• Gettysburg • Diseases • Robert E. Lee •

Espionage • Technology • Medicine • Photography • Underground Railroad • Abraham Lincoln • KKK

American History Research Tom Swanson Period Seven

Table of contents ARTICLES:

Timeline

Amputations

Arlington

Artillery

Bull Run

Cotton Gin

Diseases

Fort Pillow Massacre

Fugitive Slave Act

Gettysburg

KKK

Lee

Lincoln

Medicine

Memorial Day

Military Technology

Music

Photography

Repeating Rifle

Sanitary Commission

Spies

Submarines

Personal experiences of North

Personal experiences of South

Quotes

Underground Railroad

Uniforms

54th Mass.

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12, 15, 25, and 35

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The Civil War: Timeline

Election of Lincoln Nov. 6, 1860

South Carolina Secedes Dec. 20, 1860

Battle of Fort Sumter April 12, 1861

First Battle of Bull Run July 21, 1861

Antietam Sept. 17, 1862

Second Battle of Bull Run Aug. 28-30, 1862

Emancipation Proclamation Jan. 1, 1863

Battle of Gettyburg July 1-3, 1863

Sherman Burns Atlanta 1864

Lee Surrenders April 1, 1865

Lincon is Assasinated April 14, 1865

13th Amendment Dec. 18, 1865

Deaths:

Amputations!

What is an Amputation?

Amputation is when a doctor surgically removes a limb or body part that is of no use to you. It is removed because it is a problem and causes great pain to you. Amputations in the Civil War were performed in the camps where the nurses and doctors where located.

B Y : B R A Y L A A L W I N

Reasons:

Kinds of Amputations: ~Arm ~Whole Leg ~Below the Knee ~Fingers ~Toes

A soldier usually got shot causing the bullet to take in dirt and other bacteria to the wound getting the entire entrance wound infected. One bullet that caused quite a bit of damage was the Minie Ball. It had the ability to kill over 1,000 yards away.

If a limb was amputated before having it for 24 hours the patient had a good chance of living. There was only a 25% mortality rate then.

After 24 hours of being wounded the patient has a 50% chance of dying from infection from the wound.

Tools

Many tools like knives and saws were used. They were also put to use on more than one person with out being sterilized. If a tool fell on the ground it was simply rinsed off in cold water then laid back on the table for use. Surgeons wore blood stained aprons.

Arlington National Cemetery performs 27 to 30 funeral services each day. The grounds of Arlington National Cemetery honor those who have served our nation by providing a sense of beauty and peace for our guests. The rolling green hills are dotted with trees that are hundreds of years in age and complement the gardens found throughout the 624 acres of the cemetery. This impressive landscape serves as a tribute to the service and sacrifice of every individual laid to rest within the hallowed grounds of Arlington National Cemetery.

The Army National Cemeteries Program, consisting of Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia and Soldiers’ and Airmen’s Home National Cemetery in Washington, DC, are under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Army.

On behalf of the American people, lay to rest those who have served our nation with dignity and honor, treating their families with respect and compassion, and connecting guests to the rich tapestry of the cemetery's living history, while maintaining these hallowed grounds befitting the sacrifice of all those who rest here in quiet repose.

“What happened at Diver AFB exceeds on many levels the nationwide anger that resulted from reports of mistreated wounded at the former Walter Reed Army Medical Center in 2007 and reports of lost or misplaced graves at Arlington National Cemetery.”

C I V I L W A R

North By Sara, Beth, and

Mark

Abraham Lincoln

• He was the war hero of the civil war

• He was Lincolns last choice as a general

• He captured important confederate forts in Tennessee

• He led the army into the battle of Vicksburg and won

Strengths There were many advantages that the North had over the South and here are a few. One of the advantages North had over South was the manufacturing capability. Since the North had the Industrial Revolution, they had better weapons manufactured. We had the population advantage, manufacturing, natural resources, finances, and transportation.

Weaknesses The North lacked agriculture and slavery was illegal. Therefore the South was more successful because of the Cotton Gin and because slavery was allowed. The North was not as loyal as the South. Also we had very poor leadership skills, which made it hard to have any real leader at all.

