Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert Bellacov: Chiropractor for Back in the Game in West Linn, OR

Seventh EditionElaine N. Marieb

Chapter 2

Basic Chemistry

Introduction• All body structures are composed of chemicals• The body functions through chemical processes• Foods are broken down into simpler substances,

later to be converted into chemical fuel

*Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Matter – anything that occupies space and has mass (weight)

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert Bellacov: Chiropractor for Back in the Game in West Linn, OR

Composition of MatterComposition of Matter

Slide 2.2

• Elements

• Fundamental units of matter

• 96% of the body is made from four elements

• Carbon (C)

• Oxygen (O)

• Hydrogen (H)

• Nitrogen (N)

• Atoms

• Building blocks of elementsEdited by Dr. Ryan Lambert Bellacov: Chiropractor for Back in the Game in West Linn, OR

Atomic StructureAtomic Structure

Slide 2.3

• Nucleus

• Protons (p+)

• Neutrons (n0)

• Outside of nucleus

• Electrons (e-)

Figure 2.1

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert Bellacov: Chiropractor for Back in the Game in West Linn, OR

Periodic Table (p.20)6 Atomic Number

C Symbol

Carbon Name

12.011 Atomic Mass

– Atomic # : How many protons– Atomic Mass: Protons + Neutrons

– Why is the atomic mass not 12?

Compounds and Molecules

• Compounds– Combination of atoms of 2 or more elements

• Chemical reaction involves rearrangement, separation, or combination of atoms

• Atoms are never destroyed during a chemical reaction= Eistein theory

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

Bonds and Energy

• Atoms combine chemically by forming bonds

• Ionic bond – one atom loses electrons, while the other gains electrons, from their outer shell or orbit. New atoms called ions – NOT electrically neutral

Common substances in living systems

• Water

• Most abundant inorganic compounds

• Vital properties

• High heat capacity

• Polarity

• Chemical reactivity

• Cushioning

• *“Universal solvent”

Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds

Slide 2.26

• Carbohydrates (CHO)

• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

• Include sugars and starches

• Classified according to size

• Monosaccharides – simple sugars

• Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis

• Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert Bellacov: Chiropractor for Back in the Game in West Linn, OR

Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds

Slide 2.29

• Lipids

• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

• Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen

• Insoluble in water

• Common names: triglycereides, fatty acids,

Saturated Fats vs Unsaturated Fats

Saturated Fat = contains only single bonds between carbon atoms, no double bonds

Unsaturated Fats = one or more double bonds between the fatty acids

Trans Fats-

Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic Compounds

Slide 2.33a

• Proteins

• Made of amino acids

• Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

• Example is enzymes

• Enzymes –specialize proteins that affect chemical reactions

Edited by Dr. Ryan Lambert Bellacov: Chiropractor for Back in the Game in West Linn, OR

Important Organic CompoundsImportant Organic CompoundsNucleic acids (CHONP)Nucleic acids (CHONP)

Slide 2.36

• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) & RNA

• Organized by complimentary bases to form double helix

• Replicates before cell division

• Provides instruction for every protein in the body Figure 2.17c

Optimum cell function requires a stable cellular fluid environment. The fluid that bathes the cell and transports nutrients in and out of the cell is called extracellular fluid (blood). The fluid within the cell is called intracellular fluid. Cells become damaged when this fluid is not in balance leading to dysfunction.

Movement of materials in and out of cells

• Semipermeable membrane

• Diffusion – movement of molecules from high concentration to lower concentration

• Osmosis – pertains only to movement of water molecules from high concentration to lower concentration

• Solute – substance dissolved in a solution

Solutions

• Hypertonic – solution in which water molecules will move out of the cell; cell will shrink (5% salt solution)

• Hypotonic – solution in which water molecules will move into the cell; cell will swell (pure distilled water)

pHpH

Slide 2.25

• Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions

• pH 7 = neutral

• pH below 7 = acidic

• pH above 7 = basic

• Buffers

• Chemicals that can regulate pH change

Figure 2.11

Questions

• How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are found in an atom of oxygen?

• What is the chemical fuel used by our bodies?

• What is pH?• We hear about saturated vs. unsaturated

fats, what is the difference? Which contributes to cardiovascular disease?

Chapter 3

Cell Structure

Introduction

• Cell is the basic unit of biologic organization of the human body

• Cells are composed of Cytoplasm– So mostly the fluid

• Organelles are building block of structures making proteins

• Nucleus – control center of the cell

Anatomy of a Typical Cell• Cell Membrane

– Double phospholipid plasma membrane– Proteins

• Protoplasm – liquid portion (water, hormones, enzymes, RNA, DNA)

• Nucleus – most prominent structure, separated by the nuclear membrane – DNA

• Mitochondria - “powerhouse of the cell” – Site of cellular respiration, Produce ATP

• Lysosomes – contain digestive enzymes to digest food in a Vacuole– Suicide Agents– Recycle Materials

More “cell parts”

• Endoplasmic Reticulum – Rough, protein synthesis– Smooth, fat transport, sex hormone synthesis

• Ribosomes – site of protein synthesis

• Golgi Apparatus – storage warehouse of the cell– Compounds are collected and concentrated

• Centrioles – cell division• Cilia and Flagella

– cilia are short– flagella are long– responsible for movement

Cell Metabolism:-Our body is constantly changing at the level of the cell-with changes we either use energy or create energy-All cells in our body require energy to maintain their structure

Energy Production-Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids can all be converted to energy-ATP is the cells energy-ATP is made by combining food & oxygen

Membrane Transport

• Protein Channels– Active Transport

• requires ATP

– Receptor Sites– Sodium / Potassium Pumps (muscle and

nerve cells)

Protein Synthesis

• Proteins – enzymes, antibodies, channels

• DNA – code located in the nucleus– Goal: get code from the nucleus to ribosomes and

create the desired protein• Transcription

– Messenger RNA (mRNA)• mRNA to ribosomes • Translation

– tRNA (Transfer RNA) -> Bring amino acids to mRNA