Welcome to Pharmacology MA 235

Instructor: Ryan Lambert-Bellacov

Overview of the course

Ancient Origins• Pharmacy comes from the Greek word,

• meaning drug• Scientific approach to medicine began with the

ancient Greeks• Hippocrate Oath

• Proposed that disease came from natural, not supernatural causes

• Established the theory of humors (blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile)

Ancient Medicine

Ancient Egyptian Medicine -was highly advanced for the time (mummification)

Ancient Chinese Medicine - Zhang Liang invented an instrument named "Meng" which is considered to be precursor of modern stethoscope.

Ancient India Medicine- Indian snake root (Jones)

Ancient Greek Medicine- Hemlock and the dealth of Socrates

Ancient OriginsGalen

• Conducted animal experiments• Produced a systematic classification of drugs for

treatment of disease• Galenical pharmacy described the process of

creating extracts of active medicinals from plants

• First century A.D.• De Materia Medica (standard text on drugs for 1500

years)

Ancient Origins

Dr. John Morgan• Eighteenth Century• Supported the separation of the professions of

pharmacy and medicine

Chapter 1

Consumer Safety and Drug Regulations

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Knowledge of Pharmacology

• Can have an impact on others

• Answer questions as they arise

• Patient may feel more comfortable

asking a pharmacist

• Dispel fallacies

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert-Bellacov. 9

Fallacies

• Only nurses can give medications

• Only physicians may write prescriptions

• Prescriptions are required only

for narcotics

• Drugs produced in the United States are made in federally approved laboratories

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Drug Laws

• 1906 - Pure Food and Drug Act

• 1938 - Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and Amendments

of 1951 and 1965

• 1970 Controlled Substances Act

Brief History of Statutory Pharmacy Law

• In nineteenth century drugs in the United States were unregulated– medicines did not require proof that they were

either safe or effective

• Traveling medicine shows proclaimed “miracle cures” – no regulations on labeling – no research to support claims

Need for Drug Control

• Before 1951, U.S. federal law made no distinction between drugs that can and cannot be purchased without a prescription from a physician.

• In some countries any drug can still be dispensed or sold without legal restriction.

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Controlled Substances

• Schedule I

• Schedule II

• Schedule III

• Schedule IV

• Schedule V

• May vary between states– Know state laws

Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of

1970Schedu

leMedical Use Examples

I For research only Heroin, LSD

II Dispensing severely restricted

Morphine, oxycodone

III Prescriptions can be refilled up to 5 times in 6 months

Codeine with aspirin, anabolic steroids

IV Same as for Schedule III Benzodiazepines, meprobamate

V Some sold w/o a prescription; must be 18

Liquid codeine combination preps.

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Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

• Inspects food, drug, and cosmetic manufacturing facilities

• Reviews drug applications and food additive petitions

• Investigates and prohibits unsafe drugs

• Assures proper labeling

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Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

• For controlled substances only

• Enforces laws against illegal drug manufacturing and activities

• Identifies need for changing the schedules of abused drugs

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994

• The FDA does not regulate diet supplements– because diet supplements

are sold with nonprescription products, many consumers are unaware of this subtle difference in regulation

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Health Care Worker Role

• Keep accurate records

• Maintain adequate supply of drugs

• Phone in prescriptions

• Secure prescription forms for providers

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Health Care Worker Role

• Keep a current drug reference book

• Keep controlled substances locked – Usually double-locked

• Conceal prescription pads to prevent theft

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Guidelines

• Keep records of each controlled substance dispensed, received, or destroyed

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Guidelines

• Keep current with FDA and DEA regulations

• Establish working rapport with a pharmacist

• Maintain professional rapport with pharmaceutical representatives