic look in the city choke the drain and may cause flood during monsoon bull Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing facilities and also cause problems in landfill operationsbull Recycling industries operating in non-conforming areas are posing threat to environment to unsound recycling practices
333 Polythene waste
Disposal of plastics waste has drawn attention of environmentalist due to their non biodegradability and unaesthetic views since these are not disposed scientifically and possibilities to contaminate soil and sub-soil water because of leachates Plastic packagings are extensively used in the Railways and Airportrsquos catering services resulting into significant quantity of plastic waste In view of problems posed due tolittering of plastic waste on the railway stations and along the tracks due to lack of their proper facilitiessystems the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) sponsored a study through RITES Ltd Gurgaon relating to ldquoAssessment of Plastic Waste Generation and its Management at 02 Airports and 03 Railway Stations in Delhirdquo The present study envisages data on Plastics Waste generated at three Railway Stations and two Airports in Delhi About 6758 kgday of Plastics Waste is Generated in these 03 Railway Stations and about 3662 kgday at the 02 Airports The per capita Plastics Waste Generation is approximately 9 gmday at Railway Station and 69 gmdayat
Airport which is many times higher than the Railways While the value added plastics waste is collected by informal sectors (rag-pickers) whereas the non-recyclable plastic carry bags and multilayer and metalized pouches are left at siteVarious literatures concerned with the subject are reviewed to understand the present percentage of plastic waste in MSW and the recent practice of recycling The plastic constitutes two major category of plastics (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics TheThermoplastics constitutes 80 and Thermoset constitutes approximately 20 of total postconsumer plastics waste generated The plastic materials are categorized in seven types based on properties and applications To make sorting and thus recycling easier the universally accepted standards marking code has been developed to help consumersidentify and sort the main types of plastic It will also help in identifying whether the material used on the end product is virgin recycled or a blend of virgin and recycled The symbols defined by society of the Plastic Industry (SPI) USA and available in the IS 145341998 ofBIS are as followsPET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS OTHERPresently for manufacturing usage amp management of Plastic Waste Plastic Manufactured and Usage Rules 1999 as amended in 2003 is existing This Rule empowers reduction of use of poly-bags and alleviates the problem of littering in the country The Rule attempts to attain these objectives by not allowing to manufacture and use of plastics bags lt 20μ and also restriction on use of recycled amp coloured bags in food applications However the existing Rules are not effective in mitigating littering and its associated problems In India- 2 -the per capita plastic consumption is 6-7 kg per annum as compared to the developed countries where the per capita consumption is in the range of 15 to 22 kgannum The methodology adopted for assessment of plastic waste and its management at airport sand railway stations in Delhi was achieved by the standard approach for desk research field studies data collection through questionnaire analysis and interpretations The acts legislations and standards were also consulted Meetings were organized with individual organizations and stakeholders involved in the plastic sector An effort has been made to study the present practices of plastics waste and its management at airports and railway stations in Delhi and its management
TABLE 11 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN INDIAN CITIES
POPULATION RANGE (MILLIONS) AVERAGE PER CAPITAVALUE KGCAPITADAY
01 - 0505 - 1010 - 2020 - 50gt5
021025027035050
Source CPHEEO Manual on MSW Management
TABLE ndash 12 PLASTICS CONSUMPTION IN INDIASNO YEAR CONSUMPTION
(Tones)1234
1996200020012007
61000300000400000
8500000
33 STEP WISE PROCEDURE
At first we collected few plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles)brought fly ash from sarni pwer plant and some simple polythene of size more than 2 micron that is much dangerous for us
Polythene was cut down in small chips sized pieces so that it can be easily filled into bottles
Then pieces of polythene waste and fly ash are mixed thoroughly and then filled into plastic bottles
Tamping was done at initial stages to ensure complete filling of waste into plastic bottles
In the next step we prepared a mould in which concrete has to be casted
M-15 grade of concrete was prepared by volume batching the proportion of concrete elements was kept standard ie 124
Casting of concrete was done at standard supervision for only concrete cube
Then waste filled plastic bottle was placed inside the mould and concrete was poured in the surrounding of bottle
After curing of 14 days cube was tested under Universal testing machine (UTM) for compressive strength test
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
32 DescriptionNow-a-days recycling of various modes of plastic is at alarming rate due to their outrageous effect on our environment Thus it has become necessary to create some kind of alternative to deal with these kind of problems In our project we have tried to create such a new alternative to deal with waste problems We have used three types of wastes viz plastic bottle Polyethylene Terephthalate waste and fly ash
321 Fly ash Energy requirements for the developing countries in particular are met from coal-based thermal power plants The disposal of the increasing amounts of solid waste from coal-fired thermal power plants is becoming a serious concern to the environmentalists Coal ash 80 of which is very fine in nature and is thus known as fly ash is collected by electrostatic precipitators in stacks In India nearly 90 mt of fly ash is generated per annum at present and is largely responsible for environmental pollution In developed countries like Germany 80 of the fly ash generated is being utilized whereas in India only 3 is being consumed This article attempts to highlight the management of fly ash to make use of this solid waste in order to save our environment