Ulysses S Grant Commanding General

• He was our 16th President • He wasn’t to concerned

about abolishing slavery at first until progressing problems grew in the South

• He switched generals many times throughout the Civil War

• After his victory at Antietam he delivered the Emancipation Proclamation to abolish slavery

Colors North: Navy Blue

South: Tan

Leaders

Robert E. Lee

Ulysses S. Grant

Stonewall Jackson

Phillip H. Sheridan

Strengths ! They were fighting in

their own territory so they were closer to supplies

! They were familiar with the territory

! They had better leaders ! Most people believed in

keeping slaves so they fought harder

The South

Weaknesses ! Railroad systems were

not completed so they didn’t get supplies as fast

! They didn’t have much money to support the war

! Did not have good communication

! Economy was based on agriculture which means they had to import supplies from other countries

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Bull Run Nick Smith per.7 11/10/11

The Battle of Bull Run was fought in Virginia a few miles from Washington DC, on July 21, 1861. The plan was to make it a quick fight for the North. They planed to come in and just take the confederates capital over and just have the war end right there. The confederates found out about the flank and the were able to stop that from taking them over. That sent the union for the retreat towards Washington. That gave the south a surge of confidence and it shocked many people of the north. The union realized the war wouldn’t be easily won.

Facts

Cotton Gin By Sara Schleicher

Civil War Uses

The Cotton Gin was useful during the Civil War in many ways. Here are a few. The Cotton Gin helped the soldiers to make more clothing more quickly. The cloth was also cheaper. Cotton was in high demand and became a cash crop. The Cotton Gin also became known as “King Cotton”. But because of the cotton gin the number of slaves increased due to the need of cotton pickers. It affected politics up until the time of the Civil War.

Fact #1 Fact #2

The Cotton Gin was a machine used to clean

cotton.

Fact#3

It was a very important role in

the Civil War.

C I V I L W A R

Inventor Eli Whitney was born on December 8th 1765 in Westboro Massachusetts. He invented the Cotton Gin in 1793. His maim purpose was that he wanted it to be easier to clean cotton. It separated the cotton from the seeds. Eli however did not profit from his invention though because many other cotton gins were replicated and he didn’t gain by it.

The Cotton Gin was invented in 1793, by Eli

Whitney.

Materials Used

The cotton gin was made from a small screen and pulling hooks. The pulling hooks were used to force the cotton through the screen.

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"War is cruelty. There is no use trying to reform it. The crueler it is, the sooner it will be over."

General William Tecumseh Sherman

By: Caitlyn Guthmiller

Fort Pillow Massacre

One of the best raiders was named Nathan Bedford Forrest. He commanded the cavalry in Tennessee. After the victory of Chickamauga, He didn’t want to serve under General Bragg anymore.

The Fort Pillow massacre was one of the worst blots on the record of Confederate troops during the Civil War of Fort Pillow which was located on the Tennessee bank of the Mississippi River, and the Union took it over in May 1862. Two years later, since the main fighting was on the road to Atlanta, the Confederate raiders still made the Union keep garrisons across the occupied south. There were a lot of deaths but The north was always able to kill more on the south then the south was able to on the north.

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Fugitive Slave Act Kolbee Rein

On September 18, 1850 United States Congress passed the Fugitive Slave act. This was one of the most controversial acts of the 1850 compromise, heightening the Northern fears of ‘slave power conspiracy. The Fugitive Slave Act declared that all runaway slaves must be brought back to their masters. In 1843, several hundred slaves a year escaped to the North, making slavery and unstable institution in the border states. The earlier Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 was a Federal law written with the intention of enforcing Article 4, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. Some Northern states passed “personal liberty laws”, which required a jury before alleged slaves could be moved. The Fugitive Slave Act was only one part of The Compromise of 1850, which was a precursor to the civil war. It was extremely unpopular with abolitionists and more moderate anti-slavery forces in the north. During the Civil War, the Underground Railroad helped a lot of black slaves to escape to the north. Before 1850, if a slave was caught they were killed and whites in the north who assisted escape slaves typically were given a fine and a short jail sentence. However, after 1850, penalties became much worse, including more jail time and even execution. In the south, anyone, white or black, who assisted a fugitive could face death.

