water supply and purification in emergencies 1 marco bruni, seecon international gmbh

Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies


1

Marco Bruni, seecon international gmbh


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The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or supporting partner organisations.

Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided.

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Contents

1. Disasters and Water Supply Systems

2. Intervention in an Emergency

3. Prioritising in an Emergency

4. Organisation in an Emergency

5. Approaches to Water Purification in Emergencies

6. International Emergency Response in WASH

7. References

3



Disasters

4


Disasters

StormsStorms

FloodsFloods

Tsunamis

Tsunamis

FiresFiresDraught

sDraught

s

Earthquakes

Earthquakes

Pandemics

Pandemics

Armed conflictsArmed

conflicts



The Effects of Disasters on Civil Society

5


Disaster Main health problems caused by•Insufficient water supply and sanitation•Poor hygiene•Consumption of contaminated water

Main health problems caused by•Insufficient water supply and sanitation•Poor hygiene•Consumption of contaminated water

Critical determinants for survival:

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

Critical determinants for survival:

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

Health of survivors is exposed to

high risks

GWC (2009)

THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)



The Effects of Disasters on Water Supply Systems

6


Disaster

Consequences:•Destruction of water supply systems•Contamination of groundwater and wells•Loss of electricity/pumps•Collapse of water distribution network

Consequences:•Destruction of water supply systems•Contamination of groundwater and wells•Loss of electricity/pumps•Collapse of water distribution network

Results:•Failure of supply•Consumption of contaminated water•Serious health problems and environmental pollution

Results:•Failure of supply•Consumption of contaminated water•Serious health problems and environmental pollution



Managing an Emergency: Building Resilience-Enabling Rehabilitation

7


NormalityNormality




8


Disturbance

NormalityNormality




9


Disturbance

NormalityNormality NormalityNormality

Rehabilitation

Objectives•Save lives•Ease suffering•Speed up process of rehabilitation




10


Disturbance


Intervention

Rehabilitation

General task Immediate response

However, upgrading the systems in a long-term perspective has to be considered already at the beginning.





11


Disturbance


Intervention

Rehabilitation


General task Immediate response

However, upgrading of the systems for long-term water supply has to be considered already at the beginning.

Tasks in relation to water, sanitation & health (WASH)•Provision of safe drinking water•Maintenance of basic hygiene•Reduction of health risks

THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)



Prioritising as a Key Factor

12

Protection of Water Sources

Adapted from: WHO (n.y.)


Water Quantity

Water Quality

Water Distribution

NetworkCHALINDER (1994); THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)



General Objectives of Emergency Water Supply and Purification

•Protection of water sources (1) in order to minimise the risk of contamination and transmission of water borne diseases (immediate objective);•Provision of water of a reasonable quantity (2) (immediate objective);•Improvement of the physical and biological quality (3) of the water (medium-term objective);•Improvement of access to supplies through improved water distribution networks (4) and storage facilities (medium-term objective).

13


CHALINDER (1994); THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)



Assess First – Then React Immediately

14




Assessment of Water Supply Systems

15


Adapted from: DAVIS & LAMBERT (2002)



Water Demand Assessment

Minimum Standards for Drinking Water Quantity

16


Survival needs: water intake

2.5 – 3 litres Depends on the climate and individual physiology

Basic hygiene practices 2 – 6 litres Depends on social and cultural norms

Basic cooking needs 3 – 6 litres Depends on food type and social and cultural norms

Total basic water needs

7.5 – 15 litres per person per day

Source: THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)



Point-of-use versus Camp Water Supply and Purification Systems

17


Point-of-use Water Supply and Purification

Camp Water / semi-centralised Supply and Purification

Principles End-users (households and communities) are trained to apply simple multi-barrier methods based on the HWTS approach.

After and during an emergency, a mobile water treatment unit is brought close to the water source and installed and operated by trained staff.

Technologies Sedimentation, Coagulation, Disinfection, Boiling, SODIS

Treatment units

Advantages Low-cost Ready-to-use, very effective

Disadvantages High responsibility of end user Expensive, knowhow for O&M

A B



Point-of-use (POU) Water Supply and Purification SystemsExamples for POU water treatment methods:

• Sedimentation

• Coagulation

• Disinfection

• Boiling

• SODIS

A

18




Camp Water Supply and Purification Systems

On the left: Emergency water treatment units filtrate (membrane filtration) and disinfect (ultraviolet light) surface water to produce large amounts of clear potable water regardless of its turbidity.

