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US Government FL


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Chapter 4

Chapter 4: Federalism OvertureSection-1 Dividing Government Power

Section-2 American Federalism: Conflict and Change

Section-3 Federalism Today


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• After much debate, the Framers designed a federal system that they hoped would strengthen the national government and protect states’ rights.

• The Constitution divides power between two levels of government: national and state governments.

• The Constitution delegates certain powers to the national government.

Section 1 at a GlanceDividing Government Power


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• The powers granted to state governments are called reserved powers.• Concurrent powers may be exercised by the national and state governments.• States must give full faith and credit to the laws of other states.

Section 1 at a Glance {continued}

Dividing Government Power {continued}


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Main IdeaThe Framers of the Constitution established a federal system that divides powers and responsibility between the national and state governments.

Dividing Government Power

Reading Focus• Why did the Framers choose federalism?• What powers does the national government have?• What powers do state governments have?


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Dividing Government Power

Reading Focus {continued}• What powers are shared by both the national government and the state governments?• How does the Constitution limit the powers of the state and national governments?• How does the Constitution guide the relationships between the nation and the 50 states?


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Federalism in Action


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Why Federalism?

American federalism was invented in Philadelphia in 1787. When delegates to the Constitutional Convention met to consider strengthening the national government, federalism was an obvious choice.

• New nation struggled to function as confederation• Without power to raise funds, national government not strong enough to deliver stability

or economic unity• Unitary rule—all power held by strong central authority—out of the question• Founders suspicious of powerful central government, like British monarchy• Framers sought to forge republic• Relied on philosophers who advocated self-rule and limited government—Hobbes,

Rousseau, Smith


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Why Federalism {continued}

• 1748: Spirit of the Laws, Baron de Montesquieu — Dividing power best way to defend people’s freedom from too powerful government — Framers thoroughly absorbed this idea• Framers faced difficult balancing act — National government addresses needs of nation — Preserve states’ rights — Ensure republican government• Framers devised plan with authority balanced between nation and states• Carefully divided power between two levels of government—state, national — All powers dealing with states’ common interests—national defense, control over currency—assigned to national government — All other powers remained with states


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Identifying Supporting DetailsWhy did the Framers choose federalism?

Reading Check


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Answer(s): to establish a stronger national government without removing too much power from the states

Identifying Supporting DetailsWhy did the Framers choose federalism?


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National Powers

Expressed Powers• Expressed powers: powers granted to national government by Constitution• Article I, Section 8: expressed powers of legislative branch—power to issue money,

collect taxes, pay debts, regulate trade, declare war, raise and maintain armed forces• Expressed powers of other two branches listed in Articles II, III• Article II gives president power to command armed forces, conduct foreign relations• Article III gives judicial branch power to rule on constitutional issues, cases involving U.S.

government, disputes among states

The Constitution outlined a federal system that would provide strong national government and protect states’ rights. In the U.S. federal system, some powers belong to the national government, others are reserved for the states, and still others are shared by both.


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Implied Powers• Implied powers: not specifically listed but logical extensions of expressed powers• Article I, Section 8:necessary and proper clause• Also referred to as elastic clause; used to stretch powers of Congress• Building highways, regulating food, mechanism for collecting taxes

Inherent Powers • Inherent powers: historically recognized as naturally belonging to all governments that

conduct business of sovereign nation• U.S. government has inherent powers simply because it is a national government• Power not specifically granted by Constitution: power to acquire new territory, conduct

foreign affairs


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ContrastingHow do expressed, implied, and inherent powers differ from one another?

Reading Check


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Reading Check

Answer(s): Expressed powers are enumerated in the Constitution. Implied powers are not enumerated, but are logically suggested by expressed powers. Inherent powers have been recognized as belonging to all sovereign nations

ContrastingHow do expressed, implied, and inherent powers differ from one another?


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• Reserved powers belong to states because they are not delegated to national government, nor prohibited from states

• Regulate health, public safety, morals, general welfare of state citizens• Other reserved state powers: ability to regulate marriage, form local governments, control

public school systems, establish and enforce laws• Power to regulate businesses operating within borders, issue licenses to doctors, lawyers,

barbers, hairdressers

State Powers• Constitution has less to say about state powers• James Madison: national powers “few and defined,” state powers “numerous and

indefinite”• 1791: Bill of Rights reserved powers clause—”powers not delegated to the United States…

reserved to the States respectively”


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SummarizingWhat powers does the Tenth Amendment give to the states?

