lecture one overview of extension education by hudu zakaria

LECTURE ONE (1)OVERVIEW OF EXTENSION EDUCATION

THURSDAY 30/01/2014

2:00PM to 4:00PM At the Auditorium

ARG 102: Introduction to Agricultural extension

LecturerHudu ZakariaDepartment of Agric. Ext., Rural Development and Gender StudiesFaculty of Agribusiness and Communication Science UDS, Nyankpala Campus Post Office TL 1882, TamalePhone No: 0242980581 Email: [email protected] or [email protected] Office Location: FACS Administration Block

Wednesday, October 12, 2022

Course Synopsis ARG 102 Introduction to Agriculture ExtensionSr. No. Core Areas %

1. Overview of Extension Education 25 %

2. Communication 15 %

3. Extension Methods and Innovation Adoption 15 %

4. Diagnosing Rural Community Development Issues 20 %

5. Groups and Leadership in Extension 10 %

6. Extension Programme Development 15 %

Total 100%Wednesday, October 12, 2022

Course References Leeuwis, C. and van den Ban, A. Communication for

Rural Innovation: Rethinking Agricultural Extension (3rd Edition), Blackwell Publishing

Swanson, B. E. (1984) ‘Agricultural Extension: A Reference Manual’ FOA, Rome

Ashby, J. A. (1981) New models for agricultural research and extension: The need to

integrate women. In B. C. Lewis (Ed)

Saville, A. H. (1965) Extension in Rural Communities: A Manual for Agricultural and Home Extension technician Workers. Oxford University Press.


Assessment and Examination 1. Continue Assessment (CA)2. End of trimester examination Continue Assignment

CA component accounts for 30% of the total score. Two unannounced class quizzes (10%) One Group Practical Work (20%)

Final Examination

End of Trimester Exams accounts for 70% of the overall Assessment and grading


The Concept And Overview Of Extension

OUTLINE IntroductionThe concept and Meaning of Extension The Philosophy, Principles and tasks of Extension

Historical Perspective of Extension Extension policies and Programmes in Ghana Extension and Social Change Gender mainstreaming in Extension Let Us Sum Up


Concept and Meaning of Extension Bridging Knowledge gap to improve rural livelihood


Concept and Meaning of Extension cont. Application of knowledge generated from research and field experience to influence KAPS


Concept and Meaning of Extension cont. Extension is applied in many discipline and as such its definition varies from one professional to the other

Collections of some definitions:

Extension is defined as applied science: Extension Education is an applied science consisting of content derived from research, accumulated field experiences, and relevant principles drawn from the behavioural science synthesized with useful technology into a body of philosophy, principles, content, and methods focused on the problems of out of school education for adults and youth - J.P Leagans (1961)


Concept and Meaning of Extension cont. Extension is also defined as Educational process: Extension Education is the process of teaching rural people how to live better by learning ways that improve their farm, home and community institutions - J.P Leagans (1961).

Extension is again defined as adult education process:Extension work is an out of school system of education in which adult and young people learn by doing with partnership between the Government and the people, which provides service and education designed to meet the people with an fundamental objective of development of the people - Kelsey and Hurtle ( I 963).


Concept and Meaning of Extension cont. Extension is also defined as Information Communication process:

Extension involves the conscious use of communication of information to help people form sound opinions and make good decisions - Van den Ban and Hawkins

Extension is defined as facilitator of change process

Extension is a process of providing useful and relevant information to influence change in KAPS of rural people to enable them actively participate in their development process

Extension is simply helping people to help themselves Wednesday, October 12,

2022

common features In the definitions

Extension is out of school educational processExtension employ the tools and techniques of information communication

Extension desire to increase the knowledge base, influencing attitude and improve skills of rural people

Extension is aim at influencing behaviour change and formation of opinions

Rural people are the most targeted clients of extension and advisory service

The ultimate aim of extension is to empower rural people to get actively involved in their own development process Wednesday, October 12, 2022

Basic Philosophy And Principles Of ExtensionPhilosophy refers to a coherent set of beliefs that is acquired or developed, based on experience and reflection on the world and serves as a guide to action

Also a philosophy is a body of principles governing human activities within an organization or group

It reflects the organization’s basic beliefs, values, and aspirations

An extension worker’s philosophy consists of the ideas he holds as important and which influence his attitude towards rural people


Philosophy And Principles Of Extension Cont. Extension is based on the philosophy that:

rural people are intelligent, capable and desirous of acquiring new information and

making use of it for their family and community improvement.