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"We'll fight them, sir, 'til hell freezes over, and then, sir, we will fight them on the ice."

A Confederate soldier at Gettysburg, in The Civil War by Shelby Foote

“Vivamus porta est sed est.”

Battle of Gettysburg

July 1-3, 1863

By: Devan

Oligmueller

The battle of Gettysburg was a very important even in the Civil war. This war is referred to by most as the turning point in the Civil War, and was also the most deadly battle claiming about 50,00 soldiers lives. The war was fought between the Union who were lead by George G. Meade, and the Confederates of the south who were lead by Robert E. Lee. Lee had won several battles leading up to the battle, so it was very important that the Union won this fight. The south was considered to be the stronger opponent up until this battle, and after winning, the North felt a sense of victory, and were rejuvenated and continued to go on and win the war.

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Save a Date

By: Kandise Sutton

Facts ! A military officer best known

for having commanded the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War.

! Son of U.S. Revolutionary war hero Henry “Light Horse Harry” Lee III and a top graduate of West Point.

! Distinguished himself as an exceptional officer and combat engineer in U.S. Army for 32 years.

! Resigned to join Confederate Cause.

! At the end of American Civil War, he became commanding general of Confederate army.

! Became postwar icon of South’s “lost cause”

Robert E. Lee

Robert E. Lee aka “ Marble Man” was a Superintendent, U.S. Military Academy Army of Northern Virginia. He was ranked as a Colonel in the USA and a General in the CSA (Confederate States of America). He went from 1829-61 in the USA service and went from 1861-65 in the CSA service. Robert was in the Mexican-American War, the Harpers Ferry Raid and the American Civil War. He also had other work such as being president of Washington and Lee University.

Date of Birth January 19, 1807

Death Date October 12, 1870 (age 63)

Born at Stratford, Westmorland County, Virginia

Buried at Lee Chapel Washington and Lee University

Grave Stone

Birth Place

THE LOREM IPSUMS FALL 2016

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Quotes of Robert E. Lee ! “Duty is the most sublime word in our

language. Do your duty in all things. You cannot do more. You should never wish to do less.”

Robert E. Lee ! Robert was restored president in the U.S.

citizenship by General Ford.

! Before he died his last words were “Strike the tent”.

! During the Mexican War Lee was ranked captain until being promoted at the close of the war.

! The Chancellorsville battle is considered by most historians to be Lee’s greatest victory.

! Lee replaced Joseph E. Johnston as commander of the Army of Northern Virginia.

! Lee defeated John Pope at the battle of Second Manassas.

! Winfield Scott a Mexican War hero called Lee ‘The greatest soldier now living’

! “The education of a man is never completed until he dies.”

! “I have fought against the people of the North because I believed they were seeking to wrest from the South its dearest rights. But I have never cherished toward them bitter or vindictive feelings, and have never seen the day when I did not pray for them.”

THE LOREM IPSUMS FALL 2016

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Timeline

2

1861- sent to set up Atlantic Defenses

1862- appointed advisor to Jefferson Davis

May 1862- commander of the Army of

Northern Virginia

Sept. 1862- defeated the Union of Antietam

December 1862- defeated the Union at

Fredrickson

May 1863- Won at Chancellorsville

July 1863- defeated at Gettysburg

April 9th 1865- surrendered at Appomattox

Court House

Oct. 12, 1870- Robert E. Lee died

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January 19, 1807- Born

1818- Henry Lee “Light Horde Harry” died

1825- Admitted to West Point

1829- Graduated (with honors)

