Chapter 10Review of Human SystemsAnatomy and Physiology

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Objectives

Discuss importance of human anatomy related to paramedic practice

Describe anatomical position Interpret anatomical terms List structures of the axial and appendicular

skeleton Define division of the abdomen List the three major body cavities and their

contents

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Objectives Discuss functions of cellular structures Describe cellular reproduction Differentiate between body tissue types Label and list functions of body organs Label and list functions of special senses

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Fun Games University of Minnesota

Web Anatomy http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanatomy/

Anatomy Arcade http://anatomyarcade.com/

McGraw Hill http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072351136/student_view0/a_p_arcade.html

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UW School of Medicine IME Video Library

http://videos.med.wisc.edu/

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Terminology Anatomical

position

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Terminology

Supine On back, face up

Prone On stomach, face down

Lateral recumbent On side

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Anatomical Planes Sagittal plane

Vertical left and right sides

Transverse plane horizontal top and bottom halves

Frontal plane coronal front and back

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Body Regions Appendicular

Extremities

Axial Head, neck, thorax, abdomen

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Body Regions Abdominal region

KNOW THE ORGANS IN

EACH QUADRANT

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Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic Cavities

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cell: Eukaryotes ~ nucleus

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Cells Most basic unit of life Composed of protoplasm

living contents of cell surrounded by plasma membrane

Main parts of human cells Cytoplasmic membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus

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Cytoplasm and Organelles Cytoplasm

gel-like

Organelles Functional

structures

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Cells Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Mitochondria Centrioles Nucleus

Nucleolus Chromatin granules

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cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane

regulates movement into and out of cell

Nucleus protein synthesis (DNA)

Nucleoli Ribosome formation

Ribosomes synthesize protein

Endoplasmic Reticulum rough: protein smooth: lipid and carb

synthesis

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Mitochondria powerhouse

Lysosomes Digestive system

Golgi apparatus (complex) synthesize carbs, bind with

protein packages product as globules

of glycoprotein Centrioles

cell reproduction Cilia

movement (hair-like) flagella

movement (tail-like)

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Cell Functions Movement Conductivity Metabolic absorption Secretion Excretion Respiration Reproduction

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Cell Reproduction Human cells (except sex cells) reproduce

by mitosis Division throughout life

Epithelial cells Liver cells Bone marrow cells

Some divide until near time of birth Nerve cells Skeletal muscle cells

Apoptosis: Cell death

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Tissues Epithelial

Classified by shape and arrangement of cells

continuous sheet of cells

Connective Seven subgroups cells with matrix

Muscle Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Nerve Neurons, neuroglia

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How is your tissue like a house?

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Organ Systems Organ

two or more tissues organized to perform a more complex

function than one tissue alone can accomplish

System Group of organs perform a more complex function than any

one organ alone can accomplish 11 major organ systems in the human body

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Body Systems

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Integumentary System Largest organ system Functions

Protection against injury Prevention of dehydration Defense against infection Aid in temperature regulation

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Integumentary System Epidermis Dermis Hair Nails Glands

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Integumentary System Superficial Thorax and Abdomen

(8.00 minutes) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1250

2.26 Dermal Layers SC tissue Nerves Anatomic Landmarks

6.20 Lymph Nodes

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Skeletal System Bones

short bones longs bones flat bones

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skeletal system Connective tissues

Cartilage Tendons Ligaments

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Axial Skeleton

Skull 28 bones

Hyoid bone

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Axial Skeleton Vertebral column 26 bones 5 regions

7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae 1 sacral bone

5 fused vertebrae 1 coccygeal bone

5 fused vertebrae

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Axial Skeleton—Vertebral Column

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Thoracic Cage

Protects organs Prevents collapse

of thorax 12 rib pairs Sternum

3 components

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Abdominal wall, Back Muscles, & Spinal Cord ~ 24.40 http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1251

