Unification of Unification of Italy and Germany Italy and Germany

Chapter 8 Chapter 8 Section 3Section 3

Cavour Unites ItalyCavour Unites Italy NationalismNationalism did did

not only destroy not only destroy empires, it helped empires, it helped build nations.build nations.

ItalyItaly formed from formed from crumbling empires.crumbling empires.

1815-18481815-1848 – – fewer Italians were fewer Italians were content to live content to live under foreign under foreign rulers.rulers.

Cavour Leads Italian Cavour Leads Italian UnificationUnification

Italian nationalists looked Italian nationalists looked for leadership from the for leadership from the kingdom of kingdom of Piedmont-Piedmont-SardiniaSardinia, the largest and , the largest and most powerful of the most powerful of the Italian states.Italian states.

Kingdom adopted a liberal Kingdom adopted a liberal constitutionconstitution in 1848. in 1848.

UnificationUnification sounded like sounded like a good plan to the liberal a good plan to the liberal middle-class.middle-class.

Count Camillo di CavourCount Camillo di Cavour

Became Became Prime MinisterPrime Minister of Sardinia in 1852.of Sardinia in 1852.

Worked tirelessly to Worked tirelessly to expandexpand Piedmont- Piedmont-Sardinia’s power.Sardinia’s power.

Wanted to gain control of Wanted to gain control of northern Italynorthern Italy..

Roadblock to ItalyRoadblock to Italy Cavour realized that Cavour realized that

AustriaAustria would cause a would cause a major roadblock.major roadblock.

Napoleon IIINapoleon III agreed to help agreed to help drive Austria out of the drive Austria out of the northern Italian provinces.northern Italian provinces.

Cavour then started a Cavour then started a warwar with Austria.with Austria.

With the help of the With the help of the FrenchFrench, Sardinia won two , Sardinia won two quick victories.quick victories.

Sardinia took all of northern Sardinia took all of northern Italy, except Italy, except VenetiaVenetia..

Garibaldi Brings UnityGaribaldi Brings Unity While Cavour was uniting While Cavour was uniting

northern Italy, he secretly northern Italy, he secretly helped nationalist helped nationalist rebelsrebels in in the south.the south.

May 1860 – a small army of May 1860 – a small army of Italian nationalists captured Italian nationalists captured SicilySicily..

Army was known as the Army was known as the Red Red ShirtsShirts.. Leader – Giuseppe Leader – Giuseppe GaribaldiGaribaldi, ,

and his followers, always wore and his followers, always wore a bright red shirt in battle.a bright red shirt in battle.

GaribaldiGaribaldi Garibaldi and his soldiers Garibaldi and his soldiers

marched north from Sicily.marched north from Sicily. Garibaldi agreed to Garibaldi agreed to uniteunite

southern areas with the southern areas with the kingdom of Piedmont-kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.Sardinia.

Garibaldi met with King Garibaldi met with King Victor Emmanuel IIVictor Emmanuel II. .

Garibaldi agreed to Garibaldi agreed to step step asideaside and let the King rule. and let the King rule.

Final AdditionsFinal Additions 1860 – 1860 – VenetiaVenetia

became part of Italy.became part of Italy. 1870 – 1870 – Papal StatesPapal States

came under Italian came under Italian control.control. This included the city of This included the city of

RomeRome.. Rome became the Rome became the

capital of Italy.capital of Italy. The pope would The pope would

continue to govern a continue to govern a section of Rome known section of Rome known as as Vatican CityVatican City..

Bismarck Unites GermanyBismarck Unites Germany

Like Italy, Like Italy, GermanyGermany also also achieved achieved national unitynational unity in in the mid-1800s.the mid-1800s.

1815 – 39 German states 1815 – 39 German states formed a loose grouping called formed a loose grouping called the the German ConfederationGerman Confederation..

The The Austrian EmpireAustrian Empire dominated the confederation.dominated the confederation.

However, However, PrussiaPrussia was ready was ready to unify all the German States.to unify all the German States.

German ConfederationGerman Confederation

Prussia Leads German Prussia Leads German UnificationUnification

PrussiaPrussia had several advantages: had several advantages: Prussia had a large German Prussia had a large German

populationpopulation Unlike the Austro-Hungarian Unlike the Austro-Hungarian

EmpireEmpire Nationalism Nationalism unified Prussiaunified Prussia

and tore and tore Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary apart.apart.

Prussia’s armyPrussia’s army was the most was the most powerfulpowerful in central Europe. in central Europe.

Berlin rioters forced a Berlin rioters forced a constitutional convention to constitutional convention to write up a liberal constitution write up a liberal constitution for the kingdom, paving the for the kingdom, paving the way for way for unificationunification..

Bismarck Takes ControlBismarck Takes Control

1862 – 1862 – Wilhelm IWilhelm I succeeded Frederick succeeded Frederick William to the throne.William to the throne.

