CS 224S Speech Recognition and Synthesis

CS 224S / LINGUIST 285Spoken Language ProcessingDan JurafskyStanford UniversitySpring 2014

Lecture 2: Acoustic Phonetics and Intonation

1Today: Acoustic PhoneticsNo math todayPRAAT and sound wavesSegmental Phenomena: SpectraSpectrogramsFormantsReading spectrogramsThe Source Filter Theory: why formantsSuprasegmental Phenomena: IntonationF0, pitch, intensityAccents + ProminenceBoundariesTunes

2Homework 1http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs224s/hw1.htmlYoull need to download PRAAT; details are in the homework.3Sound waves are longitudinal waves

Dan Rusell Figure4

particle dispacmentpressureDan Rusell FigureRemember High School PhysicsSimple Period Waves (sine waves)

Characterized by: period: T amplitude A phase Fundamental frequencyin cycles per second, or Hz F0=1/T1 cycle6Simple periodic wavesComputing the frequency of a wave:5 cycles in .5 seconds = 10 cycles/second = 10 HzAmplitude:1Equation:Y = A sin(2ft)

The frequency of a wave:5 cycles in .5 seconds = 10 cycles/second = 10 HzAmplitude: 1

7Speech sound wavesA little piece from the waveform of the vowel [iy]X axis: time. Y axis: Amplitude = air pressure at that time +: compression0: normal air pressure, -: rarefaction

8Back to waves:Fundamental frequencyWaveform of the vowel [iy]

Frequency: 10 repetitions / .03875 seconds = 258 HzThis is speed that vocal folds move, hence voicingEach peak corresponds to an opening of the vocal foldsThe low frequency of the complex wave is called the fundamental frequency of the wave or F0

9She just had a babyNote that vowels all have regular amplitude peaksStop consonantClosure followed by releaseNotice the silence followed by slight bursts of emphasis: very clear for [b] of babyFricative: noisy. [sh] of she at beginning

10Fricative

11Back to freshman physics:Waves have different frequencies

100 Hz1000 Hz12Complex waves: Adding a 100 Hz and 1000 Hz wave together

13Spectrum1001000Frequency in HzAmplitudeFrequency components (100 and 1000 Hz) on x-axis14Spectra continuedFourier analysis: any wave can be represented as the (infinite) sum of sine waves of different frequencies (amplitude, phase)15Spectrum of one instant in an actual soundwave: many components across frequency range

16Part of [ae] waveform from hadNote complex wave repeating nine times in figurePlus smaller waves which repeats 4 times for every large patternLarge wave has frequency of 250 Hz (9 times in .036 seconds)Small wave roughly 4 times this, or roughly 1000 HzTwo little tiny waves on top of peak of 1000 Hz waves

17Back to spectrumSpectrum represents these freq componentsComputed by Fourier transform

x-axis shows frequency, y-axis shows magnitude (in decibels) Peaks at 930 Hz, 1860 Hz, and 3020 Hz.

18Seeing formants: the spectrogram1/5/07

19FormantsVowels largely distinguished by 2 characteristic pitches.One of them (the higher of the two) goes downward throughout the series iy ih eh ae aa ao ou u The other goes up for the first four vowels and then down for the next four. These are called "formants" of the vowels, lower is 1st formant, higher is 2nd formant.20Spectrogram: spectrum + time dimension

21How to read spectrogramsbab: closure of lips lowers all formants: so rapid increase in all formants at beginning of "babdad: first formant increases, but F2 and F3 slight fallgag: F2 and F3 come together: this is a characteristic of velars. Formant transitions take longer in velars than in alveolars or labials

From Ladefoged A Course in Phonetics22She came back and started again1. lots of high-freq energy3. closure for k4. burst of aspiration for k5. ey vowel;faint 1100 Hz formant is nasalization6. bilabial nasal7. short b closure, voicing barely visible. 8. ae; note upward transitions after bilabial stop at beginning9. note F2 and F3 coming together for "k

From Ladefoged A Course in Phonetics23Formants and the Source Filter ModelDifferent vowels have different formantsEvery time the vocal cords open and close, pulse of air from the lungs is sharp tap on air in vocal tract.Setting air in vocal cavity vibrating, producing different harmonics

25Vocal Fold Cycles

The vocal source at 150 Hza

The harmonicsa

Source filter model of vowelsAny body of air will vibrate in a way that depends on its size and shape. Vocal tract as "amplifier"; amplifies certain harmonicsFormants are result of different shapes of vocal tract.