Pectoralis muscle Ribs, Intercostals Spaces 10.30: Back and Vertebral columns

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Appendicular Skeleton Bones of the upper and lower extremities

and their girdles

Pectoral girdle Scapula and clavicle Attaches upper limbs to the axial skeleton

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Upper Extremity Humerus Radius/ulna Wrist Hand

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Pelvic Girdle Attaches legs to

trunk Coxae Acetabulum

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Femur Longest bone Articulates with

acetabulum Articulates with

patella

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Tibia Larger than

fibula Supports most of

leg's weight Distal end forms

lateral malleolus Medial side of

ankle joint

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Fibula Does not articulate

with femur Articulates with tibia Distal end forms

lateral malleolus Lateral aspect of

ankle joint

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Foot Tarsals,

metatarsals, and phalanges

Talus articulates with tibia and fibula

Calcaneus

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Biomechanics of Body Movement

All bones (except hyoid) connect to at least one other bone

Three major classifications of joints: Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints

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Fibrous Joints

Two bones joined by fibrous tissue

Little or no movement

Sutures

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Fibrous Joints Syndesmoses

slightly moveable bones united by

interosseous membrane

Gomphoses binds teeth to bone

sockets only joint where bone

does not join another bone

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Cartilaginous Joints Synchondroses

Bones joined with hyaline cartilage epiphyseal growth plate in children costal cartilage

Symphysis Bones joined with fibrocartilage

fusion

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Synovial Joints Contain synovial fluid Plane or gliding joints Saddle joints Hinge joints Pivot joints Ball-and-socket joints Ellipsoid joints

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Synovial Joints

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Types of Movement Flexion Extension

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Types of Movement Abduction Adduction

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Types of Movement Medial

Lateral

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Types of Movement Circumduction

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Types of Movement Pronation Supination

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Muscular System Primary functions of skeletal muscle:

Movement Postural maintenance Heat production

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Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Contractile cells (muscle

fibers) Skeletal muscle fiber

Thick and thin myofilaments

Sarcomere Contractile unit of skeletal

muscle

Contraction process Myofilaments slide toward

each other

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Neuromuscular Junction Impulse enters

muscle fibers through motor neuron

Neuromuscular junction (synapse)

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Skeletal Muscle Movement Muscle contraction pulls bone toward another across

movable joint Attachment of each muscle at origin and insertion

Synergists: works in concert with other muscles

Antagonists works in opposite direction

Prime mover move joint in particular direction agonist with synergist muscle groups

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Skeletal Muscle Movement

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Types of Muscle Contraction Isometric or isotonic Muscle movement often is

a combination of isometric and isotonic contraction

http://www.spike.com/video-clips/mktv3a/ode-to-jackie-chan

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Postural Maintenance

Muscle tone Keeps back and legs straight Head upright Abdomen flat

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Heat Production Chemical reaction Breakdown of ATP during muscle

contraction results in some energy loss as heat Largely responsible for normal body temperature

Shivering

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Nervous System

Major regulatory and coordinating system

Rapidly transmits information from one body area to another

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Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Continuous with

each other

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Nerves Ganglia 43 pairs of nerves form

PNS 12 pairs from brain 31 pairs from spinal cord

Afferent division Efferent division

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wLrhYzdbbpE&feature=related

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Autonomic Nervous System Transmits action potentials from CNS

to Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Certain glands

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFYRosjcVuU

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Central Nervous System Brain and spinal

cord

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Brain Stem

Medulla, pons, and midbrain

Connects spinal cord to brain

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=snO68aJTOpM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQetOVB_VZo

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Medulla Inferior portion of

brain stem Pathway for

ascending and descending nerve tracts

Regulates: Heart rate Blood vessel

diameter Breathing Swallowing Vomiting Coughing Sneezing

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Pons Relays information

from cerebrum to cerebellum

Sleep center Respiratory center Helps control

breathing

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Midbrain (Mesencephalon) Smallest region of brain stem Involved in