COAL-based thermal power plants have been a major source of power generation in India where 75 of the total power obtained is from coal-based thermal power plants The coal reserve of India is about 200 billion tones (bt) and its annual production reaches 250 million tonnes (mt) approximately About 70 of this is used in the power sector In India unlike in most of the developed countries ash content in the coal used for power generation is 30ndash40 High ash coal means more wear and tear of the plant and machinery low thermal efficiency of the boiler slogging choking and scaling of the furnace and most serious of them all generation of a large amount of fly ash India ranks fourth in the world in the production of coal ash as by-product waste after USSR USA and China in that order Fly ash is defined in Cement and Concrete Terminology (ACI Committee116) as the lsquofinely divided residue resulting from the combustion of ground or powdered coal which is transported from the fire box through the boiler by flue gasesrsquo
A Physical Characteristics of Fly ashThe physical characteristics of the fly ash are listed below1048766 Size distribution1048766 Morphology1048766 Surface area1048766 Permeability hydraulic condition1048766 Specific gravityB Chemical Characteristics of Fly ashThe major chemical characteristics of the fly ash are as follows
1048766 pH1048766 Solubility1048766 Leachability1048766 Toxicity1048766 Radioactivity
Exhibit 2 Fly Ash Generation and Reuse in the United States 2008 Material
Product
Fly Ash Production (Short Tons)
Fly Ash Reuse (Short Tons) Fly Ash Reuse in Cement (Short Tons)
Fly Ash 72454230 30142274 12592245
322 Plastic bottlesPlastic products have become an integral part in our daily life as a basic need It produced on a massive scale worldwide and its production crosses the 150 million tonnes per year globally In India approximately 8 Million tonnes plastic products are consumed every year (2008) which is expected to rise 12 milllion tones by 2012 Its broad range of application is in packaging films wrapping materials shopping and garbage bags fluid containers clothing toys household and industrial products and building materials It is a fact that plastics will never degrade and remains on landscape for several years The recycled plastics are more harmful to the environment than the virgin products due to mixing of colour additives stabilizers flame retardants etc Further the recycling of a virgin plastic material can be done 2-3 time only because after every recycling the strength of plastic material is reduced due to thermal degradation It is to mention that no authentic estimation is available on total generation of plastic waste in the country however considering 70 of total plastic consumption is discarded as waste thus approximately 56 million tons per annum(TPA) of plastic waste is generated in country which is about 15342 tons per day(TPD)
TABLE 24 PLASTIC WASTE CONSUMPTION (PCYEAR)SNO COUNTRYCONTINENT PER YEAR
CONSUMPTION
1234567
(Kg)India 60East Europe 100South East Asia 100China 240West Europe 650North America 900World Average 250
Environmental issues on disposal of Plastic Waste
Indiscriminate littering of unskilled recyclingreprocessing and non-biodegradability of plastic waste raises the following environmental issuesbull During polymerization process fugitive emissions are releasedbull During product manufacturing various types of gases are releasedbull Indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste on land makes the land infertile due to its barrier propertiesbull Burning of plastics generates toxic emissions such as Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Hydrochloric Acid Dioxin Furans Amines Nitrides Styrene Benzene 1 3-butadiene CCl4 and Acetaldehydebull Lead and Cadmium pigments commonly used in LDPE HDPE and PP as additives are toxic and are known to leach outbull Non-recyclable plastic wastes such as multilayer metalised pouches and other thermoset plastic poses disposal problemsbull Sub-standard plastic carry bags packaging films (lt40μ) etc pose problem in collection and recyclingbull Littered plastics give unaesthetic look in the city choke the drain and may cause flood during monsoon bull Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing facilities and also cause problems in landfill operationsbull Recycling industries operating in non-conforming areas are posing threat to environment to unsound recycling practices
333 Polythene waste
Disposal of plastics waste has drawn attention of environmentalist due to their non biodegradability and unaesthetic views since these are not disposed scientifically and possibilities to contaminate soil and sub-soil water because of leachates Plastic packagings are extensively used in the Railways and Airportrsquos catering services resulting into significant quantity of plastic waste In view of problems posed due tolittering of plastic waste on the railway stations and along the tracks due to lack of their proper facilitiessystems the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) sponsored a study through RITES Ltd Gurgaon relating to ldquoAssessment of Plastic Waste Generation and its Management at 02 Airports and 03 Railway Stations in Delhirdquo The present study envisages data on Plastics Waste generated at three Railway Stations and two Airports in Delhi About 6758 kgday of Plastics Waste is Generated in these 03 Railway Stations and about 3662 kgday at the 02 Airports The per capita Plastics Waste Generation is approximately 9 gmday at Railway Station and 69 gmdayat
