chapter 13 working with sources. copyright © houghton mifflin company. all rights reserved.13 | 2...

Chapter 13

Working with Sources

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 13 | 2

Chapter overview

• Looks at how researchers use sources

• Examines how to integrate sources by paraphrasing, summarizing, and quoting

• Covers MLA and APA documentation styles and in-text citations

• Looks at how to format entries for Works Cited (MLA) and References (APA)


Five ways writers use sources

• To support a position, analysis, or interpretation

• To assess the uses of limits of an analysis or interpretation


Five ways, continued

• To apply a concept to a new case or situation

• To change the terms of a debate

• To uncover an enabling assumption and its consequences


What is plagiarism?

• Presenting someone else’s ideas or words as your own.

• Some people do it on purpose, while others do it out of ignorance.

• Occurs through cheating, copying, and copying patterns


Avoid plagiarism: cite sources!

• No matter how you use a source (book, magazine article, Web site, interview), you need to let your reader know that it isn’t your idea.

• Identify the author, if known. There are two ways this is done: in-text and at the end of the paper.


Three ways to integrate sources

• Paraphrasing

• Summarizing

• Quoting


Summarizing

• To summarize something is to select key ideas and then present a brief, condensed version of the original source, see page 444.


Paraphrasing

• Paraphrasing means to restate in your own words, not omitting any ideas of the original text.

• The purpose is to simplify and clarify.

• A paraphrase is often as long, if not longer, than the original text.

• See pages 444-445.


Quoting

• To use a direct quote is to duplicate “the exact words as they appear in the original” (445).

• Note that the text also says to use them sparingly, and it’s better to use a shorter quote than a longer one.


Two kinds of quotes

Short quotes (words or phrases) can be inserted into your own sentence.

• You should still indicate the quoted portion with quotation marks.

Long quotes are more than four lines.

• Skip the quotation marks and indent 10 spaces from the left.


Fitting quotes to your sentences

• To shorten a quote, use ellipses to get rid of material not needed for your purposes, see pages 446-447.

• Use brackets to make small changes to supply a word or clarify the meaning, as shown on page 447.

• See more examples, pages 446-448.


Cite the author

• Whether you summarize, quote or paraphrase a source, you need to identify, or cite, the author by name.

You can signal this several ways:

• Brown points out…

• Brown states:

• According to Brown,


Using quotes effectively

• See pages 448-451 for four questions to use during work revisions as guidelines when considering using quotations.


Two documentation styles

• MLA

• Modern Language Association

• Used for English, literature, and humanities papers

• (Post 125)

• APA

• American Psychological Association

• Used for psychology & sociology papers

• Also calledauthor/year style.

• (Post, 2002, p. 125)


MLA

• MLA—Modern Language Association

• Internal citation has the author’s name and page number (Post 43).

• For the Works Cited entry, include this information: author’s name, title, page, publication source, and year.

• The chapter has examples of how to document different kinds of sources.


APA

• American Psychological Association

• Includes all of the same information, but puts the year after the author’s name in parentheses. Post (2002)

• Refer to the chapter for numerous specific examples of how to document different kinds of sources.


Sample in-text citations

• Parenthetical citations are also called in-text citations, using parentheses.

• See pages 451-455 for examples of MLA- and APA-style in-text citations side by side.


In-text citations in MLA

• This means that when you use a source, you should identify it within the text.

• Here is an example of an in-text citation.

• According to Dr. Smith, half of all students procrastinate writing papers (34).

• Smith is the author, and the statement about students’ procrastination is on page 34.


MLA in-text citations, cont.

• The citation is the material in parentheses; as noted, this is where the information can be found. The author is already known.

• If the author is not mentioned, you should include him or her in the parentheses.

• Half of all students procrastinate (Smith 34).


APA citations

• Here is that same citation in APA style.

• According to Dr. Smith (2002), half of all students procrastinate writing papers (p. 34).

• If the author isn’t named, here’s the entry:

• Half of all students procrastinate writing papers (Smith, 2002, p. 34).


List of sources at the end

• MLA—Works Cited

• APA—References

• Both systems put the items into alphabetical order, using the authors’ last names. If there is no author, use the first word of the title (but do not use articles, such as a, an, or the).


Formatting entries for theWorks Cited and References

• Books—pages 455-460

• Articles in periodicals—pages 460-462

• Online and electronic sources—pages 462-466

• This includes magazines, journals, and newspapers.

• Miscellaneous sources—pages 466-467


Student Companion Website

• Go to the student side of the Web site for exercises, chapter overviews, and links to writing resources for this chapter:

http://college.hmco.com/pic/trimbur4e

chapter 13 working with sources. copyright © houghton mifflin company. all rights reserved.13 | 2...

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