Reading Check


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Answer(s): It gives states those powers that are neither given to the United States nor prohibited to the states.

SummarizingWhat powers does the Tenth Amendment give to the states?


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Shared Powers

• Power to collect taxes is a concurrent power: power held by national government, state governments at same time

• Both levels of government can establish courts, make and enforce laws, build roads, provide education, borrow and spend money

• Citizens subject to two levels of authority; must follow state and national laws• Framers considered situation where national, state laws come into conflict• Article VI supremacy clause: national laws and treaties form the “supreme law of the land”• Judges have to obey Constitution even if it contradicts state laws

In addition to their reserved powers, states may also share powers with the national government. If the Constitution does not specifically state that a power belongs exclusively to the national government, then the states may exercise that power, too.


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Identifying Supporting DetailsName three powers that are held by both the national government and the state governments.

Reading Check


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Reading Check

Answer(s): possible answer—any three of the following: collect taxes, establish court systems, make and enforce laws, build roads, provide education, borrow and spend money

Identifying Supporting DetailsName three powers that are held by both the national government and the state governments.


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The Limits of Power• U.S. Constitution denies certain powers to

national, state governments• Framers believed strongly in limited

government• Placed limits to prevent tyranny and

protect individual liberties

Limits on National Government• Article I, Section 9: government cannot deny

right to trial by jury, grant titles of nobility, tax exports between states

• May not exercise powers reserved to states or limit basic freedoms

Limits on State Governments• Article I, Section 10: denies specific powers

to state governments—to coin money and to tax imports and exports from other states

• States may not have own armies, engage in wars, enter into treaties

Powers Denied to Both Levels• Neither can deny people accused of

crimes right to trial by jury or grant titles of nobility

• Neither can pass ex post facto laws


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SummarizingWhat limits did the Framers place on state governments?

Reading Check


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Answer(s): States may not coin money, tax imports/exports, have armies, or enter into treaties.

SummarizingWhat limits did the Framers place on state governments?


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Nation and State Relations

National government can admit new states, but it cannot split up states that already exist, or change state boundaries in any way.

The Nation and the Fifty States•National government responded to terrorist attack in New York on 9/11•Constitution ensures states be treated as equals by national government•States must have equal representation in Senate•Nation cannot tax people of one state more than another

The Nation and the Fifty States•Constitution divides government power, describes responsibilities of national and state governments to each other•Article IV, Section 4: national government only officially recognize representative state governments•National government responsible for protecting states from foreign invasion and domestic uprisings


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Relations between the States• Constitution gives states right to manage affairs within borders — Encourages cooperation between states — States required to extradite persons charged with crime to state where offense committed• Article IV: full faith and credit clause — Requires states give “full faith and credit” to public acts, official records, judicial proceedings of every other state — Contract signed in one state honored by officials in another state• Article IV, Section 2: privileges and immunities clause• Carefully divided power between two levels of government—state, national — Citizens of each state receive all “privileges and immunities” of any state — New Yorker visiting North Carolina will enjoy same police protection as North

Carolinians — Many exceptions, including in-state college tuition to residents and lower fees for services funded by taxes


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What about Local Government • Creating local governments is a power reserved to the states.• Relationship between state and local government different from that of national and state

governments• State government has power to reorganize local government at any time to better

address state needs

Native American Sovereignty• Article I, Section 8: national government has power to regulate commerce with Indian

tribes; used power to make treaties with Native American nations• In most cases treaties resulted in loss of land, sovereignty, and individual rights for native

peoples• Native Americans not granted full citizenship until 1924


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SummarizingHow does the full faith and credit clause affect relations among states?

Reading Check


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Answer(s): It compels each state to recognize public acts, official records, and judicial proceedings of other states.

SummarizingHow does the full faith and credit clause affect relations among states?


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Section 2 at a Glance

• Federalism has changed over time to meet new political needs.• The Supreme Court acts as a referee in the division of power between the national and

state governments.• Before the Civil War, American federalism was guided by the principle of dual federalism,

or the idea that the national and state governments were equal in authority.• Over the course of U.S. history, American federalism has experienced a steady expansion in

national power. • In recent years, a trend in American federalism called devolution has attempted to return

power to the states.