Audio pathways in the CNS Visual reflexes Helps regulate coordination of motor activities

and muscle tone

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Reticular Formation A group of nuclei scattered throughout the

brain stem Part of reticular activating system

Involved in sleep-wake cycle and in maintaining consciousness

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Diencephalon Between brain

stem and cerebrum

Thalamus and hypothalamus

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8eJcHefMSiI

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Thalamus Largest portion of

diencephalon Receives sensory input Relays impulses to

cerebral cortex Influences mood,

general body movements

Strong emotions

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Hypothalamus Major controller “Gatekeeper" to

cerebrum Active in

Emotions Hormonal cycles Sexual activity Temperature

regulation

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Cerebrum Largest portion of

brain Right and left

hemispheres Each hemisphere

divided into lobes

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Cerebrum Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hIo6ck75EZc&feature=related

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Limbic System Portions of cerebrum and diencephalon Influences:

Emotions (and visceral responses) Motivation Mood Sensations of pain and pleasure

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Cerebellum Second largest part of brain Major functions

Motor coordination Compares impulses from motor cortex with

those from moving structures Compares intended movement with actual

movement Responsible for precise movements

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Spinal Cord Location and function

Dorsal root Ventral root Spinal ganglia

Primary reflex center

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Meninges

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1liTxUxT9xQ&feature=related

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Peripheral Nervous System Collects information from inside body and

body surface Relays information by afferent fibers to CNS Relays information by efferent fibers from CNS to

various parts of body

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Cranial Cavity IME Videos

http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1269 25:55 minutes

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Spinal Nerves First pair exits between skull

and first cervical vertebrae Spinal nerves in sacrum exit

the bone 8 pairs exit in cervical region 12 pairs exit in thoracic

region 5 pairs in lumbar region 5 pairs in sacral region 1 pair in coccygeal region

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Dermatomes Spinal nerves (except C1) have specific cutaneous sensory distribution Dermatome:

Skin surface area supplied by single spinal nerve

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Cranial Nerve Functions Sensory Somatomotor Proprioception Parasympathet

ic

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NYFedWKAGI&feature=fvsr

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Autonomic Nervous System Afferent neurons Efferent neurons

Somatomotor neurons

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Autonomic Nervous System

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Endocrine System Hormones

Dissolved in blood plasma

Quickly distributed throughout the body

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrMi4GikWwQ

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Circulatory System Blood functions Blood components

Plasma (55%) Formed elements (45%)

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Leukocytes (white blood cells) Thrombocytes (platelets)

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Anatomy of the Heart Muscular pump

Two atria Two ventricles

Cone shaped Size of a closed

fist

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90

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Thorax (26.41) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1253

Lungs, pleura Heart and pericardium

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Anatomy of the Heart In mediastinum In pericardial

cavity 2/3 of mass lies left

of midline of sternum

Pericardium Coronary vessels

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Coronary Vessels Aorta Pulmonary trunk Right and left

coronary arteries

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Heart Chambers and Valves Interatrial septum Interventricular

septum Atrioventricular (AV)

valves Tricuspid valve Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Semilunar valves Aortic and pulmonary

semilunar valves

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Conduction System of the Heart Sinoatrial node Atrioventricular

node Bundle of His Purkinje fibers

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxKBQqe_Bo0

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Normal Conduction Sequence of

normal impulse conduction SA node Both atria AV node Bundle of His Purkinje fibers Both ventricles

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=riUAFkV7HCU&feature=related

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Blood Flow through the Heart

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Peripheral Circulation Flow of blood

Ventricles Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venous system

Thinner, less elastic than arteries

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Capillary Network Blood supply to

capillaries

by arterioles Blood flows to venules

Flow regulated by precapillary sphincters

Function Nutrient and waste

exchange

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Arteries and Veins Walls have three layers of elastic tissue (except

capillaries and venules) Tunica intima

(inner layer) Tunica media

(middle layer) Tunica adventitia

(outer layer)

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Types of Arteries Conducting arteries