1831- Married Mary Ann Randolph Cutis

1829- Corp of Engineers

1838- Promoted to Captain in the Mexican War

1852-1855- Superintendent at West Point

1855- promoted to Lieutenant Colonel of the

Second Calvary

1859- suppressed the Raid by John Brown on

Harpers Ferry

Robert E. Lee at Battle

By: Beth Hess

Abraham Lincoln

The Beginning

Lincoln began his presidency in 1860 when he won his first election. He wasn’t even wanted as president in the first place, but he knew he had a job to do, and he was going to get it done. His main interest at this point was keeping the Union together, he wasn’t too concerned at the time with abolishing slavery. When the southern states formed the Confederate States, the set out to attack Fort Sumter in 1861. Lincoln tried to stop this by ordering the navy to blockade southern ports, preventing trade of the South’s main income

Gettysburg After a few more changes in

generals, Lincoln finally appointed General George Meade. After his appointment came the bloodiest, most gruesome battle of the Civil War, the battle at Gettysburg. The battle was fought on July 1, 1863. It was North’s victory with more than 45 thousand men killed and wounded. For both the North and the South, it was a devastating loss. Lincoln chose this time to travel to Gettysburg to deliver what is known as the Gettysburg Address.

Problems with the South Things began to progress more and more after the attack on Fort Sumter. Things eventually turned into a war, The Civil War. The Battle of Bull Run was lost by the North, Lincoln then changed generals to General George B. McClellan. Him and General Robert Lee met again at the Bull run. This resulted in another loss for the North and a victory for the South. Lee then moved onward to North, into the Union State of Maryland. The Battle of Antietam occurred here and was considered one of the bloodiest days of the Civil war. The North won this battle, but both sides lost many. After this victory Lincoln decided to deliver The Emancipation Proclamation. This order abolished slavery.

The Surrender After the battle of Gettysburg Lincoln changed Generals again. This choice was Ulysses S. Grant, probably the best change of general for the North. He led the battle at Vicksburg and won it. William Tecumseh Sherman destroyed the Confederate’s main supplies and materials, he destroyed railroads, factories, and its plantations. Just 12 days after the surrender President Lincoln was attending a show at the Ford Theater, where he was shot. He died April 15, 1865.

Personal Experience From the North

11/14/2011

How life was as a Northern Soldier. The typical Union soldier had been a farmer before the

war who volunteered to defend his home and put down the rebellion of the Southern states. Most Northern soldiers believed very strongly in the Federal government and despised the accusations of southern politicians and secessionists. The Union uniform was standardized by War Department orders after the first Battle of Bull Run in 1861. The North had a total population of twenty-two million people of which 1.3 million worked as industrial workers. The North had already had an industrial revolution and had the ability to produce better weapons and more weapons.

They didn’t have first-rate

generals or a strong military

tradition. The union did have as

experienced soldiers or leaders

that the south had.

White Union Soldiers got paid a $10 salary, plus a $3 clothing allowance.

The Black Union Soldiers got paid a $10 salary minus a $3 clothing allowance.

Usually the Union had a choice of a 12 oz. of pork or a 16 oz. of salted beef. They even got 22 oz. of bread.

For their supplies they got between 30-40 lbs., which included ammo, musket, bayonet, haversack, canteen, and knapsacks.

For the army they had 80% of infantry, 14% of cavalry, and 6% of artillery.

Also for the navy they have 6,759 officers, 51,300 sailors, and 3,850 marines.

About the North Experiences!

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Medicine during the Civil War

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By Monique Oropeza

American History Research

During the Civil war medicine was extremely primitive. Doctors at the time did not understand infection and left many of their treatments included with amputation.

During surgeries doctors had no antibiotics, no antiseptics, and made no attempt to maintain sterilization.

Soon after, the Sanitary Commission

was created in order to change

sanitation of camps and rampant

disease.

American History Research

Memorial Day! By Haley Henton

Memorial Day is the response to a lot of men dyeing! The amount that they think that dies is 620,000 people! This all started with The Civil War! Memorial Day is a big holiday in Washington D.C. and is celebrated very highly. In The Civil War they would place flowers on

their graves in remembrance of those would have pasted away fighting for this country! This was finally proclaimed as a holiday on May 5tth, 1868. This was actually started before the Civil War was over. This

was going on during the Civil War. There was even a song made in 1867. The song was called “Kneel Where our Loved Ones are sleeping.” It was first recognized

in New York then it started to spread across the United States. It’s a holiday that is celebrated a lot in the

United States.

