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PowerPoint Presentation to Accompany

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Chapter 14

Kinesiology

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Objectives

• Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to:– Explain the study of kinesiology– Define the articular system and describe its

importance to movement– Define the three classifications of joints– State the six types of diarthroses joints

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Objectives (cont’d.)

• Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to (cont’d.):– Define the 18 different movements of synovial

joints– Explain the three anatomical planes and their

importance to medicine– Explain the concept of open and closed

kinematic chains

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Kinesiology

• Study of physical activity or movement – Encompasses anatomy, biomechanics,

physiology, psychomotor behavior, and various social and cultural factors

– Focuses on exercise stress, movement efficiency, and fitness

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Articular System

• Series of joints that allows movement– Combined with neuromuscular system,

enables locomotion

• Joint articulation– Formed when two bones come into contact – Can be freely movable

• Arthrology– Study of joints

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Classification of Joints

• Synarthroses – Joints that lack a synovial cavity – Held closely together by fibrous connective

tissue– Immovable– Three structural types

• Sutures• Syndesmosis• Gomphosis

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Classification of Joints (cont’d.)

• Amphiarthroses – Slightly moveable– Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or

fibrocartilage

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Classification of Joints (cont’d.)

• Diarthroses or synovial joints– Freely movable– Ends of opposing bones are covered with

articular cartilage– Separated by joint cavity– Components are enclosed in fibrous joint

capsule

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Movement of Diarthroses

• Range of motion in movable joints varies– Synovial joints move most freely– Shoulders have the greatest range of motion– Joint stability is determined by:

• Shape of the bones where they come together• Ligaments that join the bones• Muscle tone

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Animation – Synovial Joints

Click Here to Play Synovial Joints Animation

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Disorders of Joints

• Bursitis – Inflammation of synovial bursa – Can be caused by excessive stress or tension

• Arthritis – Inflammation of the entire joint– Usually involves all joint tissues (cartilage,

bone, muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, etc.)

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Disorders of Joints (cont’d.)

• Rheumatic fever – Disease involving a bacterial infection – If undetected, bacterium can be carried by the

bloodstream to the joints• Results in rheumatoid arthritis

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Disorders of Joints (cont’d.)

• Rheumatoid arthritis – Connective-tissue disorder – Severe inflammation of small joints

• Severely debilitating

• Primary fibrositis – Inflammation of fibrous connective tissue – Called rheumatism, or if in lower back,

lumbago

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Disorders of Joints (cont’d.)

• Osteoarthritis– Degenerative joint disease– Occurs with advancing age

• Gout – Accumulation of uric acid crystals in joint at

base of large toe and other joints of feet and legs

• Waste-product crystals can accumulate in kidneys, causing kidney damage

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Animation

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Click Here to Play Body Planes Animation

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Closed and Open Kinematic Chains

• Closed kinematic chain – Movement or exercise at the end of the chain,

farthest from the body, is fixed• In a squat feet are fixed and the rest of leg chain

moves

• Open kinematic chain – Movement or exercise at the end of the chain

is free• Seated leg extension

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Conclusion

• Joints allow motion while providing stability– Classified as nonmovable, slightly movable,

and freely movable

• Athletics involves movement in and around many different planes

• Closed- and open-chain movements and exercises provide different benefits

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