29The oral cavity amplifies some harmonicsa

Source-filter model of speech production

InputFilterOutputGlottal spectrumVocal tract frequencyresponse functionFigures and text from Ratree Wayland slide from his websiteSource and filter are independent, so:Different vowels can have same pitchThe same vowel can have different pitch31

32

FromMarkLibermansWeb site33Deriving schwa: how shape of mouth (filter function) creates formants of [ax]f = c/c = speed of sound (approx 35,000 cm/sec)A sound with =10 meters has low frequency f = 35 Hz (35,000/1000)A sound with =2 centimeters has high frequency f = 17,500 Hz (35,000/2)34Resonances of the vocal tractThe human vocal tract as an open tube

Air in a tube of a given length will tend to vibrate at resonance frequency of tube. Closed endOpen endLength 17.5 cm.Figure from Ladefoged(1996) p 117

35

Resonances of the vocal tractThe human vocal tract as an open tube

Air in a tube of a given length will tend to vibrate at resonance frequency of tube. Closed endOpen endLength 17.5 cm.Figure from W. Barry Speech Science slides36Resonances of the vocal tractIf vocal tract is cylindrical tube open at one endStanding waves form in tubesWaves will resonate if their wavelength corresponds to dimensions of tubeConstraint: Pressure differential should be maximal at (closed) glottal end and minimal at (open) lip end.Next slide shows what kind of length of waves can fit into a tube with this contraint

371/5/07

From Sundberg38Computing the 3 formants of schwaLet the length of the tube be LF1 = c/1 = c/(4L) = 35,000/4*17.5 = 500HzF2 = c/2 = c/(4/3L) = 3c/4L = 3*35,000/4*17.5 = 1500Hz F3 = c/3 = c/(4/5L) = 5c/4L = 5*35,000/4*17.5 = 2500HzSo we expect a neutral vowel to have 3 resonances at 500, 1500, and 2500 HzThese vowel resonances are called formants

39This can help solve a mystery of musical life:Why are opera singers (especially sopranos) so hard to understand? Figures from Ratree Wayland slides from his websiteVowel [i] sung at successively higher pitch.

123456741Defining IntonationLadd (1996) Intonational phonologyThe use of suprasegmental phonetic featuresSuprasegmental = above & beyond the segment/phoneF0Intensity (energy)Durationto convey sentence-level pragmatic meaningsI.e. meanings that apply to phrases or utterances as a whole, not lexical stress, not lexical tone.42Pitch track

43Pitch is not FrequencyPitch is the mental sensation or perceptual correlated of F0Relationship between pitch and F0 is not linear;human pitch perception is most accurate between 100Hz and 1000Hz. Linear in this rangeLogarithmic above 1000HzMel scale is one model of this F0-pitch mappingA mel is a unit of pitch defined so that pairs of sounds which are perceptually equidistant in pitch are separated by an equal number of melsFrequency in mels = 1127 ln (1 + f/700) 44Plot of Intensity

45Three aspects of prosodyProminence: some syllables/words are more prominent than othersStructure/boundaries: sentences have prosodic structureSome words group naturally togetherOthers have a noticeable break or disjuncture between themTune: the intonational melody of an utterance.From Ladd (1996)46Prosodic Prominence: Pitch AccentsA: What types of foods are a good source of vitamins?B1: Legumes are a good source of VITAMINS.B2: LEGUMES are a good source of vitamins.

Prominent syllables are:LouderLongerHave higher F0 and/or sharper changes in F0 (higher F0 velocity)

Slide from Jennifer Venditti47Prosodic Boundaries I met Mary and Elenas mother at the mall yesterday. I met Mary and Elenas mother at the mall yesterday.

French [bread and cheese][French bread] and [cheese]Slide from Jennifer Venditti48Prosodic TunesLegumes are a good source of vitamins.Are legumes a good source of vitamins?

Slide from Jennifer Venditti49Thinking about F050Graphic representation of F0legumes are a good source of VITAMINS

timeF0 (in Hertz)

Slide from Jennifer Venditti51The rippleslegumes are a good source of VITAMINS[ t ][ s ][ s ]

F0 is not defined for consonants without vocalfold vibration.Slide from Jennifer Venditti52The rippleslegumes are a good source of VITAMINS[ v ][ g ][ g ][ z ]

... and F0 can be perturbed by consonants withan extreme constriction in the vocal tract.Slide from Jennifer Venditti53Abstraction of the F0 contourlegumes are a good source of VITAMINS

Our perception of the intonation contour abstracts away from these perturbations.Slide from Jennifer Venditti54The waves and the swells legumes are a good source of VITAMINS

wave = accentswell = phraseSlide from Jennifer Venditti55Prominence: Placement of Pitch Accents 56Stress vs. accentStress is a structural property of a wordit marks a potential (arbitrary) location for an accent to occur, if there is one.Accent is a property of a word in context it is a way to mark intonational prominence in order to highlight important words in the discourse.(x)(x)(accented syll)xxstressed syllxxxfull vowelsxxxxxxxsyllablesvitaminsCaliforniaSlide from Jennifer Venditti57Stress vs. accent (2)The speaker decides to make the word vitamin more prominent by accenting it.Lexical stress tell us that this prominence will appear on the first syllable, hence VItamin.

