copyright © houghton mifflin company. all rights reserved. 4–14–1 chapter four consciousness
TRANSCRIPT
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Did You Know That…
• Dividing your attention between driving and using a car phone is about as dangerous as driving with a blood alcohol level at the legal limit?
• Body temperature does not remain at a steady 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit throughout the day?
• The eye is sensitive to changes in light even in people without sight?
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Did You Know That… (cont.)
• People with narcolepsy may be holding a conversation one moment and collapse on the floor the next, fast asleep?
• The average college student spends more money on alcohol than on textbooks?
• It can be dangerous – indeed deadly – to let a person who blacks out from drinking too much to “sleep it off”?
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Did You Know That… (cont.)
• Coca-Cola once contained cocaine.• You may be hooked on a drug you have with
breakfast every morning?
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Module 4.1 Preview Question
• What are states of consciousness?
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States of Consciousness
• William James: Described consciousness as a stream of thoughts
• Today’s View: Consciousness is a state of awareness of ourselves and of the world around us.
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States of Consciousness
• Focused Awareness: A heightened state of alert wakefulness.
• Drifting Consciousness: Characterized by drifting thoughts or mental imagery.
• Daydreaming: One’s mind wanders to dreamy thoughts or fantasies during a waking state.
• Divided Consciousness: Characterized by dividing attention to 2 or more tasks or activities performed at the same time.
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States of Unconsciousness
• States in which we are relatively unaware of our external surroundings.
• Altered States of Consciousness: States of awareness that differ from one’s usual waking state.
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Module 4.2 Preview Questions
• How are our sleep-wake cycles regulated?• What are the stages of sleep, and what
functions does sleep serve?• Why do we dream?• What are sleep disorders?
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Circadian Rhythm
• The pattern of fluctuation in bodily processes that occur regularly each day.
• Sleep-wake cycle operates on a circadian rhythm which is close to 24 hours in length.– Cycle is regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus
in the hypothalamus.
• Jet lag is a disruption of sleep-wake cycles.
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Figure 4.1: Brain Wave Patterns During Wakefulness and Sleep
Source: From "Behavior effects of blood alcohol levels" by O. Ray & C. Ksir, Drugs, society, & human behavior, 5/e Copyright © 1990 Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishing
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Figure 4.2: REM Sleep Through the Night
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Figure 4.3: Average Length of Sleep Among Different Mammals
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Why Do We Sleep?
• Protective function• Energy conservation• Restore bodily processes• May bolster immune system
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Why Do We Dream?
• May help to consolidate memories and new learning.
• May help in problem solving.• May represent attempt by the cerebral cortex
to make sense of random discharges of electrical activity occurring during REM sleep.– Activation-synthesis hypothesis
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Figure 4.4: Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
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Freud and Dreams
• Dreams represent form of wish fulfillment.– “Royal road” to the unconscious
• Manifest Content of Dream: Events that occur in the dream.
• Latent Content of Dream: True, underlying meaning of the dream– Disguised in the form of dream symbols
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Figure 4.5: Changes in SleepPatterns in Childhood
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Impact of Sleep Deprivation
• Slowed reaction times• Impaired concentration, memory, problem
solving• Difficulty learning new information• Impaired academic performance• Accidents• Weakened immune system
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Figure 4.6: Motor Vehicle Accidents in Relation to Time of Day
Source: Adapted from AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 1996
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Sleep Disorders
• Insomnia• Narcolepsy: “sleep attacks”• Sleep apnea• Nightmare disorder• Sleep terror disorder• Sleepwalking disorder
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Module 4.3
Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis
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Module 4.3 Preview Questions
• What is meditation?• What is hypnosis?• What are the major theories of hypnosis?
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Meditation
• A process of focused attention that induces a relaxed, contemplative state.
• In transcendental meditation (TM), person focuses attention by repeating a particular mantra.
• Why meditate?– Relax body and mind.– Expand consciousness, awareness, peacefulness.
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Hypnosis
• Altered state of consciousness characterized by:– Focused attention– Deep relaxation– Heightened susceptibility to suggestion
• Varied techniques for inducing hypnosis
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Hypnotic Experiences
• Hypnotic age regression• Hypnotic analgesia• Distortions of reality• Posthypnotic amnesia• Posthypnotic suggestion
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Theories of Hypnosis
• Trance state characterized by suggestibility• Role-playing model• Hilgard’s neodissociation theory
– Dissociated consciousness– Hidden observer
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Figure 4.7: Perception of PainDuring Hypnosis
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Characteristics of Highly Hypnotizable People
• Well-developed fantasy life• Vivid sense of imagination• Tendency to be forgetful• Positive attitude toward hypnosis
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Module 4.4
Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
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Module 4.4 Preview Questions
• When does drug use cross the line from use to abuse and dependence?