Airport which is many times higher than the Railways While the value added plastics waste is collected by informal sectors (rag-pickers) whereas the non-recyclable plastic carry bags and multilayer and metalized pouches are left at siteVarious literatures concerned with the subject are reviewed to understand the present percentage of plastic waste in MSW and the recent practice of recycling The plastic constitutes two major category of plastics (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics TheThermoplastics constitutes 80 and Thermoset constitutes approximately 20 of total postconsumer plastics waste generated The plastic materials are categorized in seven types based on properties and applications To make sorting and thus recycling easier the universally accepted standards marking code has been developed to help consumersidentify and sort the main types of plastic It will also help in identifying whether the material used on the end product is virgin recycled or a blend of virgin and recycled The symbols defined by society of the Plastic Industry (SPI) USA and available in the IS 145341998 ofBIS are as followsPET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS OTHERPresently for manufacturing usage amp management of Plastic Waste Plastic Manufactured and Usage Rules 1999 as amended in 2003 is existing This Rule empowers reduction of use of poly-bags and alleviates the problem of littering in the country The Rule attempts to attain these objectives by not allowing to manufacture and use of plastics bags lt 20μ and also restriction on use of recycled amp coloured bags in food applications However the existing Rules are not effective in mitigating littering and its associated problems In India- 2 -the per capita plastic consumption is 6-7 kg per annum as compared to the developed countries where the per capita consumption is in the range of 15 to 22 kgannum The methodology adopted for assessment of plastic waste and its management at airport sand railway stations in Delhi was achieved by the standard approach for desk research field studies data collection through questionnaire analysis and interpretations The acts legislations and standards were also consulted Meetings were organized with individual organizations and stakeholders involved in the plastic sector An effort has been made to study the present practices of plastics waste and its management at airports and railway stations in Delhi and its management
TABLE 11 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN INDIAN CITIES
POPULATION RANGE (MILLIONS) AVERAGE PER CAPITAVALUE KGCAPITADAY
01 - 0505 - 1010 - 2020 - 50gt5
021025027035050
Source CPHEEO Manual on MSW Management
TABLE ndash 12 PLASTICS CONSUMPTION IN INDIASNO YEAR CONSUMPTION
(Tones)1234
1996200020012007
61000300000400000
8500000
33 STEP WISE PROCEDURE
At first we collected few plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles)brought fly ash from sarni pwer plant and some simple polythene of size more than 2 micron that is much dangerous for us
Polythene was cut down in small chips sized pieces so that it can be easily filled into bottles
Then pieces of polythene waste and fly ash are mixed thoroughly and then filled into plastic bottles
Tamping was done at initial stages to ensure complete filling of waste into plastic bottles
In the next step we prepared a mould in which concrete has to be casted
M-15 grade of concrete was prepared by volume batching the proportion of concrete elements was kept standard ie 124
Casting of concrete was done at standard supervision for only concrete cube
Then waste filled plastic bottle was placed inside the mould and concrete was poured in the surrounding of bottle
After curing of 14 days cube was tested under Universal testing machine (UTM) for compressive strength test
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
1048766 pH1048766 Solubility1048766 Leachability1048766 Toxicity1048766 Radioactivity
Exhibit 2 Fly Ash Generation and Reuse in the United States 2008 Material
Product
Fly Ash Production (Short Tons)
Fly Ash Reuse (Short Tons) Fly Ash Reuse in Cement (Short Tons)
Fly Ash 72454230 30142274 12592245
322 Plastic bottlesPlastic products have become an integral part in our daily life as a basic need It produced on a massive scale worldwide and its production crosses the 150 million tonnes per year globally In India approximately 8 Million tonnes plastic products are consumed every year (2008) which is expected to rise 12 milllion tones by 2012 Its broad range of application is in packaging films wrapping materials shopping and garbage bags fluid containers clothing toys household and industrial products and building materials It is a fact that plastics will never degrade and remains on landscape for several years The recycled plastics are more harmful to the environment than the virgin products due to mixing of colour additives stabilizers flame retardants etc Further the recycling of a virgin plastic material can be done 2-3 time only because after every recycling the strength of plastic material is reduced due to thermal degradation It is to mention that no authentic estimation is available on total generation of plastic waste in the country however considering 70 of total plastic consumption is discarded as waste thus approximately 56 million tons per annum(TPA) of plastic waste is generated in country which is about 15342 tons per day(TPD)
TABLE 24 PLASTIC WASTE CONSUMPTION (PCYEAR)SNO COUNTRYCONTINENT PER YEAR
CONSUMPTION
1234567
(Kg)India 60East Europe 100South East Asia 100China 240West Europe 650North America 900World Average 250
Environmental issues on disposal of Plastic Waste
Indiscriminate littering of unskilled recyclingreprocessing and non-biodegradability of plastic waste raises the following environmental issuesbull During polymerization process fugitive emissions are releasedbull During product manufacturing various types of gases are releasedbull Indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste on land makes the land infertile due to its barrier propertiesbull Burning of plastics generates toxic emissions such as Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Hydrochloric Acid Dioxin Furans Amines Nitrides Styrene Benzene 1 3-butadiene CCl4 and Acetaldehydebull Lead and Cadmium pigments commonly used in LDPE HDPE and PP as additives are toxic and are known to leach outbull Non-recyclable plastic wastes such as multilayer metalised pouches and other thermoset plastic poses disposal problemsbull Sub-standard plastic carry bags packaging films (lt40μ) etc pose problem in collection and recyclingbull Littered plastics give unaesthetic look in the city choke the drain and may cause flood during monsoon bull Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing facilities and also cause problems in landfill operationsbull Recycling industries operating in non-conforming areas are posing threat to environment to unsound recycling practices
333 Polythene waste