So prosodic prominence is a function oflexiconcontext

Im a little surPRISED to hear it CHARacterized as upBEAT58Which word receives an accent?It depends on the context. The new information in the answer to a question is often accentedwhile the old information is usually not.

Q1: What types of foods are a good source of vitamins?A1: LEGUMES are a good source of vitamins.

Q2: Are legumes a source of vitamins?A2: Legumes are a GOOD source of vitamins.

Q3: Ive heard that legumes are healthy, but what are they a good source of ?A3: Legumes are a good source of VITAMINS.

Slide from Jennifer Venditti59Same tune, different alignment

LEGUMES are a good source of vitamins

The main rise-fall accent (= I assert this) shifts locations.Slide from Jennifer Venditti60Same tune, different alignment

Legumes are a GOOD source of vitamins

The main rise-fall accent (= I assert this) shifts locations.Slide from Jennifer Venditti61Same tune, different alignmentlegumes are a good source of VITAMINS

The main rise-fall accent (= I assert this) shifts locations.Slide from Jennifer Venditti62Levels of prominenceMost phrases have more than one accentThe last accent in a phrase is perceived as more prominentCalled the Nuclear AccentEmphatic accents like nuclear accent often used for semantic purposes, such as indicating that a word is contrastive, or the semantic focus.The kind of thing you uses ***s in IM, or capitalized lettersI know SOMETHING interesting is sure to happen, she said to herself.Can also have words that are less prominent than usualReduced words, especially function words.Often use 4 classes of prominence:Emphatic accent, pitch accent, unaccented, reduced

63Intonational phrasing/boundaries64A single intonation phrase

legumes are a good source of vitaminsBroad focus statement consisting of one intonation phrase(that is, one intonation tune spans the whole unit).

Slide from Jennifer Venditti65Multiple phrases

legumes are a good source of vitaminsUtterances can be chunked up into smaller phrases in order to signal the importance of information in each unit.

Slide from Jennifer Venditti66Phrasing sometimes helps disambiguateGlobal ambiguity:

The old men and women stayed home.

Sally saw the man with the binoculars.

John doesnt drink because hes unhappy.

Slide from Jennifer Venditti67Phrasing can disambiguateGlobal ambiguity:

The old men and women stayed home.The old men % and women % stayed home.

Sally saw % the man with the binoculars.Sally saw the man % with the binoculars.

John doesnt drink because hes unhappy.John doesnt drink % because hes unhappy.

Slide from Jennifer Venditti68Phrasing sometimes helps disambiguateTemporary ambiguity:

When Madonna sings the song ... Slide from Jennifer Venditti69Phrasing sometimes helps disambiguateTemporary ambiguity:

When Madonna sings the song is a hit. Slide from Jennifer Venditti70Phrasing sometimes helps disambiguateTemporary ambiguity:

When Madonna sings % the song is a hit.

When Madonna sings the song % its a hit.

[from Speer & Kjelgaard (1992)]

Slide from Jennifer Venditti71Phrasing sometimes helps disambiguate

I met Mary and Elenas mother at the mall yesterdayMary & Elenas mothermall

One intonation phrase with relatively flat overall pitch range.Slide from Jennifer Venditti72Phrasing sometimes helps disambiguate

I met Mary and Elenas mother at the mall yesterdayMarymallElenas mother

Separate phrases, with expanded pitch movements.Slide from Jennifer Venditti73Intonational tunes74Yes-No question tuneare LEGUMES a good source of vitaminsRise from the main accent to the end of the sentence.

Slide from Jennifer Venditti75Yes-No question tuneare legumes a GOOD source of vitaminsRise from the main accent to the end of the sentence.

Slide from Jennifer Venditti76Yes-No question tuneare legumes a good source of VITAMINSRise from the main accent to the end of the sentence.

Slide from Jennifer Venditti77WH-questions

WHAT are a good source of vitaminsWH-questions typically have falling contours, like statements.

[I know that many natural foods are healthy, but ...]Slide from Jennifer Venditti78Broad focuslegumes are a good source of vitaminsTell me something about the world.

Slide from Jennifer VendittiIn the absence of narrow focus, English tends to mark the firstand last content words with perceptually prominent accents.79Rising statements

legumes are a good source of vitamins

High-rising statements can signal that the speaker is seeking approval.Tell me something I didnt already know.[... does this statement qualify?]Slide from Jennifer Venditti80Yes-No question

are legumes a good source of VITAMINS

Rise from the main accent to the end of the sentence.Slide from Jennifer Venditti81Surprise-redundancy tunelegumes are a good source of vitaminsLow beginning followed by a gradual rise to a high at the end.[How many times do I have to tell you ...]