Extension philosophy is based on the premise that if rural people fully understand their relationship to the natural resources and other factors they deal with, it is possible for them to attain personal satisfaction in their way of life.


Philosophy And Principles Of Extension Cont. Extension work is based on the idea that each individual is unique and important.

People differ as to values and goals they hold.

Extension education fosters action to realize values and attain goals which will aid them in establishing new ones.

Extension education supports activities to introduce change.


Basic Principles of ExtensionIn every profession or discipline have its own guiding principles

Extension should start where the people areExtension should be based on the needs and interests of the people

Extension should assist farmers to determine their own problems, help them to find desirable solutions and to encourage them to take action


Basic Principles of Extension It is an established fact that human beings have unsatisfied wants, this assertion is also applicable to the farmers. An extension worker cannot go far with people unless they want to help themselves,

The principle of co-operative work must be pursued to logical conclusion. This is so because the best programmes are those determined by the local people and extension staff working together

Extension workers should work with all members of the family. The family should be regarded as a working unit in the home and in the fieldWednesday, October 12,

2022

Basic Principles of Extensionprinciple of the use of variety of teaching methods is another basic principle

Principles grassroots participation: in African rural communities, participation in extension programme is voluntary and therefore programmes must meet the varying needs of individuals

Principles of all inclusiveness: Extension workers should provide maximum opportunity for the people to work on programmes that have been determined by them and the extension agent working together.Wednesday, October 12,

2022

Extension Tasks and Functions For theoretical and general task usually assign to extension agents are illustrated in many extension literatures using the scenario general referred to as ‘extension elephant’


Extension Tasks and FunctionsThe elephant illustrates the tasks and functions of extension. Extension should competently fulfill those functions integrated in the elephant’s body


Extension Tasks and FunctionsThe burdens on the elephant’s back are functions extension can take on if necessary

Political tasks such as helping out with elections and monitoring legal compliance with specific regulations should not be extension tasks.

The log being pull by the elephant show duties that control or inhibit extension work


Analysis of Extension FunctionsEssential Extension FunctionsAnimate/Motivate Encourage individual initiative; develop new organizational forms cooperatively with clients.

Educate adults Create new structures for adult education in the field of awareness building and technical training

Disseminate information Gather relevant information from diverse sources, assimilate and disseminate it.

Assist in solving problems Help promote awareness of existing problems, analyze them and find solutions.


Analysis of Extension FunctionsEssential Extension FunctionsFormulate extension content and methods Formulate appropriate and relevant extension themes based on research results and ideas. Develop “user-friendly” methods to apply them in practice.

Extension planning: Establish extension goals with clients. Prepare work plans and materials.

Extension evaluation: Supervise extension work continually (monitoring, accompanying extension agents) and assess periodically (evaluation).


Analysis of Extension FunctionsComplementary Extension FunctionsSupply production inputs: Inputs needed in connection with extension messages must be available.

Storage and marketing support: Increased production only makes sense when farmers have the chance to sell or store the incremental amount without loss. Support in this area could be appropriate if linked with self-help initiatives


Analysis of Extension FunctionsComplementary Extension FunctionsMaintain agricultural experiments: Field-oriented research programs require geographically well distributed on-farm experiments. Research stations are often not capable of supervising experiments. Extension services can intervene in this case and supervise experiments in their area.

Expand infrastructure: Where essential physical infrastructure is not available (rooms for training, equipment, etc.) and where participants cannot be motivated to provide some of the necessary infrastructure themselves, extension must step in.Wednesday, October 12, 2022

Analysis of Extension FunctionsExtension-Inhibiting FunctionsControlling functions: Because public extension services often have a much more extensive network of employees at their disposal than other government agencies, extensionists are often entrusted with controlling tasks such as overseeing coffee planting and compliance with dairy hygiene regulations.

Extending and collecting loans: Providing forms to apply for credit is part of problem solving. However, extending credit and, in particular, collecting payments should be done by non-extension institutions.

Statistical data: Gathering such information is time consuming and competes with other extension functions.


Extension is concerned with three basic tasks:1. The dissemination of useful and practical information relating to agriculture and home economics;

2. Practical application of such knowledge to help farmers/farm families and rural people analyse their problems. These are carried out in an informal atmosphere, with adults as main clientele and

3. Assisting farmers/farm families and rural people in using the technical knowledge gained to better solve their own problems.

Thus, helping people to use the information in order to help themselves.


