© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Chapter 8

Central Nervous System

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

CNS Functions

• CNS stands for central nervous system

• Communication and coordination system in the body

• Gives us personality

• Seat of intellect and reasoning

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

The Nerve Cell

• Called the neuron

• Nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane

• Dendrites – received the signal

• Axons (only one per cell)– myelin sheath (how it conducts the signal

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Nervous Tissue/Cells

• Neurons (different types)– Sensory = afferent

– Motor or efferent

– Associative or interneurons

• Membrane excitability

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Synapse

• When messages go from one cell to the next cell

• Synaptic cleft

• Neurotransmitters

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Divisions of the Nervous System

• Central nervous system– Brain

– Spinal cord

• Peripheral nervous system– 12 pairs of cranial nerves (coming out of the brain)

– Eyes, smell, ect…

– 31 pairs of spinal nerves

– Autonomic nervous system (fight or flight

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Effects of Aging

• Slowing nerve conduction

• Loss of brain size

• Slowing of reaction time

• Changes in sleep patterns

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

The Brain

• Weighs about 1400 grams or 3 pounds

• 100 billion neurons

• Meninges (covering) and cerebrospinal fluid

• Without oxygen, brain damage occurs within 4-8 minutes

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

The Brain

• Cerebrum

• Diencephalon

• Cerebellum

• Brain stem

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

The Brain

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Memory

• Storage of old and new information

• Role of the hippocampus

• Short or long term memory

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Meninges =Coverings of the Brain

• Dura mater

• Arachnoid mater

• Pia mater

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Ventricles of the Brain• Four lined cavities filled with cerebrospinal

fluid• 1st and 2nd

– Right and left lateral ventricles

• 3rd

– Connected to the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramen

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Ventricles of the Brain

• 4th

– Connected to the 3rd by the cerebral aqueduct

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

CSF

• Cerebral spinal fluid =CSF

• Formed inside the four ventricles

• Formation and flow of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

• Blood-brain barrier

• Lumbar puncture

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Cerebrum

• Largest part of the brain

• Weighs about 2 pounds

• Cerebral cortex

• Two hemispheres and longitudinal fissure

• Fissures and sulci

• Gyri or convulutions

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Five Major Fissures

• Longitudinal fissure• Transverse fissure• Central fissure• Lateral fissure• Parieto-occipital fissure

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Cerebral Functionsdepends on location

• Frontal lobe

• Parietal lobe

• Occipital lobe

• Temporal lobe

• Limbic lobe or system

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Diencephalon

• Located between the cerebrum and the midbrain

• Thalamus

• Hypothalamus

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Hypothalamus

• Important part of homeostasis

• Autonomic nervous control

• Cardiovascular control

• Temperature control

• Appetite control

• Water balance

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Hypothalamus

• Manufacture of oxytocin

• Gastrointestinal control

• Emotional state

• Sleep control

• Mind-over-body experiences

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Cerebellum

• Located behind the pons and below the cerebrum

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Cerebellar Function

• Located behind the pons and below the cerebrum

• Maintenance of balance

• Maintenance of muscle tone

• Coordination of muscle movements

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Brain Stem

• Midbrain

• Pons -breathing

• Medulla oblongata

• The cranial nerves 3-12 emerge

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Spinal Cord

• Begins at foramen magnum of the occipital bone

• Ends at the second lumbar vertebrae

• 31 pairs of spinal nerves

• Protected by meninges and other tissues

• White and gray matter

• Functions

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

• gray horns and the gray commissure form the “gray H.”

Columns” of white matter carry information either up or down the spinal cord

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Disorders

• Meningitis

• Encephalitis

• Epilepsy

• Cerebral palsy

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Disorders

• Poliomyelitis

• Hydrocephalus

• Parkinson’s disease

• Essential tremor

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Disorders

• Multiple sclerosis

• West Nile virus

• Dementia

• Alzheimer’s disease

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Disorders

• Brain tumors

• Hematoma

• Spinal cord injuries– Quadriplegia

– Paraplegia

© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Headaches

• Tension

• Migraine

• Cluster

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

Chiropractic physician &

Instructor at Heald College

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