Some Facts About Memorial Day!

1.) Memorial Day is a huge holiday in Washington D.C!

2.) Memorial Day is a special day!

3.) In Washington at the cemetery it is a huge ceremony!

MILITARY TECHNOLOGY

One of the most important pieces of technology that was relatively new when the war started, was the railroad, they could move supplies across

the

Many new technologies were created during the civil war, many were created to bring

advantages to one side, and many to save lives and improve

medicines.

By Katen Thomas

VS.

Confederate weapons

-Submarines

- muskets w/ Minnie balls

- swords

-Confederate revolver

- Artillery cannons

- Bowie Knives

UNION WEAPONS

- gatling gun

- muskets w/ Minnie balls

- colt revolvers

- Rail roads

- Bayonette

By Whitney Morrison

Music in the Civil War!

Facts about the music in the civil war.

November 10, 2011

“Yankee Doodle Dandy” “John Brown’s Body” “When Johnny Comes Marching Home Again” “Battle Cry of Freedom”

Popular Songs Music was played by organized bands

or even by soldiers. Most songs ranged from

patriotic melodies to even sad ballads talking

about soldiers’ homesickness.

Music was a much-needed

diversion for the Confederate and Union

troops. Whether music was played by

organized bands or just by the soldiers,

accompanied by a banjo, fiddle, or a

harmonica.

There were more than 500 army

bands formed during the war. The Civil

War was the last conflict in which bands

played on the battlefield

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B Y : T E S S A B E N S O N

Significance during Civil

War:

! Provide accurate records of people, surroundings, and horror of the war

! Not only did the photographs show the consequences of the war, it also “told” the stories in the pictures

Interesting Facts:

! Civil War was

not the first war to be photographed.

! Photography was only 21 years old when the Civil War

started

Matthew Brady ! Known as father of photojournalism ! Most prominent photographer of Civil War ! Used wagons as dark rooms to produce his photos

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Megan Gould November 2011

U.S. SANITARY

COMMISSION The U.S. Sanitary Commission was a relief agency that

was created during the American Civil War by the legislature on June 18, 1861. The commission’s purpose

was to promote clean and healthy conditions in the Union Army camps that operated in the North. The

commission supported sick and wounded the soldiers, staffed field hospitals, raised money, provided

supplies, and worked to educate the military and government on matters of health and sanitation.

Notable Members of the U.S.S.C.

•Frederick Law Olmstead served as the Exacutive Secretary of the U.S.S.C.

•David Tod was the governor of Ohio, one of the first states to use tax

money to support the U.S.S.C.

•Elizabeth Blackwell was the first American woman to earn an M.D.

She was one of the workers in the U.S.S.C.

•Louisa May Alcott wrote the book Little Women and served as a nurse at a Union

Army Hospital.

Facts About The U.S. Sanitary Commission

•It helped cut the Union disease rates by 50%.

•The commission’s volunteers consisted

of some 3,000 women.

•Volunteers for the U.S.S.C. raised about 25 million dollars to

support itself.

•The U.S.S.C. also provided food and shelter

for soldiers during and after the war.

Espionage Civil War

Secrets Revealed The United States Civil War is the only war in U.S. history that had brother

fighting a brother. In a war, a side might have secrets that could ultimately destroy the opponent. In order for the opponent to be aware of these plans, they must infiltrate and isolate their tactics and come up with a plan to turn it against them.

David J. Strang November 10, 2011

The Confederacy's first organized secret services, formed in 1862, coordinated the activities of dozens of (counter) espionage agents along the "Secret Line," an underground link between Richmond and the Washington-Baltimore region.

The Union spy conducted in a “knightly” manner, however, they we quite deceiving and broke a lot of rules, mostly because they didn’t know they existed. The Union used women as undercover agents because they think everything through.

Union Confederacy

Civil War

Submarines

By Taylor Mack.