• What are the different types of psychoactive drugs, and what effects do they have?
• What factors contribute to alcohol and drug-abuse problems?
• What treatment alternatives are available to help people with drug problems?
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Psychoactive Drugs
• Chemical substances that act on the brain to affect emotional or mental states.
• Used for a variety of reasons.– Change level of alertness.– Alter mental states.– Blunt awareness of the stresses and strains of
daily life.– To seek some type of inner truth.
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Figure 4.8: Rates of Drug Usein the United States
Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health. (2001). Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity: A supplement to Mental health: A Report of the Surgeon—Executive summary. General Rockville, MD: Author.
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Drug Abuse
• Abuse when repeated use causes or aggravates personal, occupational, or health-related problems.
• Polyabusers abuse more than one drug at a time.
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Drug Dependence
• Severe drug-related problem characterized by impaired control over the use of the drug.
• Usually, but not always associated with physiological dependence.– Signs include withdrawal syndrome & tolerance
• Drug addiction is dependence accompanied by signs of physiological dependence.
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Psychological Dependence
• Pattern of compulsive or habitual use of a drug to satisfy a psychological need.
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Major Classes of Psychoactive Drugs
• Depressants
• Stimulants
• Hallucinogens
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Alcohol
• A disinhibiting intoxicant.• Disturbs balance and motor skills, slurred
speech, impairs judgment, concentration, and attention
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Figure 4.9:Alcohol Use and Causes of Death
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Alcoholism
• A chemical addiction characterized by impaired control over the use of alcohol and physiological dependence on it.
• Only about 5% fit “skid-row” stereotype.• Typically develops between ages of 20 and
40.• Can lead to physiological damage.
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Binge Drinking
• Defined as having 5+ (for men) or 4+ (for women) drinks on one occasion.
• Patterns of early drinking and binge drinking predictors of later alcoholism.
• Binge drinkers 3x more likely to engage in unsafe or unplanned sex.
• Creates risk of death from alcohol overdose.– Blackouts and seizures can occur.
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Barbiturates
• Drugs that have calming or sedating effects.• Can induce drowsiness, slurred speech,
impairment.• Examples: Amobarbital, pentobarbital,
phenobarbital• Overdoses can lead to convulsions, coma,
and death.
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Tranquilizers
• Widely used to treat anxiety and insomnia.• Less toxic than barbiturates, but still can be
dangerous.• Examples: Valium, Xanax, Halcion• Can lead to physiological or psychological
dependence.
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Opioids
• A narcotic because has pain-relieving, sleep-inducing properties.
• Produces euphoric “rush,” dampens awareness.
• Has legitimate medical uses.
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Stimulants
• Drugs that heightens activity of the central nervous system.
• Can produce both physiological and psychological dependence.
• Types– Amphetamines– Cocaine– MDMA (Ecstasy)– Nicotine– Caffeine
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Figure 4.10: Who Smokes?
Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001.
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Hallucinogens
• Drugs that alter sensory perceptions.• Not known to lead to physiological
dependence.– But can lead to psychological dependence.
• Types– LSD– Mescaline, psilocybin, and PCP– Marijuana
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Drug Abuse
• Social and cultural factors• Genetic factors• Role of neurotransmitters
– Changes in biochemistry of brain– Suppressed production of endorphins
• Psychological factors• Cognitive factors
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Figure 4.12: Ethnicity and Drug Use
Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001.
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Drug Treatment
• Most effective treatment programs use a wide variety of approaches.
• Detoxification• Follow-up services, counseling• Therapeutic drugs• Self-help programs
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Module 4.5
Application: Getting Your Z’s
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Module 4.5 Preview Question
• What steps can you take to combat insomnia?
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Healthy Sleep Habits
• Adopt a regular sleep schedule.
• Don’t try to force sleep.• Establish a regular
bedtime routine.• Establish proper cues
for sleeping.• Avoid tossing and
turning.
• Avoid daytime naps.• Don’t take problems to
bed.• Use mental imagery.• Adopt a regular
exercise program.• Limit intake of caffeine.• Practice rational “self-
talk.”