Large and elastic

Distributing arteries Small to medium size

Arterioles Smallest

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Venules Similar structure to capillaries Collect blood from capillaries Transport blood to small veins Nutrient exchange occurs across venule

walls

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Veins Walls are layer of

smooth muscle cells Medium and large

veins carry blood to venous trunks and then to heart

Large veins have valves Allow blood to flow to

but not from the heart

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Arteriovenous Anastomoses AV shunts Allow blood flow from arteries to veins

without passing through capillaries Natural AV shunts Pathological shunts

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Pulmonary Circulation

Blood from right ventricle is pumped into pulmonary trunk Bifurcates into right and left pulmonary arteries

Transports blood to respective lungs

After exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide: Two pulmonary veins exit each lung and enter

the left atrium

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Systemic Circulation Blood enters left heart from pulmonary

veins Blood passes through left atrium into left

ventricle and then into aorta From aorta, blood is pumped throughout

the body

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Arteries of Systemic Circulation Aorta Coronary arteries Arteries to the head and neck Arteries of the upper and lower

limbs Thoracic aorta and its branches Abdominal aorta and its

branches Arteries of the pelvis

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Veins of Systemic Circulation Coronary veins Veins of the head and

neck Veins of the upper and

lower limbs Veins of the thorax Veins of the abdomen

and pelvis Veins of the hepatic-

portal system

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Lymphatic System Considered part of circulatory system Carries fluid away from tissues Components Functions

Maintain fluid balance Absorb fats Role in immune system

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Posterior Thorax Posterior Thorax (21.07)

http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1254

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Airway Anatomy Upper airway

Above glottis

Lower airway Below glottis

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Pharynx Nasopharynx

Uppermost part of airway

Behind nasal cavities

Nasal septum Vestibule Olfactory

membranes Sinuses

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Pharynx Oropharynx

Begins at level of uvula

Extends to epiglottis

Opens into oral cavity

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Pharynx Laryngopharynx

Tip of epiglottis to glottis and esophagus

Mucous membrane lining to protect internal surfaces

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Larynx Three functions

Air passageway Prevents solids and

liquids from entering respiratory tree

Speech production

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Larynx Nine cartilages

Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage

Only complete cartilaginous ring in larynx

Epiglottis

Hyoid bone Cricothyroid

membrane

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Larynx Vestibular folds

False vocal cords

Vocal cords True vocal cords

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Mouth and Pharynx http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1272

Start at 13.15 13.15: Pharynx, innervations of cranial nerves 19.30: pharynx: nasal, oral, laryngeal 28.30: Submandibular Triangle: Hypoglossal Cranial nerve 32.30: Nasopharynx

Nasal Cavity and Larynx (10.43) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1273

7:00: Larynx

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Lower Airway Structures Trachea Bronchial tree

Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Bronchioles

Alveoli Lungs

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Pulmonary Surfactant Thin film that coats alveoli Prevents alveoli from collapsing

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Lungs Respiration Attached to heart by

pulmonary arteries and veins

Separated by mediastinum Bases of lungs rest on

diaphragm Apex extends 2.5 cm above

clavicles

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Pleural Cavity Pleural cavity

surrounds each lung

Two layers (visceral and parietal)

Pleural space

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Digestive System Provides body with water, electrolytes, and nutrients

Specialized to Ingest food Propel food through GI tract Absorb nutrients

Functions Components

124

Peritoneal Cavity (24.48) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1255

6.35: tour of abdominal organs 9.58: Testes, ovaries, hernia pathways 20.15: Inguinal triangle

Blood supply http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/6875

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Stomach Storage and mixing

area Secretes mucus Gastric gland

secretes: Hydrochloric acid Intrinsic factor Gastrin Pepsinogen

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Small Intestine Secretes mucus,

electrolytes, water Lubricates and

protects intestinal walls

Mixes, propels chyme Absorbs fluid and

nutrients

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Liver Secretes 600-1000 mL bile per day