Disposal of plastics waste has drawn attention of environmentalist due to their non biodegradability and unaesthetic views since these are not disposed scientifically and possibilities to contaminate soil and sub-soil water because of leachates Plastic packagings are extensively used in the Railways and Airportrsquos catering services resulting into significant quantity of plastic waste In view of problems posed due tolittering of plastic waste on the railway stations and along the tracks due to lack of their proper facilitiessystems the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) sponsored a study through RITES Ltd Gurgaon relating to ldquoAssessment of Plastic Waste Generation and its Management at 02 Airports and 03 Railway Stations in Delhirdquo The present study envisages data on Plastics Waste generated at three Railway Stations and two Airports in Delhi About 6758 kgday of Plastics Waste is Generated in these 03 Railway Stations and about 3662 kgday at the 02 Airports The per capita Plastics Waste Generation is approximately 9 gmday at Railway Station and 69 gmdayat
Airport which is many times higher than the Railways While the value added plastics waste is collected by informal sectors (rag-pickers) whereas the non-recyclable plastic carry bags and multilayer and metalized pouches are left at siteVarious literatures concerned with the subject are reviewed to understand the present percentage of plastic waste in MSW and the recent practice of recycling The plastic constitutes two major category of plastics (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics TheThermoplastics constitutes 80 and Thermoset constitutes approximately 20 of total postconsumer plastics waste generated The plastic materials are categorized in seven types based on properties and applications To make sorting and thus recycling easier the universally accepted standards marking code has been developed to help consumersidentify and sort the main types of plastic It will also help in identifying whether the material used on the end product is virgin recycled or a blend of virgin and recycled The symbols defined by society of the Plastic Industry (SPI) USA and available in the IS 145341998 ofBIS are as followsPET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS OTHERPresently for manufacturing usage amp management of Plastic Waste Plastic Manufactured and Usage Rules 1999 as amended in 2003 is existing This Rule empowers reduction of use of poly-bags and alleviates the problem of littering in the country The Rule attempts to attain these objectives by not allowing to manufacture and use of plastics bags lt 20μ and also restriction on use of recycled amp coloured bags in food applications However the existing Rules are not effective in mitigating littering and its associated problems In India- 2 -the per capita plastic consumption is 6-7 kg per annum as compared to the developed countries where the per capita consumption is in the range of 15 to 22 kgannum The methodology adopted for assessment of plastic waste and its management at airport sand railway stations in Delhi was achieved by the standard approach for desk research field studies data collection through questionnaire analysis and interpretations The acts legislations and standards were also consulted Meetings were organized with individual organizations and stakeholders involved in the plastic sector An effort has been made to study the present practices of plastics waste and its management at airports and railway stations in Delhi and its management
TABLE 11 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN INDIAN CITIES
POPULATION RANGE (MILLIONS) AVERAGE PER CAPITAVALUE KGCAPITADAY
01 - 0505 - 1010 - 2020 - 50gt5
021025027035050
Source CPHEEO Manual on MSW Management
TABLE ndash 12 PLASTICS CONSUMPTION IN INDIASNO YEAR CONSUMPTION
(Tones)1234
1996200020012007
61000300000400000
8500000
33 STEP WISE PROCEDURE
At first we collected few plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles)brought fly ash from sarni pwer plant and some simple polythene of size more than 2 micron that is much dangerous for us
Polythene was cut down in small chips sized pieces so that it can be easily filled into bottles
Then pieces of polythene waste and fly ash are mixed thoroughly and then filled into plastic bottles
Tamping was done at initial stages to ensure complete filling of waste into plastic bottles
In the next step we prepared a mould in which concrete has to be casted
M-15 grade of concrete was prepared by volume batching the proportion of concrete elements was kept standard ie 124
Casting of concrete was done at standard supervision for only concrete cube
Then waste filled plastic bottle was placed inside the mould and concrete was poured in the surrounding of bottle
After curing of 14 days cube was tested under Universal testing machine (UTM) for compressive strength test
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
Indiscriminate littering of unskilled recyclingreprocessing and non-biodegradability of plastic waste raises the following environmental issuesbull During polymerization process fugitive emissions are releasedbull During product manufacturing various types of gases are releasedbull Indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste on land makes the land infertile due to its barrier propertiesbull Burning of plastics generates toxic emissions such as Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Hydrochloric Acid Dioxin Furans Amines Nitrides Styrene Benzene 1 3-butadiene CCl4 and Acetaldehydebull Lead and Cadmium pigments commonly used in LDPE HDPE and PP as additives are toxic and are known to leach outbull Non-recyclable plastic wastes such as multilayer metalised pouches and other thermoset plastic poses disposal problemsbull Sub-standard plastic carry bags packaging films (lt40μ) etc pose problem in collection and recyclingbull Littered plastics give unaesthetic look in the city choke the drain and may cause flood during monsoon bull Garbage mixed with plastics interferes in waste processing facilities and also cause problems in landfill operationsbull Recycling industries operating in non-conforming areas are posing threat to environment to unsound recycling practices
333 Polythene waste
