the unification of italy and germany. thesis italy was a unification led by great individuals and...
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The Unification of Italy and Germany
Thesis
• Italy was a unification led by great individuals and Germany was a unification led by great ideals.
Realpolitik
• Refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily on practical considerations, rather than ideological notions
• Pragmatic• Otto Von Bismark – biggest proponent• Guiseppe Mazzini
Why did these two have so many problems?
Italy• Divide because Italy had
disparate issues in different parts of the countryside.
• Northern and Southern Italians had different governments and ideas – North: Liberalized-Monarchy (House of Savoy) / South: Traditional Bourbon Dynasty Monarchy
Germany• Divided because they were
split between Austria and Prussia.
Which Italian States Are We Talking About…
• Kingdom of Two Sicilies• Papal States• Lombardy (Ruled by Austria)• Venetia (Ruled by Austria)• Toscany, Parma, and Modena (Hapsburgs)• Piedmont-Sardinia (House of Savoy)
Carbonari Revolts• The Carbonari were a
secret organization in Italy formed after the influence of Napoleon (liberals)
• Gained a temporary constitution in Kingdom of Two Sicilies, and revolted in Piedmont and the Papal States.
• They were defeated in all of these instances.
The Leaders of the Unification Movement
• After the failure of Carbonari, there were a group of new leaders who emerged.
• They were all inspired by Liberalism and Nationalism, however each played a different role.
3 Leaders of 3 Leaders of UnificationUnification
Giuseppe Giuseppe MazziniMazzini
Count Camillo Count Camillo CavourCavour
Giuseppe Giuseppe GaribaldiGaribaldi
Guiseppe Mazzini• “The Intellectual”• Mazzini is an idealist who even in exile starts
Young Italy – a movement to unify the nation.• He was a great writer and speaker who was
the ideology behind the unification or Risorgimento.
• In 1848 almost unified nation – actually elected as head of the new Roman Republic. However Austrians reinstituted the Pope and the “balance of power” – however he relied on the masses who were not committed.
Count Camillo Cavour• “The Architect”• Cavour was the prime minister of Piedmont-
Sardinia – the only truly Italian dynasty under Victor Emmanuel.
• He was a statesman who relied on things like treaties and progressive economic reforms.
• Cavour established treaties with England and France during Crimean War.
• Set up a scheme with Napoleon III to get control of all of Northern Italy. Didn’t completely work BUT created a new nationalism
Guiseppe Garibaldi
• “The Warrior Patriot”• TRULY A REVOLUTIONARY HERO• Part of Mazzini’s revolt in 1834 – forced to
flee because he was going to be executed• Went to South America and fought in two
revolutionary armies there – got married and learned about Gaucho culture
Garibaldi (Cont.)• Garibaldi fought in the 1848 revolutions and
attempted unification. Once again Garibaldi lost and was forced to go into exile – to Staten Island.
• Garibaldi returned by 1859 for the Second Italian War of Independence, but broke with Mazzini and Cavour.
• Working for Piedmont, he attacked Southern Italy, specifically the Kingdom of Two Sicily's.
• Did this with a voluntary force – i mile (the thousand) – also known as the redshirts.
The Final Unification
• Garibaldi claimed Sicily in the name of Victor Emmanuel and would continue on to Southern Italy with the assistance of the French.
• By March 17, 1861 Victor Emmanuel proclaimed king of Italy.
• The Piedmontiese were not willing to attack Rome for fear of French. Italy not completely unified until 1870.
Final Garibaldi Stories
• Offered a command by Lincoln in the Civil War, but refused unless Lincoln made the abolition of slaver priority 1.
• Tried to capture Rome multiple times and each time was repelled by the French.
• Never allowed his troops to fire on Italian troops when they came into collision (his troops were mostly volunteers)
• Shot two times in the leg.
Why was Germany Different?
• 1800s German-speaking people live in small states to which they pledged their loyalty
• Napoleon’s conquests caused Germans to want to be free from French rule
• Napoleon’s defeat caused Germans to call for a strong, unified nation
• Italy was a movement of individuals, this is a movement focused by a country - Prussia
Germany before unification• Several individual German states• - 1815, ~39 German states were brought
together by similar culture• - Several other territories will become part of
Germany after being taken away from foreign control
• - Austro-Hungarian and Prussian Empires are the two largest
• - Nationalism will lead towards the unification of Germany, led by the Prussian empire
Why Prussia?
• Had a large well trained army.• Government was stable and very disciplined.• Local nobles, called Junkers, has been brought
under the heel of the king.• Had a big and growing factory system.• Ruled under Realpolitik
Early Unifiers
• 1834 – The Zollverein – Trade union established by Prussia that ended trade barriers between German speaking states
• - This was a step towards unity – people from different parts can interact much easier
• - Established Prussia as the leader among the other German states
Otto Von Bismark• 1862 – Otto von Bismarck
becomes the Chancellor of Prussia
• - Strong, practical leader• - Used realpolitik to gain
power in government• - Stepped up an led the
unification of Germany• - (did this b/c he wanted to
help Prussian king become more powerful) (not because he felt strong nationalistic feelings) (although used these feelings of the population to help bring unification about)
“Blood and Iron”
• - Only way to unify the country• - Has to be done accomplished with force and
through war• - Led the German states, more specifically
Prussia, into 3 wars• - Wars increased Prussian power and presence
in Germany, and also brought the states closer together
• Established by Otto Von Bismark
The Blood…• 1864, Danish War: Prussia (Germany) and Austria vs.
Denmark– With help from Austria, Prussia seized lands from Denmark – Lands were heavily populated by German-speaking people– helped bring German-states closer together
• 1866, Austro-Prussian War: Prussia (Germany) vs. Austria– Bismarck turned Prussia against former allies just a few
years later– Prussia easily defeated Austria – took only about 7 weeks– Several German states become united in the North
German Confederation
More Blood…
• 1870, Franco-Prussia War: Prussia (Germany) vs. France– Bismarck stirred up nationalistic feelings amongst
German people by bringing up memories of Napoleon’s conquests to gain support for war against France
– Prussia and German allies easily defeat France– Southern German states agree to unite with
Prussia and the North German Confederation after the war
Franco-Prussian War – Cont.
• Transition War – it is a transition between the older style of fighting and the modern warfare that will happen between the Napoleonic Wars and World War I
• Caused the collapse of Napoleon III – end of the second French Empire, beginning of the Third Republic.
• Germans gained Alsace-Lorraine – reason for French invasion.
The Second Reich
• 1871, German Unification: The Kaiser – German states unite under rule of Prussian King,
William I– William calls himself Kaiser, which is derived from
the name Caesar, meaning emperor
• - The Second Reich