Submarines served different purposes for the two sides during the Civil War. The South had to face an opponent that far out ranked them in naval force, thus they would use the submarine as an underwater weapon. An example would be the H.L. Hunley which was the first known submarine to sink an enemy battleship. Northerners had an alternate use for the submarine. They had to face their enemies blocking off their ports. The submarines would be used to pass undetected, or in the case of the Confederation’s Virginia iron clad boat, the subs were saboteurs.

< The Alligator, an experimental Union War submarine, proved to be unreliable and unsafe in all three missions it ran…

Some examples of when submarines were used to combat above water marine ships were the H.L. Hunley which sunk the S.S. Housatonic and the incident of the Captian Pierce where the sub (Pierce) attached a mine to a “Union” ship; however when it did the boiler exploded. When a recently destroyed Confederate ship the Tecumseh was located on the ocean floor a sunken vessel rested nearby… the Captain Pierce being the only other marine craft in the area.

Fun fact:

Initially the Confederate navy was too proud to accept the submarine into its ranks because “[Their] ships fight above the sea not below it”

Personal Experiences from the South

The majority of the N. Virginian army’s

soldiers had personal “boys” (slaves)

that would wash their clothing, polish

their boots, cook their food, and add

wood to their fires, and all of this was

seen as the “boy” admiring the soldier!

He practised law, watched his family grow to

four sons and four daughters and struggled

with grief when a son, George, died in 1873,

and Pauline and an infant son, Alfred, died in

1876... . reconciled himself to the outcome of

thewar and eventually became friends with

President Ulysses S. Grant...Grant and future

Republican presidents rewarded him with a

consulship in Hong Kong, a post in the

General Land Office, and an assistant

attorneyship in the Department of Justice.On

May 30, 1916, at the age of eighty-two, John

Mosby died in Washington, D.C.

from Mosby's Rangers by Jeffry Wert

Sullivan Ballou- My very dear Sarah, I have no misgivings about, or lack of confidence in the cause in which I am engaged, and my courage does not halt or falter. I know how strongly American Civilization now leans on the triumph of the Government, and how great a debt we owe to those who went before us through the blood and suffering of the Revolution. And I am willing-perfectly willing-to lay down all the joys in this life, to help maintain this Government, and to pay that debt. Sarah, my love for you is deathless. It seems to bind me with mighty cables that nothing but Omnipotence could break; and yet my love of country comes over me like a strong wind and bears me irresistibly on with all these chains to the battlefield. The memories of the blissful moments I have spent with you come creeping over me, and I feel most grateful to God and to you that I have enjoyed them for so long. How hard it is for me to give them up and burn to ashes the hopes of future years, when, God willing, we might still have lived and loved together, and seen our sons grown up to honorable manhood around us. I have, I know, but few and small claims upon Divine Providence, but something whispers to me-perhaps it is the wafted prayer of my little Edgar, that I shall return to my loved ones unharmed. If I do not my dear Sarah, never forget how much I love you, and that when my last breath escapes me on the battlefield, it will whisper your name. Forgive my many faults, and the many pains I have caused you. How thoughtless and foolish I have often times been! How gladly would I wash out with my tears every little spot upon your happiness? But, oh Sarah! If the dead can come back to this earth and flit unseen around those they loved, I shall always be near you; in the gladdest days and in the darkest nights...always, always. And if there be a soft breeze upon your cheek, it shall be my breath, and as the cool air fans your throbbing temple, it shall be my spirit passing by. Sarah, do not mourn me dead; think I am gone and wait for me, for we shall meet again. (Sullivan Ballou was killed a week later at the battle of Bull Run)

Saige Benton

THE UNDERGROUND

RAILROAD The Underground Railroad , a vast network of people who helped fugitive slaves escape to

the North and to Canada , was not run by any sing le organization or person. Rather, it consisted of many individuals , many whites but predominantly black, who knew only of the local efforts to a id fugitives and not o f the overall operation . Stil l , it effectively moved hundreds of slaves northward each year, according to one es timate ; the South lost 100,000 slaves between 1810 and 1850.