Disposal of plastics waste has drawn attention of environmentalist due to their non biodegradability and unaesthetic views since these are not disposed scientifically and possibilities to contaminate soil and sub-soil water because of leachates Plastic packagings are extensively used in the Railways and Airportrsquos catering services resulting into significant quantity of plastic waste In view of problems posed due tolittering of plastic waste on the railway stations and along the tracks due to lack of their proper facilitiessystems the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) sponsored a study through RITES Ltd Gurgaon relating to ldquoAssessment of Plastic Waste Generation and its Management at 02 Airports and 03 Railway Stations in Delhirdquo The present study envisages data on Plastics Waste generated at three Railway Stations and two Airports in Delhi About 6758 kgday of Plastics Waste is Generated in these 03 Railway Stations and about 3662 kgday at the 02 Airports The per capita Plastics Waste Generation is approximately 9 gmday at Railway Station and 69 gmdayat
Airport which is many times higher than the Railways While the value added plastics waste is collected by informal sectors (rag-pickers) whereas the non-recyclable plastic carry bags and multilayer and metalized pouches are left at siteVarious literatures concerned with the subject are reviewed to understand the present percentage of plastic waste in MSW and the recent practice of recycling The plastic constitutes two major category of plastics (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics TheThermoplastics constitutes 80 and Thermoset constitutes approximately 20 of total postconsumer plastics waste generated The plastic materials are categorized in seven types based on properties and applications To make sorting and thus recycling easier the universally accepted standards marking code has been developed to help consumersidentify and sort the main types of plastic It will also help in identifying whether the material used on the end product is virgin recycled or a blend of virgin and recycled The symbols defined by society of the Plastic Industry (SPI) USA and available in the IS 145341998 ofBIS are as followsPET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS OTHERPresently for manufacturing usage amp management of Plastic Waste Plastic Manufactured and Usage Rules 1999 as amended in 2003 is existing This Rule empowers reduction of use of poly-bags and alleviates the problem of littering in the country The Rule attempts to attain these objectives by not allowing to manufacture and use of plastics bags lt 20μ and also restriction on use of recycled amp coloured bags in food applications However the existing Rules are not effective in mitigating littering and its associated problems In India- 2 -the per capita plastic consumption is 6-7 kg per annum as compared to the developed countries where the per capita consumption is in the range of 15 to 22 kgannum The methodology adopted for assessment of plastic waste and its management at airport sand railway stations in Delhi was achieved by the standard approach for desk research field studies data collection through questionnaire analysis and interpretations The acts legislations and standards were also consulted Meetings were organized with individual organizations and stakeholders involved in the plastic sector An effort has been made to study the present practices of plastics waste and its management at airports and railway stations in Delhi and its management
TABLE 11 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN INDIAN CITIES
POPULATION RANGE (MILLIONS) AVERAGE PER CAPITAVALUE KGCAPITADAY
01 - 0505 - 1010 - 2020 - 50gt5
021025027035050
Source CPHEEO Manual on MSW Management
TABLE ndash 12 PLASTICS CONSUMPTION IN INDIASNO YEAR CONSUMPTION
(Tones)1234
1996200020012007
61000300000400000
8500000
33 STEP WISE PROCEDURE
At first we collected few plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles)brought fly ash from sarni pwer plant and some simple polythene of size more than 2 micron that is much dangerous for us
Polythene was cut down in small chips sized pieces so that it can be easily filled into bottles
Then pieces of polythene waste and fly ash are mixed thoroughly and then filled into plastic bottles
Tamping was done at initial stages to ensure complete filling of waste into plastic bottles
In the next step we prepared a mould in which concrete has to be casted
M-15 grade of concrete was prepared by volume batching the proportion of concrete elements was kept standard ie 124
Casting of concrete was done at standard supervision for only concrete cube
Then waste filled plastic bottle was placed inside the mould and concrete was poured in the surrounding of bottle
After curing of 14 days cube was tested under Universal testing machine (UTM) for compressive strength test
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
Airport which is many times higher than the Railways While the value added plastics waste is collected by informal sectors (rag-pickers) whereas the non-recyclable plastic carry bags and multilayer and metalized pouches are left at siteVarious literatures concerned with the subject are reviewed to understand the present percentage of plastic waste in MSW and the recent practice of recycling The plastic constitutes two major category of plastics (i) Thermoplastics and (ii) Thermoset plastics TheThermoplastics constitutes 80 and Thermoset constitutes approximately 20 of total postconsumer plastics waste generated The plastic materials are categorized in seven types based on properties and applications To make sorting and thus recycling easier the universally accepted standards marking code has been developed to help consumersidentify and sort the main types of plastic It will also help in identifying whether the material used on the end product is virgin recycled or a blend of virgin and recycled The symbols defined by society of the Plastic Industry (SPI) USA and available in the IS 145341998 ofBIS are as followsPET HDPE PVC LDPE PP PS OTHERPresently for manufacturing usage amp management of Plastic Waste Plastic Manufactured and Usage Rules 1999 as amended in 2003 is existing This Rule empowers reduction of use of poly-bags and alleviates the problem of littering in the country The Rule attempts to attain these objectives by not allowing to manufacture and use of plastics bags lt 20μ and also restriction on use of recycled amp coloured bags in food applications However the existing Rules are not effective in mitigating littering and its associated problems In India- 2 -the per capita plastic consumption is 6-7 kg per annum as compared to the developed countries where the per capita consumption is in the range of 15 to 22 kgannum The methodology adopted for assessment of plastic waste and its management at airport sand railway stations in Delhi was achieved by the standard approach for desk research field studies data collection through questionnaire analysis and interpretations The acts legislations and standards were also consulted Meetings were organized with individual organizations and stakeholders involved in the plastic sector An effort has been made to study the present practices of plastics waste and its management at airports and railway stations in Delhi and its management