American Federalism: Conflict and Change


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American Federalism: Conflict and Change

Reading Focus• What role does the Supreme Court play in American federalism?• How was government power divided in dual federalism?• What events caused the expansion of national power in the twentieth century?• What is new federalism?

Main IdeaOver the past 200 years, conflicts over the balance of power between the national and state governments have led to changes in American federalism.


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Role of the Supreme Court

Long before the Civil War, the Framers anticipated the government they created might lead to conflicts between the states and the national government. How did they plan to resolve such conflicts?

• Gave Supreme Court power to resolve conflicts between nation and states• Article III gives judicial branch authority to hear cases involving Constitution, U.S. laws,

disputes between states• Supreme Court acts as referee, sorting out conflicts between nation, states• Courts make decisions based on rules in Constitution• Article VI includes supremacy clause: Constitution, national laws, treaties made by

national government “supreme law of the land”• Court’s rulings have gradually increased power of national government• American federalism continually changed to meet needs of new generations• Changes understood in four terms: dual federalism, cooperative federalism, creative

federalism, new federalism


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SummarizingHow does the Supreme Court serve as a referee in the federal system?

Reading Check


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Answer(s): by settling disputes between the national government and the states

SummarizingHow does the Supreme Court serve as a referee in the federal system?


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Dual Federalism

The Great Debate•Nationalists: advocates of strong, centralized national government•Proponents of states’ rights held national government should not unduly intrude in state affairs•Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton asked Congress to create national bank, argued government had constitutional power to regulate currency, therefore implied power to create bank•Congress refused to renew charter when it expired 20 years later•1816: dispute resurfaced with charter of Second Bank of the United States

The first era of American federalism, dual federalism, lasted from about 1789 to the 1930s. Both state and national government were equal authorities operating within their own spheres of influence, as defined by a strict reading of the Constitution.


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Dual Federalism {continued}

The Marshall Court• 1819, McCulloch v. Maryland: bank dispute reached Supreme Court• Court ruled in favor of nation’s authority to start bank• Chief Justice John Marshall argued charter justified by Constitution’s necessary and

proper clause• Bank would help nation properly execute powers to regulate commerce and currency

“A House Divided”• U.S. became bitterly divided over issue of slavery• Debate wrapped up in arguments about states’ rights and national power• Southern slave states resisted national measures to outlaw slavery in new states and

territories• Held states sovereign, could make decisions for themselves


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“A House Divided” (cont’d.)• Doctrine of nullification: some southern politicians believed states had right to nullify

national laws that contradicted or clashed with state interests• According to doctrine, if state challenged national law, three-quarters of other states

would have to ratify amendment allowing Congress to enact law• State could either choose to follow law or secede from Union• Doctrine of secession: idea that states had right to separate from Union• 1860: Issue of sovereignty came to a head after election of Abraham Lincoln• Lincoln believed issue of slavery was divisive• South Carolina first to secede; followed by 10 other states• 1861: U.S. divided by Civil War, waged for 4 years; bloodiest war in U.S. history


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• 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments (Reconstruction Amendments) passed• Abolished slavery, defined citizenship, prohibited states from denying citizens’ rights,

extended voting rights to African American men• In time national government would use new constitutional powers to protect rights of

African Americans, women, and others

After the Civil War• 1865: Confederacy surrendered; Union restored• Defeat of Confederacy settled matter of slavery• War profoundly changed relationship between states, national government• War firmly established national supremacy• Put to rest most radical interpretations of state sovereignty• Led to expanded constitutional powers of national government


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Identifying Cause and EffectHow did the Civil War resolve the issue of secession?

Reading Check


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Reading Check

Answer(s): Union victory in the Civil War firmly established national supremacy. States could no longer claim the right to secede.

Identifying Cause and EffectHow did the Civil War resolve the issue of secession?


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Landmark Supreme Court Cases McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Why It Matters: In McCulloch v. Maryland the Supreme Court had the first of many opportunities to influence the division of power in the federal system. The Court’s decision led to the expansion of national power.