Type of ExtensionExtension as an innovation communication process is applied in various fields and disciplines to deal with different aspects of rural development in many countries.


Type of ExtensionSome of the areas of discipline in which extension is widely applied are:Agricultural Extension Forest or Natural Resource Extension Health Extension Nutrition and Home Management Extension

Thanks

To be Continue


Agricultural Extension


In agriculture, knowledge and decision-making capacity determine how production factors - soil, water and capital - are utilized

Agricultural extension provides the link for this knowledge usually obtained from research and field extension

Agricultural Extension cont. Agric. Extension immediate objective is achieving desire change in KAPSKnowledge AttitudesPractice Skills By definition, agricultural Extension is a primary

process through which farmers can learn the

reason for change, the value of change and the

results that can be achieved through change (Adhikarya, 2007).Wednesday, October 12,

2022

Agricultural Extension cont. Agricultural extension service provision in Ghana is largely public with few private and NGOs operators organizations providing extension service.

Ministry of food and agricultural is charged with agricultural development in Ghana


Agricultural Extension cont.


Agricultural Extension cont.

Directorate of Agricultural Extension Services (DAES) mandated to undertake extension and advisory services to all categories of farmers.

The DAES is responsible for the overseeing of agricultural technology diffusion

The vision of the directorate is ‘to establish an efficient and demand-driven extension service in a decentralised system through partnership between the government and the private sector for provision of quality service to father as their clients’


Agricultural Extension cont. District Agricultural Development Unit (DADU)

The actual implementers of extension policies and programmes are the District Agricultural Development Units (DADU)

in all the Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies (MMDAs) whose programmes are coordinated by the Regional Agricultural Development Units (RADU) under the Ministry of Food and Agriculture


Agricultural Extension cont. District Agricultural Development Unit (DADU)


Health or Nutrition Extension


Health Extension is an emerging trend in the paradigm shift of public health delivery system with the desire to bringing healthcare services to the door steps of rural people There is no single definition of Health Extension or Primary Care Extension that suits all circumstances.

Health or Nutrition Extension Cont.




Core Functions of Health Extension TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

A core role of health extension is that of a technical assistance provider. Technical assistance may consist of content-area expertise (such as the health needs of specific populations, primary care systems, population health, community health improvement, etc) or

skills-area expertise (background research, grant writing, needs assessment, program planning, evaluation, etc).

Extension programs can build their team of health extension agents with a diverse range of expertise areas, content area knowledge, and skills-based competencies.



Core Functions of Health Extension TRAINING AND EDUCATION

Health extension is, at heart, an education program, bringing the best science developed at the academic health center to the frontline.

It also identifies best practices and shares them with other provider groups and communities.

The recipients of that education are providers, staff, patients, hospitals, and community stakeholders, for each has an important role to play in health. extension.



Core Functions of Health Extension FACILITATING AND COACHING

Health extension agents provide support and develop capacity of a practice, and their links to community resources.

Agents are from the community and can more easily form a sustained relationship with the practice



Core Functions of Health Extension ADDRESSSING PRIORITY HEALTH NEEDS

A key function of health extension is to help address priority health needs in communities, and link those needs to resources.

Health extension works with local communities to identify health priorities for their diverse populations

facilitates linkage with organizations to collaborate and share resources.

They assist in cultural competency issues, provide training and presentations around the health needs of the populations they serve.



Core Functions of Health Extension Linking to Shared Resources

Health extension should facilitate link with health providers .

A Primary Care Extension Program can bring “shared resources” to small, independent practices– services and programs that no individual practice could afford on its own

Health extension agents link small, private practices to government and big health facilities



Core Functions of Health Extension ADVOCACY AND POLICY FORMULATION

Health Extension has evolved to address the needs of community health as well as the need of patient within primary care practices.

The model has grown as an important vehicle for improving the quality of primary care practices while addressing the health of communities served by those practices.

Health extension can train providers and staff on social determinants of health

Initiate and prosecute health campaigns

Health or Nutrition Extension Cont. Origin and Models of Health Extension History of Health Extension (Reading Assignment)

Models Approaches of undertaking health extension services

Wide-scale implementation of new models of care, such as the Chronic Care Model, reveals lessons about the diffusion of innovation.

Risk-acceptant, financially sound practices with close contact to scientific resources and interaction with other innovators are likely to be the first and most successful adopters


Health or Nutrition Extension Cont. Models


Health or Nutrition Extension Cont. Primary Health care Model


lecture one overview of extension education by hudu zakaria

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