TABLE 11 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN INDIAN CITIES
POPULATION RANGE (MILLIONS) AVERAGE PER CAPITAVALUE KGCAPITADAY
01 - 0505 - 1010 - 2020 - 50gt5
021025027035050
Source CPHEEO Manual on MSW Management
TABLE ndash 12 PLASTICS CONSUMPTION IN INDIASNO YEAR CONSUMPTION
(Tones)1234
1996200020012007
61000300000400000
8500000
33 STEP WISE PROCEDURE
At first we collected few plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles)brought fly ash from sarni pwer plant and some simple polythene of size more than 2 micron that is much dangerous for us
Polythene was cut down in small chips sized pieces so that it can be easily filled into bottles
Then pieces of polythene waste and fly ash are mixed thoroughly and then filled into plastic bottles
Tamping was done at initial stages to ensure complete filling of waste into plastic bottles
In the next step we prepared a mould in which concrete has to be casted
M-15 grade of concrete was prepared by volume batching the proportion of concrete elements was kept standard ie 124
Casting of concrete was done at standard supervision for only concrete cube
Then waste filled plastic bottle was placed inside the mould and concrete was poured in the surrounding of bottle
After curing of 14 days cube was tested under Universal testing machine (UTM) for compressive strength test
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
TABLE ndash 12 PLASTICS CONSUMPTION IN INDIASNO YEAR CONSUMPTION
(Tones)1234
1996200020012007
61000300000400000
8500000
33 STEP WISE PROCEDURE
At first we collected few plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles)brought fly ash from sarni pwer plant and some simple polythene of size more than 2 micron that is much dangerous for us
Polythene was cut down in small chips sized pieces so that it can be easily filled into bottles
Then pieces of polythene waste and fly ash are mixed thoroughly and then filled into plastic bottles
Tamping was done at initial stages to ensure complete filling of waste into plastic bottles
In the next step we prepared a mould in which concrete has to be casted
M-15 grade of concrete was prepared by volume batching the proportion of concrete elements was kept standard ie 124
Casting of concrete was done at standard supervision for only concrete cube
Then waste filled plastic bottle was placed inside the mould and concrete was poured in the surrounding of bottle
After curing of 14 days cube was tested under Universal testing machine (UTM) for compressive strength test
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
33 STEP WISE PROCEDURE
At first we collected few plastic bottles (Polyethylene Terephthalate Ethylene (PETE) bottles)brought fly ash from sarni pwer plant and some simple polythene of size more than 2 micron that is much dangerous for us
Polythene was cut down in small chips sized pieces so that it can be easily filled into bottles
Then pieces of polythene waste and fly ash are mixed thoroughly and then filled into plastic bottles
Tamping was done at initial stages to ensure complete filling of waste into plastic bottles
In the next step we prepared a mould in which concrete has to be casted
M-15 grade of concrete was prepared by volume batching the proportion of concrete elements was kept standard ie 124
Casting of concrete was done at standard supervision for only concrete cube
Then waste filled plastic bottle was placed inside the mould and concrete was poured in the surrounding of bottle
After curing of 14 days cube was tested under Universal testing machine (UTM) for compressive strength test
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
CHAPTER-4
PLASTIC BOTTLE BRICK WALL
41 BOTTLE BRICK
Use of bottle bricks began nine years ago in Nigeria followed by India South and Central America and Philippines Eco-Tec established in 2001 in Central America by ecologist Andreas Froese is working extensively on this concept Another organization that is actively promoting and implementing this concept is Developmental Association for Renewable Energies (DARE) Plastic bottles are cleaned and stuffed with sand (or inorganic trash) These are now ready to be use from which granite is blasted out can be saved too A PET bottle can last as much as 300 years longer than the cement used to bind the bottles together in the walls They are low cost abundant non-brittle able to absorb abrupt shock loads bio climatic re-usable need less construction material and are easy to build Yahaya Ahmed the head of the project for DARE explains that the compacted sand inside a bottle is nearly 20 times stronger than bricks They are even intending to build a three-storey building
Use of plastic bottles for construction reduces the cost to one-third of that of a house built with concrete and brick As construction modules The bottle bricks are also sometimes tucked between supportive
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
chicken wire and coated in layers of concrete to form walls between the framing The bottles are tied to each other with the help of ropes or threads Mud plaster or sand or mortar may be used between the two layers of bottle bricks to provide strength and stability
42 CONSTRUCTIONIf yoursquore building this wall on concretecement wet the base first to help the new material bond If yoursquore not just go ahead amp start Grab a handful of mud and put it somewhere Make a nice thick layer of mud you donrsquot want any can or bottle to
touch anything except the mushy stuff Yoursquoll get a feel pretty quickly for how high you can pile cementmud but eventually yoursquoll have to let it dry for a while and move on to another section
Next step is putting down some bottles Bottles are generally used for their artistic valuemdashthose amazing stained-glass designsmdashbut cans are far more plentiful and easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
