landfills 1 beat stauffer, international seecon gmbh

Landfills

Landfills

1

Beat Stauffer, international seecon gmbh

Landfills

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Landfills


Contents

1. Concept

2. How can Landfills optimise SSWM

3. Design Principles

4. Treatment Efficiency

5. Operation and Maintenance

6. Applicability

7. Pros and Cons

8. References

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Landfills


Sustainability of Landfills

4

1. Concept

Source: WASTE INCINERATION (2010) and AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT

BANK (2002)

Source: SUSANA on Flickr

2009

Landfills


Sustainability of Landfills

5

1. Concept

Source: WASTE INCINERATION (2010) and AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT

BANK (2002)


2009

Landfilling is the least preferred method in the hierarchy of integrated solid waste management.

Landfills


Is a Landfill an Open Dump?

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1. Concept


2009

Landfills


Is a Landfill an Open Dump?

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1. Concept


2009

It is not an open dump, it is an engineered facility in order to protect the environment and human health!

Source: LATROBE CITY COUNCIL

(2005)

Landfills


Types of Landfills

• Open Dump:•Waste is discharge open without any management

• Basic Landfill:•Waste is discharged in a pit and covered every day

• Engineered Landfill:•Liner, cover, leachate treatment and gas extraction (energy

production or flared)

• Bioreactor Landfill: •Acceleration of decomposition and creation of a conditions

for microbiological activities -> produced gas is used for energy production.

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1. Concept

Landfills


Engineered Landfills in Contrast to Open Dumps

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2. How it can optimise SSWM

Source: LATROBE CITY COUNCIL

(2005)

Cover layer avoids spreading of waste, pathogens, odour

Gas extraction well control and reuse of biogas (mainly CO2 and CH4) for energy production

Liner system avoids a contamination of ground water

Leachate system collection and treatment of fluid effluent

Groundwater monitoring on-going information about the groundwater quality

Landfills


Basic Landfill (Emergency Landfill) (HARVEY et al. 2002)

• Pit should be backfilled with excavated soil every day.

• Site should be agreed with local population and authorities.

• Site should be fenced.

• At least 1 km downwind from the nearest dwellings.

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Source: HARVEY et al. (2002)

Landfills


Engineered Landfill (UNEP 2002)

• The capacity is planned and the site is chosen based on an environmental risk assessment study.

• Gas is flared or used for energy production.

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Source: UNEP (2002)

Landfills


Bioreactor Landfill (WM 2004)

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• Acceleration of biologic decomposition (organic fraction).

• Promoting conditions necessary for the microorganisms (moisture content).

• Liquids must be added (leachate, stormwater, sewerage sludge).

• Gas is collected to produce electrical energy.

• Design includes liner, cover, leachate system, groundwater monitoring.

• Systems: aerobic, anaerobic, aerobic-anaerobic, facultative (to control high ammonia concentration).

Source: WM (2004)

Landfills


Treatment of Leachate (SA’AT 2006)

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Without proper cleaning, leachate will cause environmental problems. Potential methods for treatment:

•Recirculation of leachate through the landfill•Disposal off-site to sewer for treatment as an admixture with domestic sewage•Physical-chemical treatment•Membrane filtration •Reverse osmosis•Anaerobic biological treatment•Aerobic biological treatment•Constructed wetlands

Design of a vertical flow constructed wetland. Source: MOREL & DIENER (2006)

Landfills


Treatment and Health Aspect

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Open Dump

Basic Landfill

Engineered Landfill

Bioreactor Landfill

health

an

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pro

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Landfills


Treatment and Health Aspect

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Open Dump slow decomposition; spreading of waste, pathogens and odour; no liner, no cover

Basic Landfill better decomposition; cover avoids spreading of waste and breeding of insects; leaching may occur

Engineered Landfill advanced decomposition; cover; liner; leachate, stormwater and gas management

Bioreactor Landfill acceleration of decomposition; cover; liner; leachate and stormwater management; energy production

Landfills


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5. Operation and Maintenance (UNEP 2002; GROSS n.y.; ITRC 2006)

• Requires dedicated operators.