Dilutes stomach acid Emulsifies fat

Role in Iron metabolism Plasma-protein production Detoxification of drugs Glucose metabolism

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Gallbladder Stores bile Stimulated to contract by

Cholecystokinin Secretin

Excretes bile into small intestine

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Pancreas Exocrine gland

Pancreatic juice Amylase Sodium bicarbonate Other digestive enzymes

Endocrine gland Insulin Glucagon

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Large Intestine Absorption of water and salts Secretion of mucus Microorganism actions

Vitamin K Nutrient release and absorption

Conversion of chyme Defecation through anus

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Posterior Abdominal Wall (10.08) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1256

132

Urinary System Helps maintain:

Homeostasis Constant body fluid volume and composition Control of RBC production Vitamin D metabolism

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Kidneys On either side of

vertebral column Outer cortex and

inner medulla Nephron

Basic functional unit of kidney

134

Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra

Ureters Urinary bladder

Male urinary bladderMale urinary bladder

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Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra

Urethra In males, extends to

end of penis, where it opens to outside

In females, much shorter urethra

Opens into vestibule anterior to vaginal opening

Male urinary bladderMale urinary bladder

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Urine Production Filtration Reabsorption Secretion

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Urine Regulation Controlled by:

Hormonal mechanisms Autoregulation Sympathetic nervous system stimulation

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Hormonal Mechanisms Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Atrial natriuretic factor Prostaglandins and kinins

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Autoregulation Kidneys can regulate stable filtration rate

over a wide range of blood pressures Large increases in arterial pressure

increase rate of urine production Decreases in arterial pressure decrease

urine production

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Sympathetic Nervous System Stimulation

Sympathetic neurons innervate blood vessels of the kidney

Decreased renal blood flow may result from Severe stress Intense exercise Circulatory shock

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Male Reproductive System Testes Epididymis Ductus deferens Urethra Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Bulbourethral

glands Scrotum Penis

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Female Reproductive System Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina External genitalia Mammary glands

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Ovaries Ovaries are attached to broad ligament

(mesovarium) Other ovarian ligaments

Suspensory ligament Ovarian ligament

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Ovaries Ovarian arteries, veins, and nerves

traverse the suspensory ligament Enter the ovary through mesovarium

Dense outer portion (cortex) Looser inner portion (medulla) Ovarian follicles

Each contains an oocyte Distributed throughout cortex

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Uterine Tubes Ducts for the ovaries Open directly into the peritoneal cavity to receive the oocyte

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Uterus Size and shape of a pear Fundus Cervix

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External Genitalia (Vulva) Vestibule and

surrounding structures

Labia minora Clitoris Labia majora Clinical perineum

Area between vagina and anus

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Mammary Glands Milk production Lactiferous duct

divides to form smaller ducts Forms secretory

sacs that secrete milk during nursing

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Special Senses Provide brain with information about

outside world Include:

Smell Taste Sight Hearing and balance

150

Olfactory Sense Organs Receptors lie in upper nasal cavity Impulses are interpreted by brain as

odors

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Taste Taste receptors Taste buds

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Visual System Eyes Accessory structures Optic nerve, tract, and pathways Second cranial nerve (optic nerve) Third cranial nerve (oculomotor nerve)

153

Orbit (11.21) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1270

154

Anatomy of the Eye Sclera Cornea Vascular tunic Iris Retina Compartments of

the eye Anterior chamber Posterior chamber

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Compartments of the Eye Anterior chamber

Aqueous humor Helps regulate

intraocular pressure Refracts light Provides nutrition

Posterior chamber Vitreous humor

Helps regulate intraocular pressure

Refracts light Holds retina

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Accessory Structures Conjunctiva Lacrimal gland

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Hearing and Balance External ear Middle ear Inner ear

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Ear (5.27) http://videos.med.wisc.edu/videos/1271

159

ConclusionThe paramedic must thoroughly understand human anatomy to organize a patient assessment by body region and to

communicate effectively with medical direction and other members of the health

care team.

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Questions?