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Expanding National Power

Turn-of-the-Century Reforms•End of 19th to start of 20th century was time of tremendous change in U.S.•New technology: railroads, telegraph, industrial machinery•Unprecedented growth: population more than doubled from 1870 to 1916•Social and economic problems: overcrowded cities, rising crime rates, dangerous working conditions•Corporations developed great economic influence at expense of working-class Americans•Difficult to address problems at state level

The Civil War reinforced the supremacy of the national government over the states. In the years following the war, new challenges continued to shift the balance of power in favor of the national government.


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Turn-of-the-Century Reforms (cont’d.)• National government passed legislation to reform social, business conditions• 1887: Interstate Commerce Act regulated the railroad industry• Set restrictions on rates railroads could charge

• 1890: Sherman Antitrust Act prevented monopolies: exclusive control of a good or service in a particular market

• Encourage fair competition in all industries• Early 1900s: used to break up large monopolies such as American Tobacco

• New laws expanded national government’s power to regulate business• Court cases limited reach of national power• 1895, United States v. E. C. Knight Company: sugar refining companies operated locally,

could not be regulated by national government


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The New Deal

• 1929, stock market crashed, led to Great Depression

• Poverty and unemployment widespread• Local organizations unable to respond

adequately

• 1933: President Franklin D. Roosevelt introduced New Deal

• Series of national programs to address needs of Americans

• Some assisted unemployed, elderly• Others provided jobs

• Major change in role of national government

• National and state governments worked together to meet crisis

• Federalism under New Deal known as cooperative federalism

• Major shift caused court challenges• Opponents argued constitutional powers

to tax and regulate commerce did not give power to enact many New Deal programs

• Supreme Court upheld most New Deal legislation


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• If national government determines states not fully cooperating, funding withheld

• Threat of losing money powerful tool • Grant system increased size, cost of

national government• Urban renewal grants increased from $212

million (1964) to more than $1 billion (1970)

• 1960s: President Lyndon Johnson expanded powers of national government

• Great Society program: initiatives aimed at eliminating poverty and social inequity

• Creative federalism: released federal funds to states to achieve national goals

• 1965: Medicaid provides free health care for poor

The Great Society


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SummarizingHow did New Deal and Great Society programs change federalism?

Reading Check


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Reading Check

Answer(s): They marked a major change in the role of the national government, leading to cooperative federalism, which encouraged the national and state governments to work together to provide services that had previously been provided by state or local governments.

SummarizingHow did New Deal and Great Society programs change federalism?


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The Reagan Years• 1980s: President Ronald Reagan supported

returning power to the states• Believed national government less

effective than state governments in providing services to people

• Reagan worked to reduce size of government by cutting national grant money to states

The Devolution Revolution• 1994 elections: Contract with America—

Republican campaign promise to achieve specific goals

• Central idea: devolution—returning power to states

• Reduce size and power of national government by eliminating costly federal programs

New Federalism

Throughout much of U.S. history, the powers of the national government expanded. Beginning in the 1980s, many political leaders worked to reverse this trend by returning authority to state governments. This era is known as new federalism.


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Identifying Supporting DetailsHow did Ronald Reagan attempt to reduce the influence of the national government?

Reading Check


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Reading Check

Answer(s): by cutting national grant money to states and by working to define less specifically how federal money could be used by states

Identifying Supporting DetailsHow did Ronald Reagan attempt to reduce the influence of the national government?


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Debating the Issue: Federalism and Hurricane Katrina

What roles should local, state, and national governments play in responding to natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina? In August 2005 Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans, Louisiana, and the Gulf Coast. As the storm approached, officials at all levels of government prepared. Mayor Ray Nagin of New Orleans ordered a mandatory evacuation of the city. The governors of Louisiana and Mississippi declared a state of emergency. The national government authorized the Federal Emergency Management Agency to respond to the storm. On August 29, Katrina made landfall as a strong Category 4 storm. The results were catastrophic. Katrina and storm-related flooding took more than 1,800 lives and caused an estimated $81 billion in damages. In the storm’s aftermath, there was widespread debate over government response to the disaster.


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Debating the Issue


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Section 3 at a Glance

• Fiscal federalism is a system in which the national government uses grants and mandates to influence state policy to achieve national ends.

• Grants-in-aid from the national government to the states have increased the influence of the national government.

• Today American federalism continues to evolve in the face of new issues.