• Waste has to be covered each day.

• Proper leachate management.

• Cover must be resistant to erosion.

• Once capacity is reached, the bottom (cover layer) has to be

controlled regularly to avoid toxic effluents/emissions.

• Bioreactor landfills require a more complex set of O&M.

Landfills


Landfilling is one of the most widely employed methods for the disposal of municipal solid waste. (SA’AT 2006)

• Depending on the community/city (financial, knowledge, interests)

• Enough land must be available.

• Compared to other discharge possibilities costs are lower.

• Landfill should always be lined, correctly covered and maintained to avoid a contamination of the environment and to minimise health risks for locals.

Don’t forget:

The best discharge possibility is to produce less waste and to reuse/recycle as much as possible!

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6. Applicability

Landfills


Advantages:•An effective disposal

method if well-managed.•A sanitary disposal method

if managed effectively.•Energy production and fast

degradation if designed as a bioreactor landfill.

Disadvantages:

•Fills up quickly if waste is not reduced and reusable waste is not collected separately and recycled.

•A reasonable large area required.

•Risk of groundwater contamination if not sealed correctly or the liner system is damaged.

•High costs for high-tech landfills.

•If the management is bad, there is a risk that the landfill degenerates into an open dump.

•After the end of disposal the landfill needs still O&M and monitoring for the next 50 to 100 years. 18

7. Pros and Cons

Landfills


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8. References

AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (Editor) (2002): Study on Solid Waste Management Options for Africa. Abidjan: African Development Bank. URL: http://www.bscw.ihe.nl/pub/bscw.cgi/d1354356/SOLID%2520WASTE%2520MANAGEMENT%2520STUDY.pdf [13.03.2012]

GROSS, B.A. (n.y.): Landfill Cover, Design and Operation. Pdf Presentation. U.S.A.: GeoSyntec Consultants. URL: http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/landfill/bio-work/gross.pdf [Accessed: 16.11.2011]

HARVEY, P.; BAGHRI, S.; REED, B. (2002): Emergency Sanitation: Assessment and Programme Design. Loughborough: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC). URL: http://www.who.or.id/eng/contents/aceh/wsh/books/es/es.htm [Accessed: 21.02.2011]

ITRC (Editor) (2006): Characterisation, Design, Construction, and Monitoring of Bioreactor Landfills. Technical/Regulatory Guideline. Washington, DC: Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council. URL: http://www.itrcweb.org/Documents/ALT-3.pdf [Accessed: 16.11.2011]

LATROBE CITY COUNCIL (Editor) (2005): Latrobe City Landfill. Morwell: Latrobe City Council. URL: http://www.latrobe.vic.gov.au/Services/Waste/Landfill/ [Accessed: 27.03.2012]

UNEP (Editor) (2002): A Directory of Environmentally Sound Technologies for the Integrated Management of Solid, Liquid and Hazardous Waste for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Pacific Region. The Hague: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). URL: http://iwlearn.net/iw-projects/3181/reports/a-directory-of-environmentally-sound-technologies-for-the-integrated-management-of-solid-liquid-and-hazardous-waste-for-small-island-developing-states-sids-in-the-pacific-region/view [Accessed: 28.03.2012]

WASTEWATER SYSTEM (n.y): Wastewater Sludge Incineration Technologies. WasteWater System. URL: http://www.wastewatersystem.net/2011/02/wastewater-sludge-incineration.html [Accessed: 14.03.2012]

WM (Editor) (2004): The Bioreactor Landfill. Cincinnati: Waste Management (WM) Bioreactor Programm. URL: http://www.wm.com/sustainability/pdfs/bioreactorbrochure.pdf [Accessed: 16.11.2011]

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