An organized system to assi st runaway slaves seems to have begun towards the end of the 18th century. In 1786 George Washington complained about how one of his runaway s laves was helped by a "soc iety of Quakers, formed for such purposes ." The system grew, and around 1831 it was dubbed "The Underground Rai lroad ," a fter the then emerging steam rai lroads. The system even used terms used in railroading: the homes and businesses where fugitives would rest and eat were cal led "stations" and "depots" and were run by "stationmasters ," those who contributed money or goods were "stockholders ," and the "conductor" was responsible for moving fugitives from one station to the next .

For the slave, running away to the North was anything but easy . The f irst step was to escape from the slaveholder . For many slaves , this meant relying on his or her own resources . Sometimes a "conductor ," posing as a slave , would enter a plantation and then guide the runaways northward . The fugitives would move at night. They would generally travel between 10 and 20 miles to the next station, where they would rest and eat, hiding in barns and other out-of -the-way places . While they waited, a message would be sent to the next station to alert i ts stationmaster.

The fugitives would also travel by train and boat -- conveyances that sometimes had to be paid for . Money was also needed to improve the appearance of the runaways -- a black man, woman, or chi ld in tattered clothes would invariably attract suspic ious eyes . This money was donated by individuals and also raised by various groups , including vigilance committees .

Vigilance committees sprang up in the larger towns and cities of the North, most prominently in New York, Phi ladelphia , and Boston. In addition to solicit ing money, the organizations provided food , lodging and money, and helped the fugit ives settle into a community by helping them find jobs and providing letters o f recommendation.

The Underground Railroad had many notable partic ipants, including John Fairfie ld in Ohio, the son of a slaveholding family, who made many daring rescues , Levi Coffin , a Quaker who assi sted more than 3,000 slaves , and Harriet Tubman, who made 19 trips into the South and escorted over 300 slaves to freedom.

North/Union Soldiers In the north a certain number of men between the ages of 18-45 from each community were drafted into the Union army. Soldiers, except for officers were issued uniforms. Officers were expected to purchase their own and had to make sure that they met strict military requirements. Companies that had contracts with the government made the uniforms. For the most part they were sewn on treadle sewing machines, although some shirts were hand sewn and some of the finish work on the uniforms was done by hand. A dress code for all soldiers was strictly enforced except when they were on the battlefield. Anyone found in violation was made to pay a fine. In the later years of the Civil War the dress code was not as strictly enforced.

Uniforms Of The Civil War

The Uniforms of the Confedera te Sta tes m i l i ta ry fo rces were the uniforms used by the Confederate Army and Navy during the American Civil War, from 1861 to 1865. The uniform varied greatly due to a variety of reasons, such as location, limitations on the supply of cloth and other materials, and the cost of materials during the war.

Confederate forces were often poorly supplied with uniforms, especially late in the conflict. Servicemen sometimes wore combinations of uniform pieces, also wearing captured Union uniforms, and items of personal clothing. They sometimes went without shoes altogether, and broad felt or straw hats were worn as often as kepis or naval caps.

The usual civil war uniform was made primarily of wool. Along with the uniform the soldiers wore a belt which held a cap box, cartridge box bayonet with scabbard, haversack which held their rations, canteen and a blanket roll which contained a wool blanket, a shelter half and a rubber blanket and poncho. Soldiers also carried a bag called a knapsack or haversack, which contained an extra pair of socks, writing paper, stamps and envelopes, ink and pen, razor, toothbrush, comb and any other items that each individual soldier decided to keep with them. By:Inez Antelope

54th Massachusetts Infantry By, April Garett

The Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Infantry Regiment was organized in 1863 at the urging of abolitionist governor, John A. Andrew. The outfit was to be made up of free blacks as a means to prove the value of blacks in combat and as a possible path to citizenship. The courage of the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Infantry Regiment helped to dispel any doubts about the fighting ability of black soldiers. The story of the famous Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Infantry Regiment and the attack on Battery Wagner was recounted in the popular movie Glory.

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! "It is well that war is so terrible, else we should grow too fond of it."

General Lee to General Longstreet

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