Take the bottle and make a small crimp along one side which will keep them from rolling once yoursquove placed them Put them crimp-side-down into the mud Place them solidly enough that they wonrsquot easily blow away Leave 2 ndash 10cm between each can they should never touch each other The bottle will provide a framework around which the mudcement mortar forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
Bottles are always laid with the solid end toward the exterior This protects the interior from the elements no water can get in preventing damage And obviously it looks better this way
43 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE BOTTLE BRICK WALL
amp BRICK MASONARY WALL
SNO Factors Bottle brick
wall Brick masonary wall
1 Time and speed of execution 15 faster slower
2 Material and equipment cost
Saving in cement sand water grinder
and fittings
More weight more material
3 Strength and load capacity
20 times more strength
Greater wall thickness lesser strength
4 Resistance to earthquake
Low and integrated
weight without falling debris
High but more weight debris possible
5 flexibility high low
6 Cleanliness and beauty of work
Very clean execution amp no
construction waste
High volume of construction waste
7 Execution cost Less man power and indigenous
More human resource-rises the cost
8 Transportation cost
Lighter and higher volume easy amp cheap in
displacement
Greater weight less volume harder and costly
displacement
For construction Time and speed of Execution for 5 persons team-one working day for plastic wall is 15 faster and for brick wall 120 m2 Material and equipment cost for plastic bottle wall is less as compared to brick wall Transportation cost for plastic bottle wall construction is less than brick wall
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
CHAPTER-5 PLASTIC BOTTLES TO BUILT GREENHOUSE
51 CONCEPT
Greenhouse buildings are meant to help plants to grow at faster rate as compare to outside such a building by the action of heat from the sun this heat being trapped inside by the glass or plastic In earlier days to built greenhouse structures glass was generally in trend but now these structures are also made by plastics such as polyethylene In addition to that concept the use waste plastic bottles is also turn out as a efficient and reliable idea which leads to easy efficient and economic construction
52 PROCEDURE
The concept of using plastic waste bottle to built greenhouse structure not only sounds innovative but it is easy to build too the steps to construct greenhouse are as follows
Gather heaps of used plastic bottles The 2 liter bottles are ideal and around 1500 are needed for a large sized greenhouse
Wash the bottles and remove the labels This can be done in a bucket of soapy water Remove the bottle tops and cut off the bottoms of the bottles with a sharp pair of scissors Be careful as the scissors and the cut bottles can be sharp Remember this has to be done up to 1500 times so can cause blisters and be time consuming
Fix 4 posts vertically into the ground Treated 4rdquo x 4rdquo posts cemented a couple of feet into the ground works great These are for the corners of the greenhouse Put slabs or mulch around and inside to suppress weeds
Make a frame for each side roof door etc These are best done with treated 2rdquo x 2rdquo timber made into frames with mitered corners screwed together
Stack the bottles one inside another with a garden cane supporting them through the middle At one end reverse a bottle so it faces the opposite way from the rest and fit it inside This will to make a long
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
tube with the ends of the garden cane sticking out of the tops of the bottles at either end
Place the bottles and cans onto the frames to be attached at the top and bottom of the frame
Using fencing staples attach both ends of the cane onto the frame The frame will keep the bottles squashed up Staple as many rows as possible until the frame is filled
Screw completed frames onto uprights The roof can be flat or sloping If making a sloping roof it is best to make two triangular frames for the gables Staple bottles onto these frames as before
Screw the triangular gables to the posts and include a top beam and vertical supports (from the top of the gables to the top of the front and back panels) The sloping sides of the roof can be made out of similar panels as the walls These can then be screwed onto the top beam gable ends and top of the side panels
The door can be made of a smaller frame hinged to a larger frame making up the front wall Make the door smaller than the inside of the frame to allow it to open freely even if it sags
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
CHAPTER-6 BOTTLES TO GET AESTHETIC APPEARANCE
61 CONCEPT
Bottle walls literally walls made out of mud or cement bottles set like bricks are one of Mike Reynoldsrsquo time-tested innovations a building technique that can have amazingly artistic results Bottle walls look and act like normal walls except that they canrsquot bear heavy loads They are much faster to build than general brick masonry walls The other demerit of bottle brick walls is they donrsquot have the benefit of thermal mass These can be used in earth ship construction for room dividers garden walls and other non-load-bearing verticals
62 ARRANGEMENTS OF BOTTLES
The concept here is that cans and bottles have a strong structure which resists crushing They can act like bricks and you are laying them in mortar The cans or bottles will provide a framework around which the mudcement forms Lay them in a staggered grid just like bricks and they create a truly strong wall
Bottles are generally used for their artistic value but cans are far more plentiful and are easy to work with Therefore most walls start with a base of cans which can be left exposed or plastered over to look like a normal wall
To make it extra stable the one should need footings to provide a solid base just as with any other wall Recycled tires filled with an earthclay mix and pounded solid are fine but sand is not Bottles however can be used in multiple ways
Vertical It is possible to use entire bottles as-is lay vertically (or sometimes horizontally into a wall These walls are by necessity no thicker than the width of the bottles used Care must be taken when stacking the bottles to ensure stability and this method may use more mortar than horizontal bottle bricks
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
