sanitation in emergencies sanitation in emergencies overview 1 marco bruni, seecon international...

Sanitation in Emergencies

Sanitation in EmergenciesOverview

1

Marco Bruni, seecon international gmbh


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Contents

1. Disasters and Sanitation Systems

2. Emergency Phases and Intervention

3. Minimum Standards

4. Selecting the Optimal Sanitation System

5. Emergency Sanitation – More than just Provision of Toilets!

6. The Role of Ecological Toilet Systems

7. References

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Disasters

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Disasters

StormsStorms

FloodsFloods

Tsunamis

Tsunamis

FiresFiresDraught

sDraught

s

Earthquakes

Earthquakes

Pandemics

Pandemics

Armed conflictsArmed

conflicts



The Effects of Disasters on Civil Society

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Disaster Main health problems caused by•Insufficient water supply and sanitation•Poor hygiene•Consumption of contaminated water

Main health problems caused by•Insufficient water supply and sanitation•Poor hygiene•Consumption of contaminated water

Objectives•Minimisation of the spread of faecal-oral diseases•Restoration of a healthy environment

Objectives•Minimisation of the spread of faecal-oral diseases•Restoration of a healthy environment

Health of survivors is exposed to

high risks

GWC (2009)

THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)



Emergency Phases are not Time-bound


Immediate Emergency

Phase

Immediate Emergency

Phase

Recovery Phase

Recovery Phase

Stabilisation PhaseStabilisation Phase

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Settlement Phase

Settlement Phase

Emergency phases roughly describe the steps that affected people go through after an emergency. The phases are not time-bound. They depend on the achievement of targets.

Usual duration

1 week – 3 months

Usual duration

2 – 6 monthsUsual duration

2 months – several years

Usual duration

Several years



Managing an Emergency: Building Resilience-Enabling Rehabilitation

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NormalityNormality




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Disturbance

NormalityNormality




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Disturbance

NormalityNormality NormalityNormality

Rehabilitation

Objectives•Save lives•Ease suffering•Speed up process of rehabilitation




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Disturbance


Intervention

Rehabilitation


General task

Immediate response

However, upgrading the system in a long-term perspective has to be considered already at the beginning.



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Disturbance


Intervention

Rehabilitation


General task

Immediate response

However, upgrading the system in a long-term perspective has to be considered already at the beginning.

Tasks in relation to water, sanitation & health (WASH)•Provision of safe drinking water•Maintenance of basic hygiene•Reduction of health risks






Minimum Standards for Excreta Disposal in Emergencies

The international community of emergency response organisations has defined minimum standards that people who are affected by an emergency can expect from organisations providing humanitarian assistance.

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3. Minimum Standards

The most commonly mentioned minimum standards are the Sphere Standards. For excreta disposal in emergencies, they include:

• A living environment free from human faecal contamination

• Access to adequate, appropriate and acceptable toilet facilities

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What is a Sanitation System?

Establishing an emergency sanitation system is not only about constructing physical infrastructure but also about awareness raising and capacity building (hygiene education)

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Source: http://www.akvo.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/p1100042.jpg [Accessed: 12.04.2012]

Source: http://www.akvo.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/p1100042.jpg [Accessed: 12.04.2012]



There is no One-fit-to-all Solution

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Source: THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)

Factors determining the individual choice of the sanitation system

Factors E.g.

The cause of the emergency event

Flooding, storm, pandemic, draught

The type of the area Rural, urban

The level of displacement of the affected population

In-situ: people staying close to their homesEx-situ: highly dispersed settlements, mass shelters, self-settlements, planned camps

The emergency phase Immediate-, stabilisation-, recovery-, settlement phase

The available capacity and resources

Financial, human, knowledge, material, skills, etc.

The political and social context of the affected region

Stability, corruption, traditions, habitudes, etc.