On the right: Self-disinfecting Katadyn Filter elements also have a high performance. They work with a micro porous ceramic filter with silver

incorporated in the ceramic structure.

B

19


Source: Left: PWN TECHNOLOGIES (2011). Right: AQUAFIDER (2011)



Key Factors for the Selection of the Optimal Treatment Process

20


The concrete measures to be taken after a disaster depend on the answers to the assessment questions, the geographical and climatic context, the reason for people being without water and the type of target groups.

Source: HOUSE & REED (1997)

HOUSE & REED (1997)



Just Providing Infrastructure is not enough

Establishing an emergency water supply system is not only about providing physical infrastructure but also about awareness raising and capacity building (hygiene education).

21


Source: http://www.akvo.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/p1100042.jpg [Accessed: 12.04.2012]

Source: http://zweland.net/photos/var/albums/Chennai%20photos/Water%20supply%20truck.jpg?m=1290085025 [Accessed: 12.04.2012]



Water, Sanitation and Health (WASH)

Organisations (e.g. Governments, NGOs, etc.) have different strategies for humanitarian intervention:

•Provision of equipment to ensure immediate response without thorough assessment. E.g. modular kits pumps, treatment units, water tanks and distribution systems.

22

6. International Emergency Responses in WASH

HOUSE & REED (1997)

• Provision of modular mobile treatment units to treat either surface or groundwater from a nearby source in the short run.

• Usage of locally available materials, methods and skills to benefit the local population and to improve effective operation and maintenance of the system in the long run.

Source: SWEDISH RED CROSS (2008)



23

7. ReferencesAQUAFIDES (Editor) (2011): Katadyn Mobile Filter Unit MOT. Dietlikon: Aquafides Schweiz AG. http://katadynch.vs31.snowflakehosting.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/katadynmilitarycom/Downloads/Mobile_Filter_Unit_MOT_EN.pdf [Accessed: 17.04.2012].

CHALINDER, A. (1994): Water and Sanitation in Emergencies. Good Practice . London: Overseas Development Institute. URL: http://sheltercentre.org/sites/default/files/WatSan%20in%20Emergencies%20%28Chalinder%29.pdf [Accessed: 20.03.2012].

DAVIS, J.; LAMBERT, R. (2002): Engineering in Emergencies. A Practical Guide for Relief Workers. London: Intermediate Technology Publications, Ltd.

GWC (Editor) (2009): The Human Right to Water and Sanitation in Emergency Situations. The Legal Framework and a Guide to Advocacy. New York: Global WASH Cluster (GWC), Unicef. URL: http://redhum.org/archivos_cluster/pdf/ID_351_UW_Redhum_Global_Manual_Human_Rights_to_Water_and_Sanitation_in_Emergency_Situation_2009.pdf [Accessed: 20.03.1012].

HOUSE, S.; REED, B. (1997): Emergency Water Sources. Guidelines for Selection and Treatment. Loughborough: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC). URL: http://sheltercentre.org/sites/default/files/Emergency%20Water%20Sources%20%28WEDC%29.pdf [Accessed: 20.03.2012].

PWN TECHNOLOGIES (Editor) (2011): Emergency Water Unit. http://www.pwntechnologies.nl/resources/factsheets/pdf/Perfector-E%20-%20Emergency%20water%20unit.pdf [Accessed: 17.04.2012].

SWEDISH RED CROSS (Editor) (2008): Slide show of Swedish Red Cross water and sanitation module 4O ERU deployed in Philippines. Stockholm: Swedish Red Cross. URL: http://www.ifrc.org/Global/sw-watsan-eru-philippines0808.pdf [Accessed: 20.03.2012].

THE SPHERE PROJECT (Editor) (2011): Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response. Bourton on Dunsmore: Practical Action Publishing. URL: http://www.sphereproject.org/component/option,com_docman/task,cat_view/gid,17/Itemid,203/lang,English/ [Accessed: 17.10.2011].

Water Supply and Purification in Emergencies 24

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