Federalism Today


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Federalism Today

Reading Focus• What is fiscal federalism?• How does the national government use grants and mandates to influence state policies?• What issues most influence American federalism today?

Main IdeaToday the balance of power between the states and the national government is characterized by a system of grants and mandates, as well as by a number of key policy areas.


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A Need for National Power


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Roots in Confederation• Fiscal federalism: power of federal

government to influence state policies within context of spending, taxing, and providing aid in federal system

• Goes back to Land Ordinance of 1785, took shape during 1900s

• National government gave land to states for establishing schools

Latest Trend• 20th century: power of national

government expanded with increased use of grants-in-aid

• Includes money, other resources national government provides to pay for state and local activities

• Low-income housing, community arts programs, energy assistance, disaster preparedness

Fiscal Federalism

The beginning of the twenty-first century marked yet another shift in relations between the states and the nation. In the wake of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the need for increased national security led to an expansion in the powers of the government.


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Reading Check

Making InferencesHow might grants-in-aid increase the national government’s power?


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Reading Check

Answer(s): When grants are issued with mandates they are the national government’s chief tool for aiding and influencing states and communities.

Making InferencesHow might grants-in-aid increase the national government’s power?


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Grants and Mandates

In the 1980s, President Reagan used block grants in an attempt to decrease the size and influence of the national government.

Block Grants•Block grants: federal grants given for more general purposes, broad policy areas•Welfare, public health, community development, education•States prefer block grants; designed to allow state to spend money as it sees fit

Categorical Grants•Most federal aid is distributed to states in form of categorical grants•Can only use for specific purpose, such as building new airport, crime-fighting in certain areas •Used to provide money to areas affected by natural disaster


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• Federal mandates: demands on states to carry out certain policies as a condition of receiving grant money

• Particularly important in enacting civil rights and environmental policies• School busing, desegregation, affirmative action—results of federal mandates• Environmental regulations come from national government as well• Clean Air Act of 1970: national mandate requiring states to meet national air-quality levels• In exchange for grant money, states required to create programs to reduce pollution or risk

losing federal funding

Grants and Mandates {continued}

Federal MandatesState and local governments are usually pleased to receive money from the national government, but the national government often distributes money with strings attached.


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Reading Check

Making GeneralizationsWhat types of federal aid do the states generally prefer? Why?


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Reading Check

Answer(s): block grants, because they are provided for general purposes

Making GeneralizationsWhat types of federal aid do the states generally prefer? Why?


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Homeland Security•Department of Homeland Security formed after 9/11 terrorist attacks •Local and state governments worked alongside Homeland Security to respond to Hurricane Katrina•In aftermath of storm, some question whether better leadership and cooperation between levels of government might have saved more lives

Poverty•1996: Congress passed welfare reform law, gave states authority to manage own systems •Since reforms, number of people on welfare has decreased•Some credit decrease to flexibility, creativity when handled by states•Others say decrease represents strong economy, question whether states will be able to continue to meet needs of poor

Issues in Federalism Today

New issues challenge American federalism. Political debates over how to best address key policy areas drive new changes in our federal system.


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Issues in Federalism Today {continued}

Environment•Many reasons why efforts to protect environment seen as responsibility of national government•Congress has been asked to limit reach of EPA in favor of local efforts

Immigration•National government handles policies, citizenship, border protection•Several states have international borders and take immigration-related responsibility—education costs, health and social services, low-cost housing Health Care•Americans turning to state, national governments for solutions to rising costs•Some think U.S. may be on the verge of health care crisis•Which level should take lead on issues—state or national?


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Reading Check

Making InferencesWhy do you think some people seek a federal solution to poverty?


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Reading Check

Answer(s): possible answer—They don’t think the states will be able to continue to meet the needs of the poor.

Making InferencesWhy do you think some people seek a federal solution to poverty?


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We the People: The Citizen and the Constitution

Laboratories of DemocracyFrom health care to taxes and education, the states have a high degree of control over policy areas that affect the daily lives of their citizens. In American federalism, the states are often testing grounds for new approaches to meeting the needs of the people. Over time, many state policies have influenced national policy.

• Why have the states been called “laboratories of democracy”?• What democratic methods have been tested in the states?• How have states experimented with innovative environmental policies?• How have the states contributed to health care initiatives?


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