Source: HARVEY et al. (2002); JOHANNESSEN (2011)



Typical Sanitation Systems

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In-situ emergency situation

Type Remarks

Communal latrines Fast construction, high quality, maintenance required/ no user-responsibility

Family latrines User-responsibility, simple and cheap construction, more accessible

Ex-situ emergency situation

Type Remarks

Demarcated defecation area

First phase: the first two to three days when a huge number of people need immediate facilities

Trench latrines First phase

Pit latrines Also for long-term

Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan)

Immediate, medium- and long-term. Yet, context-based: mainly in response to high water tables and flood situations

Septic tanks Medium- to long-term Source: THE SPHERE PROJECT (2011)

Source: HARVEY ET AL. (2002)



Source: WHO (2011); HARVEY et al. (2002)

Management of solid waste

Management of solid waste

Stormwater management

(drainage of surface runoff)

Stormwater management

(drainage of surface runoff)

Management of dead bodies (both

health-risk and psychological

impacts/trauma)

Management of dead bodies (both

health-risk and psychological

impacts/trauma)

More than just Provision of Toilets!

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5. Emergency Sanitation

Complementary planning and

organisation of hygiene promotion

Complementary planning and

organisation of hygiene promotion



EcoSan – An Attractive Alternative to Conventional LatrinesExamples for EcoSan Toilets:

•Urine diversion toilet•Composting toilet•Terra preta toilet

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6. The Role of Ecological Sanitation Systems


+++Advantages+++

•Resistant to flooding•Reduce water consumption•Reduce odour•Usable also after emergency•By-products can be reused (fertilisation)

---Disadvantages---

•Require more careful operation and maintenance•Handling of excreta poses high health risks

Adapted from JOHANNESSEN & BIKABA (2009); OXFAM (2009); RUBERTO & JOHANNESSEN (2009)



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7. ReferencesHARVEY, P.A. (2007): Excreta Disposal in Emergencies. A Field Manual. Leicestershire: WEDC Loughborough University. . http://www.washdoc.info/docsearch/title/154709 [Accessed: 16.04.2012].

JOHANNESSEN, A.; BIKABA, D. (2009): Sustainable Sanitation for Emergencies and Reconstruction Situations - Factsheet of Working Group 8 (draft). Eschborn: Sustainable Sanitation Alliance SuSanA http://www.susana.org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-797-en-susana-factsheet-wg08-emergencies-version-3.pdf [Accessed: 24.07.2011].

JOHANNESSEN, A. (2011): Identifying Gaps in Emergency Sanitation. Design of New Kits to Increase Effectiveness in Emergencies. Stoutenburg: Oxfam & WASTE. http://www.susana.org/images/documents/07-cap-dev/b-conferences/13-stoutenberg-conference-2011/stoutenberg-feb-2011-report-final.pdf [Accessed: 16.04.2012].

OXFAM (Editor) (2009): UD Toilets and Composting Toilets in Emergency Settings. London: Oxfam Publishing. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/resources/learning/humanitarian/downloads/TBN7_UD_composting_toilets.pdf [Accessed: 16.04.2012].

THE SPHERE PROJECT (Editor) (2011): Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response. Bourton on Dunsmore: Practical Action Publishing. URL: http://www.sphereproject.org/component/option,com_docman/task,cat_view/gid,17/Itemid,203/lang,English/ [Accessed: 17.10.2011].

RUBERTO, C.; JOHANNESSEN, A. (2009): Innovations in Emergency Sanitation. International Water Association (IWA). Stoutenburg: The Netherlands. http://www.susana.org/docs_ccbk/susana_download/2-958-en-minutes-wg12-innovations-emergency-sanitation-workshop-netherlands-2009-02.pdf [Accessed: 16.04.2012].

WHO (Editor) (2011): Technical Options for Excreta Disposal in Emergencies. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/2011/tn14_tech_options_excreta_en.pdf [Accessed: 16.04.2012].

Sanitation in Emergencies 19

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