Horizontal Bottles can also be laid as-is horizontally alternating top to bottom for stability This method may leave the bottle necks exposed in which case care must be taken that the empty bottles do not become nesting sites for insects or the necks may be plastered over in which case the stained-glass effect of allowing light through the colored glass is removed
Bottle bricks can be created by cutting bottles (eg with a wet tile saw) and taping them together with adhesive stainless steel tape used for duct sealing Make sure that all the lsquobricksrsquo are the same width and that itrsquos the width you want your walls to be Although you can technically use any bottle wine bottles are usually much thicker than your typical bottle Beer bottles in particular are very thin and more likely to break
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
CHAPTER-7 CONCLUSION
Plastic bottles are considered as a kind of indecomposable junk which can have substantial dangerous impact on environment On the other hand using the non-renewable resource cannot lead to sustainable development and causes to the resource depletion which can bring a destructive concern for the future generation It has been demonstrated that the plastic bottles can be used in some parts of building construction such as walls roof and etc Reusing the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used It is counted as one of the foundationrsquos green project and has caught the attention of the architecture and construction industry Generally the bottle houses are bioclimatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa
1 Use of innovative materials with sustainable application such as plastic bottles can have considerable benefits including finding the best optimization in energy consumption of the region reducing environmental degradation2 Generally the bottle houses are bio-climatic in design which means that when it is cold outside is warm inside and vice versa3 Re-using the plastic bottles as the building materials can have substantial effects on saving the building embodied energy by using them instead of bricks in walls and reducing the CO2 emission in manufacturing the cement by reducing the percentage of cement used4 Plastic bottles can cause the green construction by saving energy and resources recycling materials minimizing the emission having significant operational savings and increasing work place productivity5 Cost compression between bottles wall is roughly half than conventional brick masonry ie Total cost of 10 m2 Brick masonry wall is Rs 744425 and total cost of 10 m2 Bottle masonry wall is Rs 387925
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
A number of environmental problems have been brought to light Ways to control these problems have been critically analysed and it was deduced that huge amount of Fly Ash is available as a by-product of coal-based thermal power plants Its safe disposal is a great problem At present Fly Ash is dumped in ponds Use of Fly Ash in civil engineering construction and others have been taken up Some new materials viz fibre glass reinforced plastics and glass reinforced gypsum have also been discussedFly Ash has become an important material for various industrial and construction applications It is widely used in manufacturing of bricks cement asbestos-cement products and roadembankments The studies are carried out for improvement in yield of agricultural crops wastelands etc It can also be used in reinforced concrete construction since the alkaline nature will not corrode steel This not only solves its disposal problems but also helps in conserving the precious top soil required for growing food crops On the basis of the studies carried out on Fly Ash utilization it issighted that use of Fly Ash in building construction poses great gains If we make proper arrangement of safe disposal and optimum use in civil engineering construction agriculture etc Utilization of Fly Ash also creates significant benefits in terms of energy saving as well as environment
Due to rapid pace of urbanization there is an increasing demand of transport specially in railways and airport sectors In these sectors passengers are handled at Railway stations and Airports There are several environmental challenges one of these is waste management specifically plastic waste management at these sectors Environment issues regarding plastic waste arise predominately due to the throwaway culture and lack of waste management system Inadequate resources in-appropriate technologies managementapathy and low efficiency of system are unable to give fruitful results Undoubtedly it is the habit of people and lack of infrastructure for management of solid waste Problems have been identified in the collection transportation and disposal system along with the quantified plastic waste at railway stations and airport The existing policies have not been able to provide any respite solution for associated problems
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-
REFRENCE
1) Replay goud International Journal of Core Engineering amp Manage-ment (IJCEM) Volume 1 Issue 7 October 2014
2) Mojtaba Valinejad Shoubi Masoud Valinejad Shoubi Azin Shakiba Barough ldquoInvestigating the Application of Plastic Bottle as a Sustainable Material in the Building Constructionrdquo ISSN 2278 ndash 7798 International Journal of Science Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR) Volume 2 Issue 1 January 2013
3) Aditya Raut Mohammad Salman Patel Nilesh B Jadhwar Uzair khan Prof Sagar W Dhengare ldquoInvestigating the Application of Waste Plastic Bottle as a Construction Materialrdquo A Review Journal of The International Association of Advanced Technology and Science (Email Address sdhengaregmailcom)
4) Samarpan foundation lsquoHouse construction with plastic bottles New Delhirsquo Available form wwwsamarpanfoundationorg
5) Rajput R K (2007) ldquoEngineering materials including construction materialsrdquo 3rd Ed S Chand amp company New York
6) K Jayaprakash (2008) ldquoTreasure from the trashrdquo in Indian Express 15th December 2008
7) How-To Make a Bottle Brick wwwearthbenchorg
8) Low Cost Housing retrieved from httpwwwengineeringcivilcomlow-cost-housinghtmlcomment page-5 on 24092015
9) BMTPC ldquoFerrocement channel roofrdquo retrieved from httpwwwbasinsanettraining_menualFerrocemnt20Channel20Roofpdf on 30092015
10)Electricity Sector in India-Wikipedia the free encyclopedia enwikipediaorgwikiElectricity_sector_in_India
- 12 MOTIVATION
-