Slide from Jennifer Venditti82Contradiction tune

linguini isnt a good source of vitaminsSharp fall at the beginning, flat and low, then rising at the end.Ive heard that linguini is a good source of vitamins.[... how could you think that?]

Slide from Jennifer Venditti83Using Intonation in Spoken Language ProcessingProminence/Accent: Tells us about focus of utteranceTune: whether utterance is question/statement, important for affect extractionBoundaries: can help parsing

84Today: Acoustic PhoneticsNo math todayPRAAT and sound wavesSegmental Phenomena: SpectraSpectrogramsFormantsReading spectrogramsThe Source Filter Theory: why formantsSuprasegmental Phenomena: IntonationF0, pitch, intensityAccents + ProminenceBoundariesTunes

85Chart3255.41261.085251.602250.918251.705253.755264.716260.499262.943265.949267.947270.171291.493266.858245.4249.064258.66276.685293.812305.149297.484302.97301.084297.636291.773282.06285.817285.043284.114282.354278.574271.525272.8268.035266.859273.529284.935297.38304.69306.668303.817300.892296.756294.09292.964290.602287.311285.445290.616289.097277.74245.003246.809238.584232.01287.827290.603290.915290.743290.755289.528275.507240.09233.247220.134320.092305.275298.206293.711288.346282.736278.911278.2275.139277.143271.114251.398297.086290.938284.971275.663262.328247.931241.861237.693231.956228.87227.261227.831229.324241.755262.455273.89275.666281.409286.739291.453296.651300.428304.912313.987325.419332.518334.081336.665340.033357.195303.74318.1334.579344.528341.074333.872319.238292.744260.827249.815237.449226.623215.101205.218196.569190.473187.411197.718178.302174.301165.562129.807129.87596.831898.836386.741576.700568.5507

plotF00.5543190.391640.3064850.3767210.2005630.7288130.596143255.410.906279261.0850.960008251.6020.987756250.9180.997274251.7050.998068253.7550.999085264.7160.925374260.4990.993778262.9430.998183265.9490.997638267.9470.9847270.1710.935176291.4930.969567266.8580.947052245.40.992124249.0640.997975258.660.9377276.6850.961036293.8120.904206305.1490.993789297.4840.98543302.970.993726301.0840.994485297.6360.995895291.7730.992789282.060.978445285.8170.999891285.0430.999847284.1140.999197282.3540.999179278.5740.998367271.5250.996687272.80.989086268.0350.996429266.8590.99735273.5290.995008284.9350.995305297.380.995266304.690.993139306.6680.996686303.8170.993289300.8920.997757296.7560.996131294.090.994828292.9640.994995290.6020.998619287.3110.996406285.4450.996301290.6160.984984289.0970.980074277.740.974877245.0030.9363246.8090.997563238.5840.994956232.010.9877180.389883287.8270.919862290.6030.989469290.9150.998512290.7430.998567290.7550.999276289.5280.992922275.5070.965985240.090.964914233.2470.979492220.1340.9804130.368630.803390.5580550.3129580.3980310.2687540.4873440.283875320.0920.857469305.2750.941476298.2060.98817293.7110.988792288.3460.98749282.7360.992052278.9110.993129278.20.991998275.1390.995943277.1430.984275271.1140.972651251.3980.9312420.7857920.4321090.365770.3737110.4098620.3380680.4157210.756303297.0860.968552290.9380.993428284.9710.994355275.6630.993432262.3280.992739247.9310.991024241.8610.994759237.6930.991175231.9560.997547228.870.997772227.2610.995691227.8310.999039229.3240.997135241.7550.988532262.4550.956868273.890.939576275.6660.990228281.4090.995455286.7390.994009291.4530.994625296.6510.99488300.4280.993232304.9120.98157313.9870.984356325.4190.980719332.5180.988582334.0810.995613336.6650.984929340.0330.992052357.1950.9809550.728327303.740.951945318.10.910979334.5790.968912344.5280.995296341.0740.989014333.8720.995266319.2380.990682292.7440.950623260.8270.988605249.8150.997296237.4490.996982226.6230.99639215.1010.993863205.2180.995855196.5690.997705190.4730.996638187.4110.996457197.7180.867148178.3020.977576174.3010.954587165.5620.9758320.774769129.8070.898727129.8750.81486996.83180.69181698.83630.80057586.74150.80225276.70050.99356868.55070.92674498.36440.904978111.9030.9966820.787299175.20.918383155.4930.921049189.0810.897285180.430.975155211.0830.989764198.2660.97937186.0550.9138050.794720.4337690.7099370.336298

plotF0

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plotF0

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plotF0

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plotF0

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