1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of Race

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier

• Turner ThesisTurner Thesis• Frederick Frederick

Jackson Jackson TUrnerTUrner

U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

1875 – 1875 – Reciprocity Reciprocity Treaty Treaty1890 – 1890 – McKinley McKinley TariffTariff1893 – AmericanAmericanbusinessmen backed businessmen backed ananuprising against uprising against Queen Queen Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole

proclaims the proclaims the Republic Republic of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

Lodge Corollary to the Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912Monroe Doctrine: 1912

Senator Henry Senator Henry CabotCabotLodge, Sr. (R-MA)Lodge, Sr. (R-MA)Non-European Non-European powers,powers,like Japan, would belike Japan, would beexcluded from excluded from owningowningterritory in the territory in the WesternWesternHemisphere.Hemisphere.

““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867

$7.2 million

““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

Spanish American War Spanish American War 1898 1898

• USA vs. SPAIN in 1898 USA vs. SPAIN in 1898 • Where do they fight: Cuba and PhilippinesWhere do they fight: Cuba and Philippines• Causes: Causes: 1) Spanish misrule in Cuba1) Spanish misrule in Cuba

2) De Lome Letter2) De Lome Letter 3) Yellow Journalism 3) Yellow Journalism 4) USS Maine blown up4) USS Maine blown upEffects: Effects: 1) USA becomes world Power1) USA becomes world Power 2) USA gets Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico 2) USA gets Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico

The Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist Tailor

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano Weyler: Valeriano Weyler: Spanish GeneralSpanish General“fighting the Cubans…used concentration camps“fighting the Cubans…used concentration camps

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

Joseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDupuy de Lôme, Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishSpanishAmbassador to the Ambassador to the U.S.U.S.Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as weak weak American Public American Public outraged by Yellow outraged by Yellow Journalists reportage Journalists reportage of this story of this story EFFECT: Americans EFFECT: Americans want to fight a war want to fight a war

Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltAssistant Assistant Secretary of the Secretary of the Navy in the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.Imperialist and Imperialist and American American nationalist.nationalist.Criticized Criticized PresidentPresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!Resigns his Resigns his position to fight in position to fight in Cuba.Cuba.

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

How prepared was the US for war?

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?

Emilio Aguinaldo: helps Emilio Aguinaldo: helps USA fight Spanish and USA fight Spanish and

then….then….

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine Philippine independenceindependence

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

Great Great administrator.administrator.

Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofisland ofGuam.Guam.The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League LeagueFounded in 1899.Founded in 1899.Mark Twain, Mark Twain, Andrew Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leaders.the leaders.Campaigned Campaigned against the against the annexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and Philippines and otherotheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

Teller Amendment Teller Amendment (1898)(1898)

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with

foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.

2.2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.govt.

3.3. Cuba must lease Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.naval and coaling station.

4.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981900 - Foraker ActForaker Act.. PR became an “unincorporated PR became an “unincorporated

territory.”territory.” Citizens of PR, not of the US.Citizens of PR, not of the US. Import duties on PR goodsImport duties on PR goods

1901-1903 1901-1903 the the Insular CasesInsular Cases.. Constitutional rights were not Constitutional rights were not

automatically extended to territorial automatically extended to territorial possessions.possessions.

Congress had the power to decide these Congress had the power to decide these rights.rights.

Import duties laid down by the Foraker Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!Act were legal!

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981917 – 1917 – Jones ActJones Act.. Gave full territorial status to PR.Gave full territorial status to PR. Removed tariff duties on PR goods Removed tariff duties on PR goods

coming into the US.coming into the US. PRs elected theirPRs elected their

own legislators &own legislators &governor to enforcegovernor to enforcelocal laws.local laws.

PRs could NOT votePRs could NOT votein US presidentialin US presidentialelections.elections.

A resident commissioner was sent to A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the Washington to vote for PR in the House.House.

Panama: The King’s Panama: The King’s CrownCrown1850 1850 Clayton-Clayton-

BulwerBulwer Treaty Treaty..1901 1901 Hay-Hay-PauncefortePaunceforte Treaty Treaty. . Philippe Bunau-Varilla,Philippe Bunau-Varilla,agent provocateur.agent provocateur.Dr. Walter Reed.Dr. Walter Reed.Colonel W. Goethals.Colonel W. Goethals.1903 1903 Hay-Bunau-Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty Varilla Treaty..

Panama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905

Chronic wrongdoing… Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately elsewhere, ultimately require intervention require intervention by some civilized by some civilized nation, and in the nation, and in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere the adherence of the the adherence of the United States to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may Monroe Doctrine may force the United force the United States, however States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of suchcases of such wrongdoing or wrongdoing or impotence, to the impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese

ImmigrantImmigrant

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Peaceful Harmonious The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.Fists.““55 Days at Peking.”55 Days at Peking.”

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.Guaranteed that China would NOT be Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

Constable of the WorldConstable of the World

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Improve financialImprove financialopportunities for opportunities for American businesses.American businesses.Use private capital toUse private capital tofurther U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interestsoverseas.overseas.Therefore, the U.S. Therefore, the U.S. should create should create stability and order stability and order abroad that would abroad that would best promote best promote America’s America’s commercial interests.commercial interests.

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he and puts Madero in prison where he was was murdered.murdered.Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.against Huerta.The U.S. also got involved by The U.S. also got involved by occupying occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.country.Eventually Carranza would gain Eventually Carranza would gain power in power in Mexico.Mexico.

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910sEmiliano

Zapata

Francisco I Madero

Venustiano Carranza

Porfirio Diaz

Pancho Villa

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

The U. S. shouldThe U. S. shouldbe the consciencebe the conscienceof the world.of the world.

Spread Spread democracy.democracy.

Promote peace.Promote peace.

Condemn Condemn colonialism.colonialism.

Searching for Searching for BanditosBanditos

General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing with with PanchoPanchoVillaVilla in 1914. in 1914.

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, Investments in Latin America,

19141914

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”