Liberal parliament Liberal parliament refusedrefused him money for reforms that him money for reforms that would double the strength would double the strength of his army.of his army. Major Major challengechallenge to to

Wilhelm’s authority.Wilhelm’s authority. Based on this information, Based on this information,

do you think Wilhelm was a do you think Wilhelm was a liberal or a conservative?liberal or a conservative?

Junkers & BismarckJunkers & Bismarck

Junkers Junkers supportedsupported his view. his view. JunkersJunkers = strongly = strongly

conservativeconservative members of members of Prussia’s wealthy Prussia’s wealthy landowning class.landowning class.

1862 – Wilhelm chose a 1862 – Wilhelm chose a conservative Junker to be conservative Junker to be his Prime Ministerhis Prime Minister Otto von BismarckOtto von Bismarck

RealpolitikRealpolitik Bismarck became a Bismarck became a

master at master at realpolitikrealpolitik..

Means “the Means “the politics of unitypolitics of unity”.”.

Used to describe Used to describe tough tough powerpower politics with no politics with no room for idealism.room for idealism.

““It is not by means It is not by means of speeches and of speeches and

majority resolutions majority resolutions that the great issues that the great issues

of the day willof the day will be decided but by be decided but by

blood and ironblood and iron.”.”

Dealing with ParliamentDealing with Parliament

Bismarck declared Bismarck declared that he would rule that he would rule without:without: Consent of Consent of

parliamentparliament Legal Legal budgetbudget

These actions were in These actions were in direct direct violationviolation of the of the constitution.constitution.

Prussia ExpandsPrussia Expands 1864 – Bismarck took the first 1864 – Bismarck took the first

step toward molding an step toward molding an empireempire.. Prussia and Austria formed an Prussia and Austria formed an

alliancealliance.. Went to war against Denmark Went to war against Denmark

to win two border provinces: to win two border provinces: Schleswig (P) and Holstein Schleswig (P) and Holstein (A).(A).

The quick victory increased The quick victory increased national national pridepride among Prussians. among Prussians.

Won new Won new respectrespect from other from other Germans.Germans.

Seven Weeks’ WarSeven Weeks’ War Bismarck purposely stirred Bismarck purposely stirred

up border conflicts with up border conflicts with AustriaAustria over the two over the two provinces.provinces.

Austria declared Austria declared warwar on on Prussia in 1866.Prussia in 1866.

Prussians used their Prussians used their superior superior trainingtraining and and equipmentequipment devastating devastating victory for Prussia.victory for Prussia.

Austria = Austria = humiliatedhumiliated Austrians lost Austrians lost VenetiaVenetia..

Prussia’s ControlPrussia’s Control

Due to its victory, Due to its victory, Prussia took control of Prussia took control of northern Germanynorthern Germany..

Eastern and western Eastern and western Prussia were Prussia were joinedjoined for for the first time.the first time.

1867 – the remaining 1867 – the remaining states joined the states joined the North North German German ConfederationConfederation.. Prussia completely Prussia completely

dominated.dominated.

The Franco-Prussian WarThe Franco-Prussian War 1867 – a few southern 1867 – a few southern

German states remained German states remained independent.independent.

Southern Germans – Southern Germans – CatholicCatholic

Prussia – Prussia – ProtestantProtestant South resisted domination South resisted domination

by Prussia.by Prussia. Bismarck felt that the Bismarck felt that the

southerners would give in if southerners would give in if they felt an they felt an outside outside threatthreat..

Bismarck felt that a war Bismarck felt that a war with with FranceFrance would suffice. would suffice.

Franco-Prussian War (cont.)Franco-Prussian War (cont.) Bismarck manufactured Bismarck manufactured

“incidents”.“incidents”. Created the impression that Created the impression that

the French ambassador had the French ambassador had insultedinsulted the Prussian king. the Prussian king.

France reacted by France reacted by declaring declaring warwar in 1870. in 1870.

Prussia entered France and Prussia entered France and captured 83,000 people captured 83,000 people including including Napoleon IIINapoleon III..

Parisians finally gave in due to Parisians finally gave in due to hungerhunger..

FinalFinal stage of German stage of German unification.unification.

After the WarAfter the War Southern Germans finally Southern Germans finally

had had nationalisticnationalistic feelings.feelings. Accepted Prussian Accepted Prussian

leadership.leadership. 1871 – Captured 1871 – Captured

VersaillesVersailles.. King Wilhelm I of Prussia King Wilhelm I of Prussia

was crowned was crowned kaiserkaiser or or emperor.emperor.

Called empire Called empire The The Second ReichSecond Reich Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire

was the first.was the first.

A Shift in PowerA Shift in Power The 1815 Congress of The 1815 Congress of

Vienna had established Vienna had established five five Great PowersGreat Powers in in Europe:Europe: Britain, France, Britain, France,

Austria, Prussia and Austria, Prussia and RussiaRussia

1815 – powers were 1815 – powers were nearly nearly equalequal in strength.in strength.

1871 – 1871 – BritainBritain and and GermanyGermany were the most were the most powerful.powerful.

European European balance of balance of powerpower had broken down. had broken down.